afghanistan 1-2.kmz

Afghanistan

Aria

Original

Landforms

Border

Aria
[Thoroughly identified using Ptolemaic placenames and landform shapes, q.v.]
=== 90-degree twist ===
The creator of the medieval maps made massive errors in drawing Ariana:
A large central lake which isn't anywhere near here, and which is actually a raised central highland-mesa, rather than a central lake;
mountains drawn on the immediate east side of Alexandria Ariana, rather than on the southern side;
numerous central cities that have been depicted as translated 90° clockwise from their correct locations, as indicated by both Ptolemaic coordinates and linguistically-identified place names;
The reason for all this is certainly that the medieval mapmakers decided to take Ptolemy's coordinates, and draw them, as if Ptolemy's North were pointing eastward. This is a radical, and strange thing to do, so they must've had a clear, distinct--though erroneous--reason to do it. They did. They saw 2 patterns on their maps which were unluckily identical: On their older Ptolemaic map they saw this: A river with a jug-handle-curve shape exiting from the mountain seemingly nearest to Alexandria, i.e, the mountain on its east. But looking at a newer map, with more accuracy, they noticed an identically shaped river exiting at a right angle from a mountain, that was unluckily even nearer to Alexandria, i.e, the mountain on its south. Therefore, they wrongly assumed that Ptolemy had rotated his whole map clockwise, and therefore began plotting cities, all rotated 90° clockwise, sop that everything would be in its correct orientation & relationship, relative to macro-landscape-features. But this also had a second consequence, for the wrong river was smaller than the correct river, which meant that they needed to shrink the giant province of Aria down to a tiny square. If there were any cities listed within Aria, which were actually outside of their shrunken, rotated square, then they needed to compress these into the square, rotating them clockwise of course, as they did so, so that what had been on the ___ side was now on the ___ side:
"North" . . . East
"East" . . . South
"South" . . . West
"West" . . . North
Therefore, when we hunt for a city in Aria, we use its stated Ptolemaic coordinates to hunt both . . .
In the small square of Aria, with a falsely eastward-pointing 'North'; and
in the larger square of Aria, with a truly northward-pointing 'North.'
In so doing, we search from the perspectives of both the true & deceived map-plotters.
Η Αρεία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Μαργιανῇ καὶ μέρει Βακτριανῆς παρὰ τὰς ἐκτεθειμένας αὐτῶν μεσημβρινὰς πλευρᾶς, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Παρθίᾳ καὶ τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Καρμανίᾳ κατὰ τὰς διωρισμένας αὐτῶν ἀνατολικὰς γραμμὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας Δραγγιανῇ κατὰ γραμμὴν, ἥτις ἀρξαμένη ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημένου πρὸς τῇ Καρμανίᾳ πέρατος καὶ κυρτώθεῖσα πρὸς ἄρκτους ἐπιστρέφει διὰ τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 111, 34
ἡ δὲ τῆς κυρτότητος [κυριότητος?] τοῦ ὄρους θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 105, 32.
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Παροπανισάδαις κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα διὰ τῶν δυτικῶν
μερῶν τοῦ Παροπανίσου, θέσις και τα τρία σημεῖα
καὶ τὸ ἀνατολικώτατον - . . . 119, 39 .
But Aria is surrounded, on the one hand on the north by Margiana, and by the part of Bactria, along their extended southern sides; but on the west by Parthia, and the Carmanian desert; but on the south by Drangiana along the line which having begun from the aforesaid end next to Carmania and curving to the north, turns back thru the Bagoo'os Mt., to the east until the end, which has location . . . 111, 34.
but the greatest curvature [most lordly?] of the mountains has location . . . 105, 32.
but on the east, by the Paropanissuses, according to their shared extended frontier, from the western parts of Paropanissus, and that has 3 mark[er]s:
and easternmost - . . . 119, 39 .
=== Isadore of Charax ===
15. Beyond [Margiana] is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.
Beyond is Anauon, a region of Aria, 55 schoeni, in which is a very great city, Phra, and the city of Bis, and the city of Gari and the city of Nia; but there is no village.

Ptolemaic North

Η Αρεία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Μαργιανῇ καὶ μέρει Βακτριανῆς παρὰ τὰς ἐκτεθειμένας αὐτῶν μεσημβρινὰς πλευρᾶς, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Παρθίᾳ καὶ τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Καρμανίᾳ κατὰ τὰς διωρισμένας αὐτῶν ἀνατολικὰς γραμμὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας Δραγγιανῇ κατὰ γραμμὴν, ἥτις ἀρξαμένη ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημένου πρὸς τῇ Καρμανίᾳ πέρατος καὶ κυρτώθεῖσα πρὸς ἄρκτους ἐπιστρέφει διὰ τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 111, 34
ἡ δὲ τῆς κυρτότητος [κυριότητος?] τοῦ ὄρους θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 105, 32.
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Παροπανισάδαις κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα διὰ τῶν δυτικῶν
μερῶν τοῦ Παροπανίσου, θέσις και τα τρία σημεῖα
καὶ τὸ ἀνατολικώτατον - . . . 119, 39 .
But Aria is surrounded, on the one hand on the north by Margiana, and by the part of Bactria, along their extended southern sides; but on the west by Parthia, and the Carmanian desert; but on the south by Drangiana along the line which having begun from the aforesaid end next to Carmania and curving to the north, turns back thru the Bagoo'os Mt., to the east until the end, which has location . . . 111, 34.
but the greatest curvature [most lordly?] of the mountains has location . . . 105, 32.
but on the east, by the Paropanissuses, according to their shared extended frontier, from the western parts of Paropanissus, and that has 3 mark[er]s:
and easternmost - . . . 119, 39 .

Arius River

greater Arius River
Δαργαμάνης
Dargamanes river (in Bactria)
Δραχάμαι
Drachamai (in Aria)
Δαρκάμα
Darcama (in Aria)
111, 34.33
Drachamai people (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Dargamanes river* (Ptolemy, in Bactria) =
= Darcama* (Ptolemaic Editor, in Margiana)
* Another name for the Herat river
[Modern Tenjen river]
Διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ἀξιόλογος ποταμὸς καλούμενος Αρείας, οὗ αἱ μὲν ἐν τῷ Παροπανίσῳ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 111, 38.25
αἱ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς Σαρίφοις μοίρας . . . 118, 33.33
τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὑπ᾿ αὐτοὺς γενομένην λίμνην μέρος, ἣ καὶ αὐτὴ καλεῖται Αρεία, ἐπέχει δὲ μοίρας . . . 108.67, 36
But the most worthy Areian River divides the land, whose headwaters, on the one hand, in the Paropannissus region, [are at] . . . 111, 38.25 ;
but the section towards the Sapiphois [has] location . . . 118, 33.33 ;
but the place of the lake, created by these 2, which is same is also called Areian, has location . . . 108.67, 36

[Error below: The Areian river's headwaters in Paropannissus, and those "toward the Sariphois, are reversed.]
Διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ἀξιόλογος ποταμὸς καλούμενος Αρείας, οὗ αἱ μὲν ἐν τῷ Παροπανίσῳ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 111, 38.25
αἱ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς Σαρίφοις μοίρας . . . 118, 33.33
τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὑπ᾿ αὐτοὺς γενομένην λίμνην μέρος, ἣ καὶ αὐτὴ καλεῖται Αρεία, ἐπέχει δὲ μοίρας . . . 108.67, 36
But the most worthy Areian River divides the land, whose headwaters, on the one hand, in the Paropannissus region, [are at] . . . 111, 38.25 ;
but the section towards the Sariphois [has] location . . . 118, 33.33 ;
but the place of the lake, created by these 2, which is same is also called Areian, has location . . . 108.67, 36

Mountains

Masdoranus Mts.

Masdoranus Mts. (west); & Zariphi (north) Mts.
Μασδωρανοὶ ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
Mas(d)oranoi (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μασδωρανον ορος
Masdooranon Mt. (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μυσία
Musia
100.5, 37.5 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Masdooranoi people (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Masdooranon Mt. (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Musia (Ptolemaic editor)
Mas(d)oranoi = Mazadorani people*
* Homeland is south of the Caspian Sea.
Mas(d)oranoi = Nasrabad (10 miles to SW) ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Nasrabad (10 miles to NE) ?
Masdooranoi = Musaabad
Mas(d)oranoi = Mashhad, Iran ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Mashhad Rizeh ?
Masdooranoi = Mazdavand
Mas(d)oranoi = Mzhnabad ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Gol Mirza ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Sar-I-Masjed ??
Mas(d)oranoi = Mahsams ??
Mas(d)oranoi = Masin ??
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν Παρθίαν καὶ τὴν Ἔρημον Καρμανίαν . . . Μασδωρανοί ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
But the [people] next to Parthia and the Armenian desert, . . . Masdooranoi or Mazooranoi
Ἧ Παρθία . . . ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ᾿Αρείᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημέου πέρατος γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Μασδωρανοῦ ορους μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 101.5, 33 .
But the [region of] Parthia [is defined] . . . on the east by Areia, along the line from the aforesaid frontier, through the Masdooranos Mt. until its end, of which the place has location . . . 101.5, 33 .

Masdooranon Mt.
Μασδωρανοὶ ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
Mas(d)oranoi (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μασδωρανον ορος
Masdooranon Mt. (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μυσία
Musia
100.5, 37.5 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Masdooranoi people (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Masdooranon Mt. (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Musia (Ptolemaic editor)
Mas(d)oranoi = Mazadorani people*
* Homeland is south of the Caspian Sea.
Mas(d)oranoi = Nasrabad (10 miles to SW) ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Nasrabad (10 miles to NE) ?
Masdooranoi = Musaabad
Mas(d)oranoi = Mashhad, Iran ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Mashhad Rizeh ?
Masdooranoi = Mazdavand
Mas(d)oranoi = Mzhnabad ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Gol Mirza ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Sar-I-Masjed ??
Mas(d)oranoi = Mahsams ??
Mas(d)oranoi = Masin ??
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν Παρθίαν καὶ τὴν Ἔρημον Καρμανίαν . . . Μασδωρανοί ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
But the [people] next to Parthia and the Armenian desert, . . . Masdooranoi or Mazooranoi
Ἧ Παρθία . . . ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ᾿Αρείᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημέου πέρατος γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Μασδωρανοῦ ορους μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 101.5, 33 .
But the [region of] Parthia [is defined] . . . on the east by Areia, along the line from the aforesaid frontier, through the Masdooranos Mt. until its end, of which the place has location . . . 101.5, 33 .

E Bagoos Mts.

E Bagoos Mts.
τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους
Bagoos Mt.
[Note that there are definitely more "Bagoos Mts," west of here, i.e, north of Drangiana. Alternatively, perhaps these are not Bagoos Mts. but instead what another map classifies as .Paropamisus Mts.., i.e, the normal Ptolemaic province of the Paropanishads]
Bagoos = Kuh-e Baba Mts. ?
Bagoos = Baghlan (city & province) ?
Bagoos = Baghban ?
Bagoos = Baghran Kowleh ?
Bagoos = Balagh ?
[Note that in the borders-description below, perspective has been rotated 45° clockwise, so that Ptolemaic North is actually true Northeast. However, Ptolemaic coordinates maintain their correct, un-rotated, true-northward orientation]
Ἡ Δραγγιανή περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως καὶ ἄρκτων᾿Αρείᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην διὰ τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους γραμμὴν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ κατὰ μεσημβρινὴν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τοῖς ᾿Αρείοις καὶ Παροπανισάδαις πέρατος ἐκβαλλομένην μεσημβρινὴν γραμμὴν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 111.5, 28 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας μέρει Γεδρωσίας κατὰ τὴν ἐπι- ζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα διὰ τῶν Βαιτίων ὀρέων γραμμήν.
The [region of] Drangiana is surrounded, first on the west and north, by Areia, according to the line extended through the Bagoos Mt., but on the east by Arachosia, according to the southward line cast from the frontier toward Areia and the Paropanissos, southward to its end, which has location . . . 111.5, 28 ;
but on the south, by Gedrosia, according to the extended, straddling, frontier-line thru the Baition Mts.

Bagoos Mts.?
τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους
Bagoos Mt.
[Note that there are definitely more "Bagoos Mts," west of here, i.e, north of Drangiana. Alternatively, perhaps these are not Bagoos Mts. but instead what another map classifies as .Paropamisus Mts.., i.e, the normal Ptolemaic province of the Paropanishads]
Bagoos = Kuh-e Baba Mts. ?
Bagoos = Baghlan (city & province) ?
Bagoos = Baghban ?
Bagoos = Baghran Kowleh ?
Bagoos = Balagh ?
[Note that in the borders-description below, perspective has been rotated 45° clockwise, so that Ptolemaic North is actually true Northeast. However, Ptolemaic coordinates maintain their correct, un-rotated, true-northward orientation]
Ἡ Δραγγιανή περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως καὶ ἄρκτων᾿Αρείᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην διὰ τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους γραμμὴν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ κατὰ μεσημβρινὴν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τοῖς ᾿Αρείοις καὶ Παροπανισάδαις πέρατος ἐκβαλλομένην μεσημβρινὴν γραμμὴν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 111.5, 28 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας μέρει Γεδρωσίας κατὰ τὴν ἐπι- ζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα διὰ τῶν Βαιτίων ὀρέων γραμμήν.
The [region of] Drangiana is surrounded, first on the west and north, by Areia, according to the line extended through the Bagoos Mt., but on the east by Arachosia, according to the southward line cast from the frontier toward Areia and the Paropanissos, southward to its end, which has location . . . 111.5, 28 ;
but on the south, by Gedrosia, according to the extended, straddling, frontier-line thru the Baition Mts.

Peoples
Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς᾿Αρείας τὰ μὲν ἀρκτικὰ μέρη . . . Νισαῖοι,
καὶ . . . Ασταυηνοὶ ἢ Ασταβηνοί,
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν Παρθίαν καὶ τὴν Ἔρημον Καρμανίαν . . . Μασδωρανοί ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν Δραγγιανὴν . . . Κασειρῶται,
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τοὺς Παροπανισάδας . . . Πάραυτοι.
ὑφ᾽ οὓς . . . Ὀβαρεῖς ,
τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ . . . Δραχάμαι,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς . . . Αἰτύμανδροι,
εἶτα . . . Βόργοι,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς ἡ Σκορπιοφόρος χώρα.
But there inhabits Areia's most northern part . . . Nisaioi,
and . . . Astauenoi or Astabenoi,
but the ones next to Parthia and the Carmanian Desert . . . Masdoorani or Mazooranoi,
but the ones next to the Drangiane [region]. . . Caseirootai ,
but the ones next to the Paropanisads . . . Parautoi.
beneath whom [are] . . . Obareis,
but the ones in between . . . Drachamai,
beneath whom [are] . . . Aitymandroi,
then . . . Borgoi,
beneath whom is the Scorpion-bearing region.

Nisaioi
Νισαΐοι
Nisaioi = Nisar (2 cities) ?
Nisaioi = Haji Nazar ?
Nisaioi = Joma Nazar ?
Nisaioi = Masin ??
Nisaioi = Mahsams ??
Nisaioi = Mirza Olang ?
Nisaioi = Molla Mazi ?
Nisaioi = Nazeran ?
Nisaioi = Nurzai people ?
[Nowadays the Nurzai live 250 miles to the South]
Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς᾿Αρείας τὰ μὲν ἀρκτικὰ μέρη . . . Νισαῖοι,
καὶ . . . Ασταυηνοὶ ἢ Ασταβηνοί,
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν Δραγγιανὴν . . . Κασειρῶται,
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τοὺς Παροπανισάδας . . . Πάραυτοι.
ὑφ᾽ οὓς . . . Ὀβαρεῖς ,
τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ . . . Δραχάμαι,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς . . . Αἰτύμανδροι,
εἶτα . . . Βόργοι,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς ἡ Σκορπιοφόρος χώρα.
But there inhabits Areia's most northern part . . . Nisaioi,
and . . . Astauenoi or Astabenoi,
but the ones next to Parthia and the Carmanian Desert . . . Masdoorani or Mazooranoi,
but the ones next to the Drangiane [region]. . . Caseirootai ,
but the ones next to the Paropanisads . . . Parautoi.
beneath whom [are] . . . Obareis,
but the ones in between . . . Drachamai,
beneath whom [are] . . . Aitymandroi,
then . . . Borgoi,
beneath whom is the Scorpion-bearing region.

Mas(d)oranoi
Μασδωρανοὶ ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
Μασδωρανον ορος
Masdooranon Mt.
Masdooranon Mt. (Ptolemy) = Masdooranoi people (Ptolemy)
Mas(d)oranoi = Mazadorani people*
* Homeland is south of the Caspian Sea.
Masdooranoi = Mazdavand
Masdooranoi = Musaabad ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Mashhad, Iran ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Mashhad Rizeh ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Mzhnabad?
Mas(d)oranoi = Sar-I-Masjed ??
Mas(d)oranoi = Mahsams ??
Mas(d)oranoi = Masin ??
Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς᾿Αρείας τὰ μὲν ἀρκτικὰ μέρη . . . Νισαῖοι,
καὶ . . . Ασταυηνοὶ ἢ Ασταβηνοί,
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν Δραγγιανὴν . . . Κασειρῶται,
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τοὺς Παροπανισάδας . . . Πάραυτοι.
ὑφ᾽ οὓς . . . Ὀβαρεῖς ,
τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ . . . Δραχάμαι,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς . . . Αἰτύμανδροι,
εἶτα . . . Βόργοι,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς ἡ Σκορπιοφόρος χώρα.
But there inhabits Areia's most northern part . . . Nisaioi,
and . . . Astauenoi or Astabenoi,
but the ones next to Parthia and the Carmanian Desert . . . Masdoorani or Mazooranoi,
but the ones next to the Drangiane [region]. . . Caseirootai ,
but the ones next to the Paropanisads . . . Parautoi.
beneath whom [are] . . . Obareis,
but the ones in between . . . Drachamai,
beneath whom [are] . . . Aitymandroi,
then . . . Borgoi,
beneath whom is the Scorpion-bearing region.
Ἧ Παρθία . . . ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ᾿Αρείᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημέου πέρατος γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Μασδωρανοῦ ορους μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 101.5, 33 .
But the [region of] Parthia [is defined] . . . on the east by Areia, along the line from the aforesaid frontier, through the Masdooranos Mt. until its end, of which the place has location . . . 101.5, 33 .

Caseirotai ?
Κασειρῶται,
Caseirotai
Caseirotai = Hazara people (now 350 miles E(SE).) ?
Caseirotai = Karez* = Irrigators ?
Caseirotai = Achakzai people ?
Caseirotai = Qizibash people ??
=== Near the Pin ===
Caseirotai = Bakharz** ?
Caseirotai = Bagh-e Bakhshi ?
Caseirotai = Karat ?
Caseirotai = Khaf?
Caseirotai = Hauz** ??
Caseirotai = Kuhsan** = Kohsan ??
Caseirotai = Karez* ** = Kariz ?
Caseirotai = Karez Dasht*? === Others === Caseirotai = Kaj(i)ran ?
Caseirotai = Guzara ?
Caseirotai = Guzanfari ?
Caseirotai = Ghazni ?
* Refers to an underground irrigation system, in Persian.
** On 1922 Rumsey Historical Map
Caseirotai / Cesirorhe = Hesarak ?
Caseirotai / Cesirorhe = Queslage?
[Nowadays the Achakzai people live 250 miles to the South]

Parautoi ?
Πάρσιοι
Parsioi
(In Paropanisos)
Παρσυῆται
Parsuetai
(In Paropanisos & Arachosia)
Πάραυτοι,
Parautoi
(in Areia)
ἢ Παραυτικηνή,
The Parauticene
(in Parthia)
Apauarcticena
(Isidore of Charax)
Apavortene
(Pliny)
=== Possibile Origins ===
Persian origin
Far ("Horseman") =
= Farsi
= Persia =
= Parsioi
= Parsuetai
= Parash (פרש) ("Horseman") OR Firozkohi ("Persian-ish") = ?
= Parautoi ?
= Parauticene ?
= Apauarcticena / Apavortene
Pashtun Alternative possibility:
Pahak ("Pure"?) =
Pak ("Pure"*) =
= Pakhtuns
= Pakistan
= Paharati (?) =     Parautoi (Ptolemy, in Aria)
= Paharakti (?) = Apauarcticena (Arrian)
= Aristophyloi ("Best nation") ?
* In Persian and Pashto
Parautoi = Pirutz(ic)i = Firozkohi people ?
Parautoi = Balautch = Baluch(i) people ?
Parautoi = Phoraua (see pin) = Polaw Sorkh ?
[Nowadays the Baluch live 300 miles to the South (or South of the Caspian Sea); but the Firozkohi still live here.]

Obareis
οἵ Οὐάδασσοι
Ou[w]adassoi
(Media province)
Οὐανδάβανδα
Wandabanda
(Sogdiana province)
Σωβἰδας
Soobidas
(Bactria province)
Σαβάδιοι
Sabadioi
Ὀρείσιτοι
Oreisitoi
Ὀβαρεῖς
(Aria province)
Οὔαρνοι
Ouarnoi = Warnoi
(E Bactria province)
᾿Αμαρεῖς
Amareis
(SE Bactria province)
=== Possible Tajik Ancestors: ===
Ou[w]adassoi (Ptolemy) =
= Wandabanda (Ptolemy) ?
= Soobidas (Ptolemy) ?
= Sabadioi (Ptolemy) ?
= Oreisitai (Ptolemy) ??
= Arouzis (Ptolemy) ?
= Obareis (Ptolemy) ?? =
= Thubrassene/Tribazina (Ptolemy/Peutinger) ?
= Ouarnoi (Ptolemy) ?
= Amareis (Ptolemy) ?
Obareis = Dehwari people and language* ?
* In Pakistan
Borgoi = Baragsoi = Barakzai people ?
Obareis = Obe ?
[Nowadays the Barakzai live 200 miles to the South.]

Borgoi
Βόργοι
Means "separation" is Islam.
Borgoi = Balcoi = Baluch people ?
Borgoi = Baragsoi = Barakzai people ?
Borgoi = Borahoi = Brahui people ??
Borgoi = Ribat Shah Baluch ?
Borgoi = Chahar Burjak ?
Borgoi = Berenja ?
Borgoi = Baranabad ??
Borgoi = Buzghalak ??
[Nowadays the Baluch & Brahui live 300 miles to the South, the Barakzai 250.]

Drachamai
Δαργαμάνης
Dargamanes river (in Bactria)
Δραχάμαι
Drachamai (in Aria)
Δαρκάμα
Darcama (in Aria)
111, 34.33
Drachamai people (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Dargamanes river* (Ptolemy, in Bactria) =
= Darcama* (Ptolemaic Editor, in Margiana)
* Another name for the Herat river
Drachamai = Barakzai people ?
Drachamai = Durahanai = Durani people ?
Drachamai = Durahanai = Tarak(iz)ai people ?
Drachamai = Dahana-i-Sor
Drachamai = Mai-Darrah-i-Curmi ?
[Nowadays the Drachamai live 250 miles to the South]

Scorpiophoros region ?
ἡ Σκορπιοφόρος χωρα.
The Scorpiophoros region
The Scorpion-producing region
Σαρίφων ὀρέων
Sariphon Mts.
(in Margiana)
Sariphon* Mts. (Ptolemy) = Scorpiophoros region (Ptolemy) ?
[This mountainous area would have lower temperature-swings, which scorpions prefer, than the open desert.]
Scorpion = Agharb (عقرب)* = Aghandab river** ?
Scorpion = Agharb (عقرب)* = Aghastan river** ?
* In Persian
** Around Kandahar
* Alternatively, perhaps Scoropiophoros is a typo, and it should be "Silphiophoros," from the Greek name for the crocus plant, after which these mountains are named, in which case, this would be, not here, but further northwest, on the Editorial coordinate-system, and thus added by an editor.
[Nowadays the Drachamai live 250 miles to the South]

Editor

Edited Aria
Aria
[Thoroughly identified using Ptolemaic placenames and landform shapes, q.v.]
=== 90-degree twist ===
The creator of the medieval maps made massive errors in drawing Ariana:
A large central lake which isn't anywhere near here, and which is actually a raised central highland-mesa, rather than a central lake;
mountains drawn on the immediate east side of Alexandria Ariana, rather than on the southern side;
numerous central cities that have been depicted as translated 90° clockwise from their correct locations, as indicated by both Ptolemaic coordinates and linguistically-identified place names;
The reason for all this is certainly that the medieval mapmakers decided to take Ptolemy's coordinates, and draw them, as if Ptolemy's North were pointing eastward. This is a radical, and strange thing to do, so they must've had a clear, distinct--though erroneous--reason to do it. There are 3 possible reasons for this, listed from most to least originally causative:
I. Making space for Wrong Margiana - Since they'd gotten the entire province of Margiana too far eastward, now there was less room for Aria.
II. Migration - The peoples of Aria had been driven further East, e.g, by the Islamic (or Mongolian??) conquest.
III. Wrong River - They saw 2 patterns on their maps which were unluckily identical: On their older Ptolemaic map they saw this: A river with a jug-handle-curve shape exiting from the mountain seemingly nearest to Alexandria, i.e, the mountain on its east. But looking at a newer map, with more accuracy, they noticed an identically shaped river exiting at a right angle from a mountain, that was unluckily even nearer to Alexandria, i.e, the mountain on its south. Therefore, they wrongly assumed that Ptolemy had rotated his whole map clockwise, and therefore began plotting cities, all rotated 90° clockwise, sop that everything would be in its correct orientation & relationship, relative to macro-landscape-features. But this also had a second consequence, for the wrong river was smaller than the correct river, which meant that they needed to shrink the giant province of Aria down to a tiny square. If there were any cities listed within Aria, which were actually outside of their shrunken, rotated square, then they needed to compress these into the square, rotating them clockwise of course, as they did so, so that what had been on the ___ side was now on the ___ side:
"North" . . . East
"East" . . . South
"South" . . . West
"West" . . . North
Therefore, when we hunt for a city in Aria, we use its stated Ptolemaic coordinates to hunt both . . .
In the small square of Aria, with a falsely eastward-pointing 'North'; and
in the larger square of Aria, with a truly northward-pointing 'North.'
In so doing, we search from the perspectives of both the true & deceived map-plotters.
Η Αρεία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Μαργιανῇ καὶ μέρει Βακτριανῆς παρὰ τὰς ἐκτεθειμένας αὐτῶν μεσημβρινὰς πλευρᾶς, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Παρθίᾳ καὶ τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Καρμανίᾳ κατὰ τὰς διωρισμένας αὐτῶν ἀνατολικὰς γραμμὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας Δραγγιανῇ κατὰ γραμμὴν, ἥτις ἀρξαμένη ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημένου πρὸς τῇ Καρμανίᾳ πέρατος καὶ κυρτώθεῖσα πρὸς ἄρκτους ἐπιστρέφει διὰ τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 111, 34
ἡ δὲ τῆς κυρτότητος [κυριότητος?] τοῦ ὄρους θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 105, 32.
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Παροπανισάδαις κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα διὰ τῶν δυτικῶν
μερῶν τοῦ Παροπανίσου, θέσις και τα τρία σημεῖα
καὶ τὸ ἀνατολικώτατον - . . . 119, 39 .
But Aria is surrounded, on the one hand on the north by Margiana, and by the part of Bactria, along their extended southern sides; but on the west by Parthia, and the Carmanian desert; but on the south by Drangiana along the line which having begun from the aforesaid end next to Carmania and curving to the north, turns back thru the Bagoo'os Mt., to the east until the end, which has location . . . 111, 34.
but the greatest curvature [most lordly?] of the mountains has location . . . 105, 32.
but on the east, by the Paropanissuses, according to their shared extended frontier, from the southern parts of Paropanissus, and that has 3 signs:
and easternmost - . . . 119, 39 .
=== Isadore of Charax ===
15. Beyond [Margiana] is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.
Beyond is Anauon, a region of Aria, 55 schoeni, in which is a very great city, Phra, and the city of Bis, and the city of Gari and the city of Nia; but there is no village.

Edited Ptolemaic North

Central Mesa

Central Mesa
[Erroneous Lake: This is not a lake, but a highland mesa. It is drawn on the medieval maps, and is obviously the mistake of a copyist, who was confused by the appearance of lines (rivers and/or roads) flowing into and around a polygon, and wrongly concluded it must be rivers flowing into a lake. Alternatively, it may be due to the mis-copying of the nearby city of "Aria Polis" (Herat), as "Aria Lacus," or "Lake, in Latin." ]

[Erroneous Lake: This is not a lake, but a highland mesa. It is drawn on the medieval maps, and is obviously the mistake of a copyist, who was confused by the appearance of lines (rivers and/or roads) flowing into and around a polygon, and wrongly concluded it must be rivers flowing into a lake. Alternatively, it may be due to the mis-copying of the nearby city of "Aria Polis" (Herat), as "Aria Lacus," or "Lake, in Latin." ]
Διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ἀξιόλογος ποταμὸς καλούμενος Αρείας, οὗ αἱ μὲν ἐν τῷ Παροπανίσῳ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 111, 38.25
αἱ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς Σαρίφοις μοίρας . . . 118, 33.33
τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὑπ᾿ αὐτοὺς γενομένην λίμνην μέρος, ἣ καὶ αὐτὴ καλεῖται Αρεία, ἐπέχει δὲ μοίρας . . . 108.67, 36
But the most worthy Areian River divides the land, whose headwaters, on the one hand, in the Paropannissus region, [are at] . . . 111, 38.25 ;
but the section towards the Sariphois [has] location . . . 118, 33.33 ;
but the place of the lake, created by these 2, which is same is also called Areian, has location . . . 108.67, 36

Editor's Paropanissos Mts.

Editor's Masdooranon Mts.
Mas(d)oranoi
Masdooranon Mt.
[These mountains are actually the East end of the Sariphon Mts. of Margiana, but because the Ptolemaic editor wrongly rotated the province 90° clockwise, from that perspective they would be the Masdooranon Mts. But those Masdooranon mountains are actually 200 miles west of here.]
Masdooranon Mt. (Ptolemy) = Masdooranoi people (Ptolemy)
Masdooranoi = Musaabad ?
Mas(d)oranoi = Mzhnabad?
But the [people] next to Parthia and the Armenian desert, . . . Masdooranoi or Mazooranoi

Rivers

Ptolemaic Areian River
but the section towards the Sapiphois [has] location . . . 118, 33.33 ;

Roads
[These roads perhaps appear like rivers on medieval maps, thus causing a copyist to wrongly assume that the central Mesa was a central Lake.]

E route

NE route

S route

SE route

SW route

Peoples

Drachamai
Δαργαμάνης
Dargamanes river (in Bactria)
Δραχάμαι
Drachamai (in Aria)
Δαρκάμα
Darcama (in Aria)
111, 34.33
Drachamai people (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Dargamanes river* (Ptolemy, in Bactria) =
= Darcama* (Ptolemaic Editor, in Margiana)
* Another name for the Herat river
Drachamai = Barakzai people ?
Drachamai = Durahanai = Durani people ?
Drachamai = Durahanai = Tarak(iz)ai people ?
Drachamai = Darcama (See pin)
Drachamai = Darghanah = Bandarghunak ?
Drachamai = Dorachan = Bahadorkhan ?
Drachamai = Dorachan = Bahador Khani ?
Drachamai = Chamai = Gharmeh ?
Drachamai = Dzrachahai = Syahkhaki ?
Drachamai = Darrahkhushkak ??
Barakzai = Dahan-e Dorumborjak ??
[Nowadays the Drachamai live 250 miles to the South]

Aitymandroi
Αιτύμανδροι
Aitymandroi (Ptolemy) =
= Asta(u/w/b)enoi +* Mad(d)orani (both in Ptolemy) ?
* Probably a merger of these 2 nearby peoples.
Aitymandroi = Taymani people* ?
Aitymandroi = Aimagh = Aymaq people** ?
** The Aymaq contain the Taymani. See map.
Aitymandroi = Aidzy = Malay-Adzhi ?
Aitymandroi = Oity = Ostay ?
Aitymandroi = Oity = Teymanak-e Olya ?
Aitymandroi = Atu = Sang Ates Bulogha ??
[Surprisingly, this people still live in the same place as they always have, around Tulak.]

Asta(b/u)enoi ?
᾿Ασταβηνοί,
Astabenoi
(Hyrcania region)
Ασταυηνοὶ ἢ Ασταβηνοί,
Astauenoi or Astabenoi
(Aria region)
Αιτύμανδροι
Aitymandroi
Astabenoi (Ptolemy, in Hyrcania) =
= Asta(u/w/b)enoi (Ptolemy, in Aria) =
= Astauena region (Isidore of Charax) =
= Astasana (Ptolemy, in Aria)
= Aitymandroi (Ptolemaic editor, in Aria)* ?
= Thubrassene (Peutinger) = Tribazina (Ptolemy)
* Probably a people married from the Asty and the Mas(d)orani
Duyuan = As Duyeni = Astauenoi ??
Astabenoi = Astarabadi people from Gorgon/Astarabad ?
Astabenoi = Aimagh = Aymaq people (See below) ?
Astabenoi = Astana ?
Astabenoi = Astasana = Astarghana ?
Astabenoi = Aspdawan ?
Astabenoi = Aspmurda ?
Astabenoi = Ashtarlay ?
Astabenoi = Qazvin ??
=== Related group ===
Aitymandroi = Taymani people* ?
Aitymandroi = Aimagh = Aymaq people** ?
** The Aymaq contain the Taymani. See map.

Silpiophoros region ?
ἡ Σκορπιοφόρος χωρα.
The Scorpiophoros region
The Scorpion-producing region
Σαρίφων ὀρέων
Sariphon Mts.
(in Margiana)
Sariphon* Mts. (Ptolemy) = Scorpiophoros region (Ptolemy) ?
* Perhaps Scoropiophoros is a typo, and it should be "Silphiophoros," from the Greek name for the crocus plant, after which these mountains are named.
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 28 ===
This range of mountains stretches out so far that they say even that Mount Taurus, which forms the boundary of Cilicia and Pamphylia, springs from it, as do other great 198ranges which have been distinguished from the Caucasus by various names according to the position of each. Aristobulus says that in this part of the Caucasus nothing grew except terebinth trees and silphium;496 notwithstanding which, it was inhabited by many people, and many sheep and oxen graze there; because sheep are very fond of silphium. For if a sheep smells it even from a distance, it runs to it and feeds upon the flower. They also dig up the root, which is devoured by the sheep. For this reason in Cyrene,497 some drive their flocks as far as possible away from the places where their silphium is growing; others even enclose the place with a fence, so that even if the sheep should approach it they would not be able to get within the enclosure. For the silphium is very valuable to the Cyrenaeans.

Cities

Dista

Ταστάχη
Tastache
Δίστα
Dista
102.5, 38.25
Dista (Ptolemy) =
= Stahe =
= Stache = Tastache (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Stai (Peutinger)
Tastache = Tagtabazar ?
10 [but should be 100] to Fociana
35 [but should be 125] to Saphani

Δίστα
Dista
Dista = Dasht-e Khatun ?

Δίστα
Dista = Djuzha = Gurziwan ?

Nabaris

Νάβαρις
Nabaris
Nabaris = Nawdari (Qal'a)

Νάβαρις
Nabaris
Nabaris = Namarsica = Namazgah ?

Taua/Tana

Taῦa
Taua [Tana ?]
Tana = Tagawe ?

Taῦa
Taua [Tana ?]
Tana = Dara ?

Augara

102 Augara ? 38
Αὔγαρα
Augara
Augara = Gara = Garha = Gharcha ?
Augara = Gara = Garhe = Gharji ?
Augara = Gara = Garhe = Gurzan ??

102 Augara ? 38
Αὔγαρα
Augara
Augara = Pir Anjiri ?
Augara = Garmab ?
Augara = Sangar ?

102 Augara ? 38
Αὔγαρα
Augara = Gara = Kara-Tepe ?
Augara = Gara = Kara Tapa ?

Bitaxa

Βίταξα
Bitaxa
Bitaxa = Taxa-Bi = Tagaw Bal ?
Bitaxa = Taxa = Qal'a Tak ?

Βίταξα
Bitaxa
Bitaxa = Bardez ?

Βίταξα
Bitaxa = Taxa = Tokzar ?
Bitaxa = Taxa = Tokhmana ?
Bitaxa = Taxa = Taghaye Khwajasufla ?

Barmagana

Σαρμάγανα
Sarmagana
Typo. Should be: Βαρμάγανα
Barmagana
[Major valleys intersect here.]
Barmagana = Barhagan = Baraghan
Barmagana = Balhangun = Balanghur ?

Σαρμάγανα
Sarmagana
[Major valleys intersect here.]
Sarmagana = Bagana = Ghozbakhana-I-Balina ?

Σαρμάγανα
Sarmagana
Sarmagana = Sinargma = Sinarma = Sinama?
Sarmagana = Simangana = Simang = Mang?
Sarmagana = Sangana = Sange?

Socira

Σιφάρη
Siphare
Siphare (Ptolemy) = Saphani (Peutinger)
Siphare = Chougira = Surf 'Ali ?
35 [but should be 125] to Stai
35 to Oscanidati

Σιφάρη
Siphare
Siphare = Chougira = Koygasta ?
Siphare = Sochila = Sakhal = Sakhal + stan?

Σιφάρη
Siphare
Siphare = Sorchira = Sorkh?

Siphare = Pharhe = Parkhis ?

Raugara

Ραύγαρα
Raugara
Raugara = Pirgharib ?
Raugara = Laucerah = Bilcheragh ?
Raugara = Boghara ?

Ραύγαρα
Raugara
Raugara = Hraushgarak = Khwazgark = Khwazagak ?

Zafouchana

102 Zafouchana ? 37
Σουφθα
Souphtha
Ζαμουχάνα
Zamouchana
Typo. Should be Ζαφουχάνα
Zafouchana
102, 37
Ἰασόνιον
Iasonion
[Perhaps a pi-sigma typo:
Japonion (?)]
(Ds/J)amshid (mythological figure) =
= Jamshedi tribe*
= Jam (region & river)* =
= Djap =
= Souphtha (Ptolemy) = Supha Khan =
= Ζαfουχάνα (Ptolemaic editor, in Margiana) =
= Fociana (Peutinger) ?
= Iaponion (Ptolemy, in Margiana)** ??
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
** Whether Iaponion is right here, or anywhere else in the Jam region (e.g, at Jannatabad nearby), is doubtful.
Zafouchana = Dahanae Zulfeqar ?
Zafouchana = Darah-ye Zulfigar ?
20 [but should be 110] to Catippa
10 [but should be 100] to Stai

102 Zamouchana ? 37
Ζαμουχάνα
Zamouchana
Zamouchana = Dzmokancha = Dzokancah = Dokancah ?

Ambroodax

103.5 Ambroodax 37.5
Αμβρωδάξ
Ambroodax 103.5, 37.5 (NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax 94.5, 38.5 (NW* corner of Parthia)
Bitaxa 103.67, 38 (NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax (Ptolemy, NW corner of Aria) =
Ambroodax (Ptolemy, NW* corner of Parthia) =
= Ahpwaruhtak (?) = Apauarctica (Isidore of Charax) ?
= Ahpwaruhtak (?) = Apauarcticena region (Isidore of Charax) ?
= Ambhootaxa (?) = Bitaxa (Ptolemy) ??
* Because Parthia is rotated 110° clockwise, this is actually in Parthia's NE corner; . . . which of course perfectly accords with it being also listed in the NW corner of Aria, as these 2 corners would then abut.
=== Origin ===
Margiana = Ma(r)zdavand
Margiana = Marghab river
Margiana = Marghab river = Marhav = Merv**
Margiana = Mardjiah = Brdiach = Ambroodax
** Giant capitol to the North Merv*** = Murghab river
Merv*** = Am'Maru = Ambroodax
*** Major capital-city of Margiana, 140 miles N, whose Murghab river this is on.
Ambroodax = Merootshaak**** = Maruchak***** = Murichaq
Ambroodax = Moorghab**** = Bala Morgab ?
Ambroodax = Aimakh Jari***** (45 miles NW) ??
**** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map
***** On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
=== Isidore of Charax ===
12. Beyond is Parthyena, 25 schoeni; within which is a valley, and the city of Parthaunisa after 6 schoeni; there are royal tombs. But the Greeks call it Nisaea. Then the city of Gathar after 6 schoeni. Then the city of Siroc after 5 schoeni. Of villages it has no more than one, which is called Saphri.
13. Beyond is Apauarcticena, 27 schoeni, in which is the city of Apauarctica. Then the city of Ragau and two villages.
14. Beyond is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages

Αμβρωδάξ
Ambroodax 103.5, 37.5 (Here in NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax 94.5, 38.5 (NW corner of Parthia)
[This may be a mis-copy, as there is also another Ambroodax, also drawn in the northwest corner of the nearby province of Parthia, as can be seen here.]
Ambroodax = Qal* Amblodaq = Qalam Bolaq ?
Ambroodax = Chabar Shamba ?
* Qala (قلعه) means "castle" in Persian & Arabic.

Αμβρωδάξ
Ambroodax 103.5, 37.5 (Here in NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax 94.5, 38.5 (NW corner of Parthia)
[This may be a mis-copy, as there is also another Ambroodax, also drawn in the northwest corner of the nearby province of Parthia, as can be seen here.]
Ambroodax = Amptor-dax = Hamboldach = Hatabolache = 'Atabolaghi ?

Βογαδία
Bogadia
Bogadia = (Qos) Badga(h) ?
Bogadia = Bagharia = Bahari = Qos Bahari Purkhas ?

Ούάρπνα
Uarpna
Uarpua = Wardwa = Gwardarrah ?
Uarpua = Wurdwa = Gavdarrah ?

Godana

Γοδάνα
Godana
Godana = Gholdna = Ghalma = Ghalmin

Γοδάνα
Godana
Godana = Gholdna = Ghalma = Gurziwan ??

110 Phoraua ? 37
Φοραύα
Phoraua
[Pure guesswork]
Phoraua = Polaw Sorkh

Catrische

103 Catrische ? 36.33
Χατρίσχη
Catrische
Catrische = Cah'ris-he = Kariz-e* Kar ?
Catrische = Cah'ris-he = Karezak (20 miles SE) ?
* Refers to an underground aqueduct. The entire North face of this ridge is just covered with placenames beginning "Kariz-e."

103 Catrische ? 36.33
Χατρίσχη
Catrische
Catrische = Curiska = Quruq ?
Catrische = Curd-ska = Qurdza = Qudzat ?

Chaurina

Χαυρίνα
Chaurina
104, 36[5?].33) in Paropanissos region
Chaurina = Ghourian ?

Χαυρίνα
Chaurina
Chaurina = Chaurhina = Karchana ?
Chaurina = Churim = Qurmgul Valley (11 miles N) (دره قرمقول ) ?
Chaurina = Chauhiha = Khawwaja Angurak (7 miles NNW) ?

Ορθίανα
Orthiana
Orthiana = Qoz* ??
Orthiana = Shureh ??
* Either: Qos Sarsumbi / Qos Besa / Qos Sayyad / Qos Bahari Pukhas

Anticaudna

Ορτικάνη
Orticane
109.33, 35.5 (in Ptolemy's or Ptolemaic Editor's Areia province)
Αρτικαῦδνα
Articaudna
109.33, 36.17 (in Ptolemy's Areia province)
Darcama
Αρτάκανα
Artacana
96, 34.5 (Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia-but-really-Areia)
Artacoana (Arrian) =
= Artacauan (Isidore of Charax)
= Articaudna (Ptolemaic revision) =
= Orticane (Ptolemy)
= Artacana (Ptolemaic editor) ??
= Dorhicame = Darcama (Ptolemy) ??
Articaudna = Ahtichauna = Dahane Akhtakhana ?
* Means "Against the fortress." Note tall mountain next to it.
=== WIKIPEDIA on Artacoana===
Artacoana[1][2] (Ancient Greek: Ἀρτακόανα) or Artacana[3] or Articaudna[4] (Ἀρτίκαυδνα) or Chortacana[5] or Artacaena,[6] name of the capital of Aria, an eastern satrapy of the Persian empire.
In late 330 B.C. Alexander the Great, according to his biographers, captured Artacoana, the Areian capital.[7] Later, a new capital was built, either by Alexander himself or by his successors, Alexandria Ariana (Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐν Ἀρίοις), modern Herat in northwest Afghanistan. Ptolemy lists several other cities, an indication of the province's wealth and fertility. . . .
The etymology of this name remains unknown, and whether this place should be identified with the modern city of Herat is also uncertain, although the strategic position of modern Herat would suggest its great antiquity; and thus the possibility remains that they are one and the same place. In the early nineteenth century a Persian Achaemenid cuneiform cylinder seal was found in or near Herat.[10]
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 25 ===
While Alexander was on his way to Bactra, he was informed that Satibarzanes, viceroy of Areia, had killed Anaxippus and the horse-lancers who were with him, had armed the Areians and collected them in the city of Artacoana, which was the capital of that nation.
=== Isidore of Charax ===
14. Beyond is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages.
15. Beyond is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.
16. Beyond is Anauon, a region of Aria, 55 schoeni, in which is a very great city, Phra, and the city of Bis, and the city of Gari and the city of Nia; but there is no village.

translation

Αρτικαῦδνα
Articaudna
Anticaudna = Anti-Chala = Anti-Qal'a* ?
* Means "Against the fortress." Note tall mountain next to it.
=== WIKIPEDIA on Artacoana===
Artacoana[1][2] (Ancient Greek: Ἀρτακόανα) or Artacana[3] or Articaudna[4] (Ἀρτίκαυδνα) or Chortacana[5] or Artacaena,[6] name of the capital of Aria, an eastern satrapy of the Persian empire.
In late 330 B.C. Alexander the Great, according to his biographers, captured Artacoana, the Areian capital.[7] Later, a new capital was built, either by Alexander himself or by his successors, Alexandria Ariana (Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐν Ἀρίοις), modern Herat in northwest Afghanistan. Ptolemy lists several other cities, an indication of the province's wealth and fertility. . . .
The etymology of this name remains unknown, and whether this place should be identified with the modern city of Herat is also uncertain, although the strategic position of modern Herat would suggest its great antiquity; and thus the possibility remains that they are one and the same place. In the early nineteenth century a Persian Achaemenid cuneiform cylinder seal was found in or near Herat.[10]

3 Archaeological Areas

Αρτικαῦδνα
Articaudna
Articaudna = Awdake Khurd?
=== Isidore of Charax ===
Beyond [Margiana] is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.
Beyond is Anauon, a region of Aria, 55 schoeni, in which is a very great city, Phra, and the city of Bis, and the city of Gari and the city of Nia; but there is no village.
=== WIKIPEDIA on Artacoana===
Artacoana[1][2] (Ancient Greek: Ἀρτακόανα) or Artacana[3] or Articaudna[4] (Ἀρτίκαυδνα) or Chortacana[5] or Artacaena,[6] name of the capital of Aria, an eastern satrapy of the Persian empire.
In late 330 B.C. Alexander the Great, according to his biographers, captured Artacoana, the Areian capital.[7] Later, a new capital was built, either by Alexander himself or by his successors, Alexandria Ariana (Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐν Ἀρίοις), modern Herat in northwest Afghanistan. Ptolemy lists several other cities, an indication of the province's wealth and fertility. . . .
The etymology of this name remains unknown, and whether this place should be identified with the modern city of Herat is also uncertain, although the strategic position of modern Herat would suggest its great antiquity; and thus the possibility remains that they are one and the same place. In the early nineteenth century a Persian Achaemenid cuneiform cylinder seal was found in or near Herat.[10]

Articaudna = Hahtaguna = Bandarghunak ?
Beyond [Margiana] is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.

Alexandria Aria(na)

110 Alexandria Aria(na) 36
Αλεξάνδρεια ἐν᾿Αρείοις
Alexandreia in Areioi
[This site, beyond Articaudna, is better, both because it's way way bigger (See Wikipedia on Firozkoh, below), and has a giant monumental minaret, and because it is further east than Articaudna, so it is consistent both with Ptolemy's coordinates, and with Isidore of Charax below, listing first Articaudna, and then Alexandria.]
Alexandreia in Areioi (Ptolemy) =
= Ara* Alexandri (Peutinger) =
= Alexandria of the Arii (Isidore of Charax)
* Most people probably think that this means "Alexander's altar"; however, it was probably just a misspelling on the Peutinger map, of Alexandria Aria, so the word "Ara" there, derives, not from Latin "altar," but from "Aryan."
Alexandrion = Firozkoh (Old name, no connection)
Alexandrion = Xahg'grion = Chagcharan
Alexandria = Al Le'Xandri = Al Ye Kansi = Qal'eh-Ye Kansi
=== WIKIPEDIA on Firozkoh===
Firozkoh (Persian: فیروزکوه, Fīrōzkōh), or Turquoise Mountain, was the summer capital of the Ghurid dynasty, in the Ghor Province of central Afghanistan. It was reputedly one of the greatest cities of its age, but was destroyed in 1223 after a siege by Tolui, son of Genghis Khan. The location of the city was lost to history. It has been proposed that the Minaret of Jam, in Shahrak District, Ghor Province, is the only standing remains of the city.
Beyond [Margiana] is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.

110 Alexandria Aria(na) ? 36
Αλεξάνδρεια ἐν᾿Αρείοις
Alexandreia in Areioi
Alexandreia in Areioi (Ptolemy) =
= Ara* Alexandri (Peutinger) =
= Alexandria of the Arii (Isidore of Charax)
[There are more placenames here derived from "Alexander," as well as the giant minaret of (D)Jam, closer to here, than to the other possible site. However, this is a worse place, because there's less flatland, no defensibility, and a much smaller human footprint.]
* Most people probably think that this means "Alexander's altar"; however, it was probably just a misspelling on the Peutinger map, of Alexandria Aria, so the word "Ara" there, derives, not from Latin "altar," but from "Aryan."
Alexandria Maria = Alandar ?
Alexandria Maria = Akhtakhana ?
Alexandria Maria = Ahangaran ?
Alexandria Aria = Sare Ahangaran ?

(B/C)abarsana

Καπουτάνα
Capoutana
105.5, 35.5
Βαβαρσάνα ἢ Καβαρσάνα
(B/C)abarsana
Capoutana (Ptolemy) = Cabarsana (Ptolemaic editor)
(B/C)abarsana = Arzaneh
Babarsana = Bakharz ?

Καπουτάνα
Capoutana
105.5, 35.5
Βαβαρσάνα ἢ Καβαρσάνα
(B/C)abarsana
Capoutana (Ptolemy) = Cabarsana (Ptolemaic editor)
Cabarsana = Qalet-E Arbad A'Zam ??
Capoutana = Qodusabad ?

Καπουτάνα
Capoutana
Βαβαρσάνα ἢ Καβαρσάνα
Capoutana (Ptolemy) = Cabarsana (Ptolemaic editor)
(B/C)abarsana = Bandar ?

Capoutana = Capaltna = Paltna = Palta ?

Capoutana = Poulhuana = Pahla(v/w)anha ?

Capoutana = Caghultah = Caghuldar ?

Αρεία πόλις
Areia city
105, 35
Αρουζίς
Arouzis
Areia (Ptolemy) =
= Aris (Peutinger) =
= Arouzis (Ptolemy) ?
Areia = Herat ?
Areia = Chahar Burjak?
Areia = Taraka-i-'Abdullah Khan ?
Arouzis = Aris = Heruts = Herat ?
Arouzis = Harauts = Herat ?
Arouzis = Harauts = Hautz = Hawz e Karbas ??
Arouzis = Rozeh Bagh* = Chahar Burjak ?
* 1861 Rumsey Historical Map
25 [but should be 205] to Propasta
40 [but should be 150] to Thubrassene
25 [but should be 205] to Pharca

105 Areia polis ? 35
Αρεία πόλις
Areia city
Areia = Cen + aria = Cenaran ??
Either Satellite 3D mapping anomaly, or
**EXTREME KARST AREA**

Arialacus ?
Αρεία πόλις Areia city
["Lacus" seems to be a typo; in indices, it is listed as "Aria polis / ' Αρεία πόλις". Medieval maps show a lake, but this is probably an error.]
Arialacus = Ariana Alacus = Ariana Alexandros = Alexandria Ariana ?
However, this would not be the site of Alexandria Ariana, as "Alexandria" is clearly shown on the maps, much further east.
Arialacus = Dar[rah + rah]cus = Darrahcusk = Darrahkhuschkah = Darrahkhuschkak ?
Arialacus = Harialacus = Charalchus = Gharalch = Ghalk + irdak ?
In late 330 B.C. Alexander the Great, according to his biographers, captured Artacoana, the Areian capital.[7] Later, a new capital was built, either by Alexander himself or by his successors, Alexandria Ariana (Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐν Ἀρίοις), modern Herat [No, incorrect] in northwest Afghanistan. Ptolemy lists several other cities, an indication of the province's wealth and fertility. . . .

Aria Lacus?
Αρεία πόλις
Areia polis
[Medieval maps show a lake, but this is probably an error.]
Aria Lacus = Aylaghe ?

Cave ?

Archaeological Area ?

Casce

Κάσκη
Casce
Κοτάκη
Cotace
Casce (Ptolemy) = Catsace = Cotace (Ptolemaic editor) ??
Casce = Kooshk Assaib* = Gushgy ?
Casce = Kooshk River* ?
Casce = Kushk (24 miles S) ?
Casce = Koshk-e Kohneh (29 miles S) ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

Κάσκη
Casce
Κοτάκη
Cotace
Casce (Ptolemy) = Catsace = Cotace (Ptolemaic editor) ??
Casce = Casch'tche = Chishti Sharif / Chesht-e Sharif ?

Σώτειρα
Sooteira
Sooteira = Shoturmurdah ?

Darcama

Darcama
[The other possible site SE of here, has better Ptolemaic coordinates, viewed in a true-North (Later Editor's) frame; perhaps that was the original place, and it was later moved to here. However, it's coordinates put it out of order in the Ptolemaic list, and the medieval maps show it far to the south or west of Alexandria, depending which frame of reference you use, that case it might be in the vicinity of the minaret of (D)Jam.]
Darcama = Baraakhana
Darcama = Ban* + Baraakhana = Bandarghunak (10 miles NE) ?
* Possibly means "Against" or With (با ), in Persian.

Darcama = Dahr'gaha = Desragha ?
Darcama = Dzahl'hamah = Sakhalmand ??
Darcama = Damana-i-Darwaza ??
Darcama = Darvazeh + Dawanagak ??

Ορτικάνη
Orticane
Orticane (Ptolemy) = Articaudna (Ptolemaic revision)
Orticane (Ptolemy) = Darcama (Ptolemy) ??
Articaudna = Ahtichauna = Dahane Akhtakhana ?
Darcama = Dahr'gaha = Desragha ?
Darcama = Dzahl'hamah = Sakhalmand ??
Darcama = Damana-i-Darwaza ??
Darcama = Darvazeh + Dawanagak ??

Νίσιβις
Nisibis
Nusaybin = Nisibis
Nusaybin = Zayb = Jab = (D)Jam ?

Paracanace

105.5 Paracanace 34.33
Παρακανάκη
Paracanace
Paracanace = "Pacin or Badkis"* = Badghis** = Badagh
* On 1787 Rumsey Historical map
** On 1902 map
Paracanace = Karacanace = Cara-Canace = Cahar Chana ?
Paracanace = Karacanace = Ghar Canace = Ghuchinak ?

105.5 Paracanace 34.33
Παρακανάκη
Paracanace
"Next to Canace"
Paracanace = Para-chadnaka = Charah-chadnaka = Chrak-danak= Khakdanak ?

Sariga

Σάριγα
Sariga
Sariga = Sharak ?
Sariga = Shorabak ?
Sariga = Sarcasma ?
Sariga = Pashtun Zarghun District ?
Sariga = Sar-ghol ?
Sariga = Zarija = Zaradan ?
Sariga = Tsarij = Taraz ?
Sariga = Sarjangal ?
Sariga = Shorga = Ghorba ?

Σάριγα
Sariga
Sariga = Shorga = Shoraw ?
Sariga = Shorga = Ghorba ?

Σάριγα
Sariga = Charida = Ghalida = Ghalda + aras = Ghaldaraz ?

Sariga = Tul + surkhah = Tulsurkhak ?

Cotaca

Κάσκη
Κοτάκη
Cotace
Casce (Ptolemy) = Catsace = Cotace (Ptolemaic editor) ??
Cotace = Qodughe Eslam ?
Cotace = Chahak ?
Casce = Gashak ?
Casce = Garsce = Gelak ??

[Major archaeological site here. However the coordinates would be very off, so perhaps the city later moved to here, as they region dried out. Archaeological datings could determine this.]
Cotace = Chartak* = [Pin] ?
Cotace = Carstarke = Kharestarak ?

Cotace = Cha'hasthe = Kharestarak ??

Cotace = Corace = Karokh ??

Cotace = Kuskak ?
Cotace = Joye Khukab ?
Cotace = Gazak ?

Cotace = Choracka = (Buzghala +) khorak ?

Cotaca = Choltsaca = Choltserca = Thulsurka = Thulsurkhak ?

Tamciana

Ταυκίανα
Tauciana
Tauciana = Thamkhiana = Takhkat ?
Tauciana = Thamkhiana = Chamkiana ?
Tauciana = Tamkha = Tarka + spund ?

Ταυκίανα
Tauciana
Tauciana = Tsamciana = Zarm-giana = Zargarana = Zargaran ?

Astauda

Ασταύδα
Astauda
Astauda = Stauh Na = Sahre Naw ??

Ασταύδα
Astauda
Astauda = Hazramda = Hazarmeh = Hazarmes ?

Tribazina

106 Tribazina 33
Τριβαζίνα
Tribazina
106,33
Ταρβακάνα
Tarbacana
Tribazina (Ptolemy) =
= Tarbacana (Ptolemy)* ??
= Thubrassene (Peutinger)
* In the nearby Paropanissus region.
Tribazina = Tamazon
Tribazina = Tamazan
Thubrassene = Tiuwra = Taiwara Fort*
40 [but should be 150] to Aris
52 to Aspacora

106 Tribazina 33
Τριβαζίνα
Tribazina
106,33
Ταρβακάνα
Tarbacana
Tribazina (Ptolemy) = Tarbacana (Ptolemy)* ??
* In the nearby Paropanissus region.
Tribazina = Tamazon
Tribazina = Tamazan

106 Tribazina 33
Τριβαζίνα
Looks like a rimmed table;
name from Greek "trapeza," for "table" ?

Tribazina = Tubasdeh = Tumbust?

Astasana

105 Astasana 33
Αστασάνα
Astasana
Astasana = Astana ?

105 Astasana 33
Αστασάνα
Astasana
[Totally wrong area.]
Astasana = Astarghana ?

105 Astasana 33
Αστασάνα
Astasana = Asfezar* = Molla Esfanj ?
* See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Shindand ===
The name Shindand means "green pond" in Pashto.[1] The town was previously known as Sabzwar and Asfezar.[2]

[Totally wrong area.]
Astasana = (Kala) Adraskan(d)* ??
Astasana = Adraskand river* ??

[Totally wrong area.]
Astasana = Askunsada= Akhund Zada ?

[Totally wrong location for coordinates.]
Astasana = Poshtun Zargun ?
Astasana = Poshtun Zargun District ?

Ζιμύρα
Zimyra
Zimyra = Samira

Paropanisus
Παροπανισαδῶν
Paropanisadon
Paropanisus (Ptolemy) = Mons Baropanisos (Peutinger map)
Paropanisus = Paropamisus Mts.
Paropanisus = Paropamisadae region
=== Wikipedia on Paropamisadae [region]===
Paropamisadae is the Latinized form of the Greek name Paropamisádai (Παροπαμισάδαι),[5] which is in turn derived from Old Persian Para-uparisaina, meaning "Beyond the Hindu Kush", where the Hindu Kush is referred to as Uparisaina ("higher than the eagle").[6]
=== Alternative Possibility ===
Paropanisus = Paro* + Pamir Mts. ??
* That means "Beyond," see Wikipedia above.
Οἱ Παροπανισάδαι περιορίζονται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως ᾿Αρείᾳ παρὰ τὴν εἰρημένην πλευρὰν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων τῷ ἐκτεθειμένῳ μέρει τῆς Βακτριανῆς, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Ἰνδικῆς μέρει τῇ ἀπὸ τῶν πηγῶν τοῦ Ὤξου ποταμοῦ διὰ τῶν Καυκασίων ὀρῶν ἐκβαλλομένῃ μεσημβρινῇ γραμμῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 119.5, 39.
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύ- ουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα γραμμὴν διὰ τῶν Παρσυητῶν ὀρῶν .
The Paropanisads are surrounded, first on the west, by aria, along the aforesaid side, but on the north, by the extended part of Bactria, but on the east, by the part of India, by a line jutting out from the headwaters of the Oxos River through the Caucasius Mts., southwardly to its end, which has location . . . 119.5, 39.
but on the south by Arachosia along a line thru the Paruetoi Mts., straddling their extended frontiers.

Borders

Paropanissos
Παροπανισαδῶν
Paropanisadon
Paropanisus (Ptolemy) = Mons Baropanisos (Peutinger map)
Paropanisus = Paropamisus Mts.
Paropanisus = Paropamisadae region
=== Wikipedia on Paropamisadae [region]===
Paropamisadae is the Latinized form of the Greek name Paropamisádai (Παροπαμισάδαι),[5] which is in turn derived from Old Persian Para-uparisaina, meaning "Beyond the Hindu Kush", where the Hindu Kush is referred to as Uparisaina ("higher than the eagle").[6]
=== Alternative Possibility ===
Paropanisus = Paro* + Pamir Mts. ??
* That means "Beyond," see Wikipedia above.
Οἱ Παροπανισάδαι περιορίζονται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως ᾿Αρείᾳ παρὰ τὴν εἰρημένην πλευρὰν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων τῷ ἐκτεθειμένῳ μέρει τῆς Βακτριανῆς, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Ἰνδικῆς μέρει τῇ ἀπὸ τῶν πηγῶν τοῦ Ὤξου ποταμοῦ διὰ τῶν Καυκασίων ὀρῶν ἐκβαλλομένῃ μεσημβρινῇ γραμμῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 119.5, 39.
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύ- ουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα γραμμὴν διὰ τῶν Παρσυητῶν ὀρῶν .
The Paropanisads are surrounded, first on the west, by aria, along the aforesaid side, but on the north, by the extended part of Bactria, but on the east, by the part of India, by a line jutting out from the headwaters of the Oxos River through the Caucasius Mts., southwardly to its end, which has location . . . 119.5, 39.
but on the south by Arachosia along a line thru the Paruetoi Mts., straddling their extended frontiers.

Mts & Rivers

Caucasios Mts.

Caucasios Mts.
Καυκασίων ὀρῶν
Caucasios = Kush = Hindu Kush ??
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 28 ===
After the transaction of this business, he advanced against Bactra and Bessus, reducing the Drangians and Gadrosians to subjection on his march. He also reduced the Arachotians to subjection and appointed Menon viceroy over them. He then reached the Indians, who inhabit the land bordering on that of the Arachotians. All these nations he reached marching through deep snow and his soldiers experiencing scarcity of provisions and severe hardship. . . .
Meantime Alexander was leading his army towards Mount Caucasus, where he founded a city and named it Alexandreia. Having offered sacrifice here to the gods to whom it was his custom to sacrifice, he crossed Mount Caucasus, after appointing Proëxes, a Persian, viceroy over the land, and leaving Neiloxenus son of Satyrus, one of the Companions, with an army as superintendent. According to the account of Aristobulus, Mount Caucasus is as lofty as any in Asia, and most of it is bare, at any rate in that part where Alexander crossed it. This range of mountains stretches out so far that they say even that Mount Taurus, which forms the boundary of Cilicia and Pamphylia, springs from it, as do other great ranges which have been distinguished from the Caucasus by various names according to the position of each.

Paureti / Panueti (?) Mts.

Paropanisus & Caucusu Mts.

Rivers
Dargamanes river
[Modern Kabul river]
Ἐμβάλλουσι δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμοὶ ὅ τε 10 Δαργαμάνης* ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς Βακτριανῆς, οὗ ἡ θέσις τῶν πηγῶν εἴρηται, καὶ ὁ πρὸς τῷ Κώᾳ συμβάλλων, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 115, 34.5
But their flow into the land rivers, indeed the Dargamanes*, which [is located] upon the [region of] Bactria, where the place of its headwaters is found; and the one [river] combining into the Coa [river], whose headwaters have location . . . 115, 34.5
* Note: Medieval maps have written instead:
Rogomanus, or
Gardamanus.

Dargamanes River
Dargamanes river
[Modern Kabul river]
Ἐμβάλλουσι δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμοὶ ὅ τε 10 Δαργαμάνης* ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς Βακτριανῆς, οὗ ἡ θέσις τῶν πηγῶν εἴρηται, καὶ ὁ πρὸς τῷ Κώᾳ συμβάλλων, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 115, 34.5
But their flow into the land rivers, indeed the Dargamanes*, which [is located] upon the [region of] Bactria, where the place of its headwaters is found; and the one [river] combining into the Coa [river], whose headwaters have location . . . 115, 34.5
* Note: Medieval maps have written instead:
Rogomanus, or
Gardamanus.

Dargamanes river
[Modern Kabul river]
Ἐμβάλλουσι δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμοὶ ὅ τε 10 Δαργαμάνης* ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς Βακτριανῆς, οὗ ἡ θέσις τῶν πηγῶν εἴρηται, καὶ ὁ πρὸς τῷ Κώᾳ συμβάλλων, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 115, 34.5
But their flow into the land rivers, indeed the Dargamanes*, which [is located] upon the [region of] Bactria, where the place of its headwaters is found; and the one [river] combining into the Coa [river], whose headwaters have location . . . 115, 34.5
* Note: Medieval maps have written instead:
Rogomanus, or
Gardamanus.

Kunduz River

105 Oxos river 39
Ωξον ποταμὸν
Oxos river
=== Possible Origins ===
Daxia* = Oxus river ?
Anxi = Oxus river ?
* See map.
====
[Note that its not so much a single river, as a river-system-corridor.]
Oxos = Vaksh river (S Kyrgystan) ?
Oxos = Osh, Kyrgystan (also a province) ?
Oxos = Ozgon, Kyrgystan ?
Oxos = Ichka, Tajikstan ?
Oxos = Okyh, Uzbekistan ?
Amu Darya, Kolcha Rivers

Route - 2 rivers

Ghazni Pass: 2 Rivers

SE valley river

Choas River

East River

Salt road

Oxos river
Ωξον ποταμὸν
=== Possible Origins ===
Daxia* = Oxus river ?
Anxi = Oxus river ?
* See map.
====
[Note that its not so much a single river, as a river-system-corridor.]
Oxos = Vaksh river (S Kyrgystan) ?
Oxos = Osh, Kyrgystan (also a province) ?
Oxos = Ozgon, Kyrgystan ?
Oxos = Ichka, Tajikstan ?
Oxos = Okyh, Uzbekistan ?
Amu Darya, Kolcha Rivers

Παρσιάνα
Parsiana
Parsiana = Parachinar / Pāṛačinār
Could be the same word as Parsi/Parthina, basically the first Persian city, from India's point-of-view.
Could be the Old Persian word for the Hindu Cush, "Uparisaina" (see below).
=== WIKIPEDIA on Paropamisadae [region]===
Paropamisadae is the Latinized form of the Greek name Paropamisádai (Παροπαμισάδαι),[5] which is in turn derived from Old Persian Para-uparisaina, meaning "Beyond the Hindu Kush", where the Hindu Kush is referred to as Uparisaina ("higher than the eagle").[6]

114 Barzaura 37.5
Βαρζαῦρα
Barzaura
Βωλῖται
Boolitai
(Paropanissus Region)
Βῦλται
Bultai
(Sacae Region)
Αμβαῦται
Ambautai
Barzaura (Ptolemy) = Bahjara = Magaris (Peutinger)
=== Possible Origin ===
Local Huns' tribes' phonemes:
Ambautai = Bautai = Bultai    = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai = Bautai = Boolitai = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai                                   = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Local placenames:
Ambultai = Boolitai or Bultai = Bala Hissar = Kabul ?
Ambultai = Boolitai or Bultai = Bala Hissar* = Bahajara = Barzaura
Ambultai = Boolitai or Bultai = Bala Hissar* = Bahajara = Magaris ?
Competing Alternative Possiblity:
* This would seem to apply to the Hazaras people, which suggests that the "Bala Hissar" may mean, not "high fort," as is assumed, but "Hazaras' fort."
Bala Hissar* = Kabul
Bala Hissar* = Barzaura
Bala Hissar* = Bist Hazari**
Barzaura = Zarzara = Shahre Naow ??
Bahjara = Khaje Bughra
Bahjara = Bagrami
Magaris = Qalai Najarha
* See Wikipedia below.
50 to Parthona
=== WIKIPEDIA on Bala Hissar, Kabul ===
Bala Hissar (lit. 'High Fort') is an ancient fortress located in the south of the old city of Kabul, Afghanistan.
The origins of the Bala Hissar fortress are obscure. Pre-Kushan pottery as well as Indo-Greek and Achaemenid coins have been recovered in its vicinity, indicating settlements in the area from at least the 6th century CE. Usage of the site as a citadel has been dated to a period as early as the 5th century; however, minimal evidence exists regarding its precise history.[2][3]

Artoarta

᾿Αρτοάρτα
Artoarta
Artoarta = Arcoadah = Godar ?

᾿Αρτοάρτα
Artoarta
Artoarta = Hrhwate = Kharowti ?

Barborana

118 Barborana 37.5
Βαβοράνα
Baborana
Baborana = Babakraha = Babakaray

118 Barborana 37.5
Βαβοράνα
Baborana
Baborana = Barvoranas = Bar Feranas = Bar Feras = Bar Feroz Khel ?

Κάτισα
Catisa
Catisa = Catst = Khest = Khost ?
Old name was "Khest"

Niphanda

119 Niphanda ? 37
Νιφάνδα
Niphanda
[Pure guesswork]
Niphanda = Niabuh = Niamy ?
Niphanda = Phana = Spinah ?
Niphanda = Niph'Oana = Omna District ??

119 Niphanda ? 37
Νιφάνδα
Niphanda
[Pure guesswork]
Niphanda = Nipa = Nikeh = 'Alaqada Naka ?
Niphanda = Nipa = Nikeh ?

Drastaca

116 Drastoca ? 36.5
Δράστοκα
Drastoca
Drastoca = Dara Shtoga = Darae Shoga = Darae Jelga ?

116 Drastoca ? 36.5
Δράστοκα
Drastoca
Drastoca = Brachtaca = Braghtach = Bagach = Baghak ?
Drastoca = Hrastochuh = Harstonche = Hasanche = Hasankhel ?

116 Drastoca ? 36.5
Δράστοκα
Drastoca
Drastoca = Dashtencah = Dasht-en Coh = Dasht-e Now ?

Drastoca = Hrashtocuh = Chashtocuh = Kashoguh = Kachoghu ?

Drastoca = Grastoca ??
Jaghatu means Jaghatai, and so is only as old as the Mongols

Γάζακα ἢ Γαύζακα
Ga(u)zaca
Gazaca = Ghazni

Naulibus

117 Naulibus ? 35.5
Ναυλιβίς
Naulibus
Naulibus = Nawliwus = Nawaz ?

117 Naulibus ? 35.5
Ναυλιβίς
Naulibus
Naulibus = Na-Yulibuh = Mu-Yuliwa (Mawlawi) = Myhriwa = Mirzawal ?

Arbuxa
Arbuxa = Barbozak

Parsia

Παρσία
Parsia
=== Possible Origins ===
Parsia (Ptolemy) = Partsina = Parthona (Peutinger) ?
Pashtun =* Parthona ?
* Note that the Pashtuns and Persians are NOT the same people, so if this possibility is true, then while Ptolemaic "Parsia" would remain here, yet the Peutinger map's "Parthona" would proably be 13 miles SW at "Do Poshteh."
[Note "Four Pakh(a)sa" castle here, perhaps constructed from the city's stones. The ancient city was probably here at the pin, for trade-control and easy water purposes, but the citadel was probably up on the height 1 mile to the northeast, where the placename is plotted.]
Parsia = Pahsia = Pakh(a)sa** ?
Parsia = Pahsia = Pakh(a)sa** = Pay Noqteh ?
Parthona = Pah'notha = Pay Noqteh ?
Parthona = Parnotha = Pay Noqteh ?
Partsina = Behsinah = "Nature Solidarity Water Dam Behsud (Park)"*** ?
Parsia = Parhi = Bari Qowl ??
** The name of the castle: "Four Pakhsa ( چهار پخسه )", could mean "four checks", but could also have derived from "Parsia."
*** Original Persian: بند آب همبستگی طبیعت بهسود
15 [but should be 200] to Aspacora
50 to Magaris

Παρσία
Parsia
Parsia = Farkhlum ?

Παρσία
[But this is out of the way, not on the obvious high-road.]
Parsia = Qarah Qowl ?
Parsia = Barigah ?
Parsia = Balagh Tughaneh?

Parsia = Takparda ?

Parsia = Farsi ??
[Far away]

Locharna

118 Locharna ?? 34
Δαροακάνα
Daro(w)acana
Δοχαρνα
Docharna
Supposed to be Λοχαρνα ?
Locharna ?
[But all maps show "Cholarna," instead.]
Daro(w)acana (Ptolemy) = Docharna (Ptolemaic editor)* ?
* Δοχαρνα/Docharna is probably just a later editor's addition, who didn't realize that they were the same city.
Locharna = Loy Shar ?
Locharna = Charna = Chawni ?

118 Locharna ? 34
Δαροακάνα
Daro(w)acana
Δοχαρνα
Docharna
Supposed to be Λοχαρνα ?
Locharna ?
[But all maps show "Cholarna," instead.]
Daro(w)acana (Ptolemy) = Docharna (Ptolemaic editor)* ?
* Δοχαρνα/Docharna is probably just a later editor's addition, who didn't realize that they were the same city.
Cholarna = Qual Eh-Ye = Qal Eh-Ye Kulet ?

Δαροακάνα
Daro(w)acana
Δοχαρνα
Docharna
Supposed to be Λοχαρνα ?
Locharna ?
[But all maps show "Cholarna," instead.]
Daro(w)acana (Ptolemy) = Docharna (Ptolemy)* ?
* Δοχαρνα/Docharna is probably just a later editor's addition, who didn't realize that they were the same city.
Daroacana = De Rutana = De Rudhaneh
Darowacana = Tarnuchana = Tormukh ?

Darande

Darande ?
Darande = Dzarrhand = Dzar-chard = Zarkharid ?

Darande ?
Darande = Darrahe Jawqol ?
Darande = Dja-rhande = Djar-chanda = Jarkhana ? (Just westward)

Darande ?
Darande = Taladeh ?
Darande = Dahan-e Raqol ?
(Probably on the wrong side of the river)

Darande = Dahane Say

Caroura / Ortospana

118 Caroura / Ortospana 35
Κάρουρα ἡ καὶ Ὀρτόσπανα
Caroura / Ortospana
Caroura = Tcharoha = Sharon Waluswali ?
Caroura = Tcharuha = Sharan ?

118 Caroura / Ortospana 35
Κάρουρα ἡ καὶ Ὀρτόσπανα
Caroura / Ortospana
Caroura = Calula = Qal Eh-ye ?

118 Caroura / Ortospana 35
Κάρουρα ἡ καὶ Ὀρτόσπανα
Caroura = Chararnuh = Cha-raunuh = Ha-raunuch = Haraunchuh = Harunkhel ?

Tarbacana

Ταρβακάνα
Tarbacana = Thar-par-canas = Thar-char-canasma = Char-char-chashma = Cha-harchashma ?
This name could perhaps refer to the entirety of the basin, here (i.e, both pins).

Tarbacana = Bakhara ?

Bagarda

Βαγάρδα
Bagarda
Bagarda = Bar Kalay ?
Bagarda = Abargheyl ? (southwest of here)
Bagarda = Baday ? (east of here)
Qara Bagh is the tribal namesake for the whole district.

Βαγάρδα
Bagarda
Bagarda = Bagh Attar ? (west of here)
Bagarda = Qara Bagh ?
Qara Bagh is the tribal namesake for the whole district.

Βαγάρδα
Bagarda = Baghala ?
Qara Bagh is the tribal namesake for the whole district.

Bagarda = Gardane Bakhara ?

Bagarda = Palaw ?
Bagarda = Bokhankhel ?
Bagarda = Barathel ?

Arguda

᾿Αργοῦδα
Arguda
Arguda = Ahgarda = Anguri ?

᾿Αργοῦδα
Arguda
Arguda = Orgun
Shown decisively on the North side of the route, so it is Orgun, here, not Urgun to the Southwest.

᾿Αργοῦδα
Arguda = Gudyan ?

Arguda = Zarghun Shar ?

Arguda = Argidsah = Argesan* ?
Arguda = Argidsah = Urgundab* ?
Arguda = Argidsah = Urgundab river* ?

Untitled Path

People

Boolitai
Βωλῖται
(Paropanissus Region)
Βῦλται
Bultai
(Sacae Region)
Αμβαῦται
Ambautai
Ambautai people (Ptolemy) =
= Bultai people (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Boolitai people (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Ambautai = Bautai = Bultai    = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai = Bautai = Boolitai = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai                                   = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Based on the above, it seems that the white Huns, originated from here, before they turned up in Dzungaria (northern China), about 400 years later. Of course many or most of the Afghans weren't here yet, but seem to have been in Arya, and their migration to here, may, or may not, have been what drove the Huns out from here.
Boolitai = Bultai = Gilgit-Baltistan province
Boolitai = Bultai = Balti people
Boolitai = Kabul* ?
Boolitai = Barzaura* ?
Boolitai = Bala Deh ?
* See pins there, at Kabul.

Aristophyloi
᾿Αριστόφυλοι
"Best nation"
Aristophyloi = Gwrh* = Gyawa-i-Payan ??
Aristophyloi = Gwrh* = Ghorband ??
Aristophyloi = Gwrh* = Ghorband = Do Abi Ghowr Band ??
* "Best = "غوره" (ġwrh) in Pashtun

Parsioi
Πάρσιοι
(In Paropanisos)
Παρσυῆται
Parsuetai
(In Paropanisos & Arachosia)
Πάραυτοι,
Parautoi
(in Areia)
ἢ Παραυτικηνή,
The Parauticene
(in Parthia)
Apauarcticena
(Isidore of Charax)
Apavortene
(Pliny)
=== Possibile Origins ===
Persian origin
Far ("Horseman") =
= Farsi
= Persia =
= Parsioi
= Parsuetai
= Parthia
= Parash (פרש) ("Horseman") OR Firozkohi ("Persian-ish") = ?
= Parautoi ?
= Parauticene ?
= Apauarcticena / Apavortene
Pashtun Alternative possibility:
Pahak ("Pure"?) =
Pak ("Pure"*) =
= Pakhtuns
= Pakistan
= Paharati (?) =     Parautoi (Ptolemy, in Aria)
= Paharakti (?) = Apauarcticena (Arrian)
= Aristophyloi ("Best nation") ?
* In Persian and Pashto
Parsioi = Persians
Parsioi = modern Pashai

Parsuetai
Πάρσιοι
Parsioi
(In Paropanisos)
Παρσυῆται
(In Paropanisos & Arachosia)
Πάραυτοι,
Parautoi
(in Areia)
ἢ Παραυτικηνή,
The Parauticene
(in Parthia)
Apauarcticena
(Isidore of Charax)
Apavortene
(Pliny)
=== Possibile Origins ===
Persian origin
Far ("Horseman") =
= Farsi
= Persia =
= Parsioi
= Parsuetai
= Parthia
= Parash (פרש) ("Horseman") OR Firozkohi ("Persian-ish") = ?
= Parautoi ?
= Parauticene ?
= Apauarcticena / Apavortene
Pashtun Alternative possibility:
Pahak ("Pure"?) =
Pak ("Pure"*) =
= Pakhtuns
= Pakistan
= Paharati (?) =     Parautoi (Ptolemy, in Aria)
= Paharakti (?) = Apauarcticena (Arrian)
= Aristophyloi ("Best nation") ?
* In Persian and Pashto
Parsuetai = Pehtzwa = (Qarya-E) Petaw ?
Parsuetai = Naway Parsunay ?

Ambautai
Βωλῖται
Boolitai
(Paropanissus Region)
Βῦλται
Bultai
(Sacae Region)
Αμβαῦται
Ambautai people (Ptolemy) =
= Bultai people (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Boolitai people (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται)* = Ambautai ?
* Mentioned by Herodotus
Ambautai = Bautai = Bultai    = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai = Bautai = Boolitai = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai                                   = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Based on the above, it seems that the white Huns, originated from here, before they turned up in Dzungaria (northern China), about 400 years later. Of course many or most of the Afghans weren't here yet, but seem to have been in Arya, and their migration to here, may, or may not, have been what drove the Huns out from here.
Ambautai = Bultai = Gilgit-Baltistan province
Ambautai = Bultai = Balti people
Ambautai = Boolitai = Kabul* ?
Ambautai = Ahmadzai ?? =

Drangiana

Dra(n/g)giana
Δραγγιανῆς
Darandai (Ptolemy) = Draggiana (Ptolemy)
Darandai = Burahdji = Baluchi people* ?
* Still slightly in this region, but have been mostly driven farther south.
Darandai = Sarayan
Darandai = Dahan Rud ??
Darandai = Dz'ran = Zahan ?
Darandai = Darhan = Darmian ?
Draggiana = B'ranjian = Birjand ?
Draggiana = B'ranjian = Bandjan = Nehbandan ?
Drangiana = D'rach = Durukhsh/Dorokhsh
Draggiana = D'rach = Dehak ?
Draggiana = D'ragh = Doroh ?
[Note that in the borders-description below, perspective has been rotated 45° clockwise, so that Ptolemaic North is actually true Northeast. However, Ptolemaic coordinates maintain their correct, un-rotated, true-northward orientation.]
Ἡ Δραγγιανή περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως καὶ ἄρκτων᾿Αρείᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην διὰ τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους γραμμὴν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ κατὰ μεσημβρινὴν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τοῖς ᾿Αρείοις καὶ Παροπανισάδαις πέρατος ἐκβαλλομένην μεσημβρινὴν γραμμὴν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 111.5, 28 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας μέρει Γεδρωσίας κατὰ τὴν ἐπι- ζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα διὰ τῶν Βαιτίων ὀρέων γραμμήν.
The [region of] Drangiana is surrounded, first on the west and north, by Areia, according to the line extended through the Bagoos Mt., but on the east by Arachosia, according to the southward line cast from the frontier toward Areia and the Paropanissos, southward to its end, which has location . . . 111.5, 28 ;
but on the south, by Gedrosia, according to the extended, straddling, frontier-line thru the Baition Mts.

Drangiana
Δραγγιανῆς
Dra(n/g)giana province
Δαράνδαι
Darandai
(Drangiana province)
ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα
The Dareitis region
(Media province)
Drangiana Province (Ptolemy) =
= Darandai (Ptolemy) ?
= Dareitis (Ptolemy) ?
Darandai = Burahdji = Baluchi people* ?
* Still slightly in this region, but have been mostly driven farther south.
Darandai = Sarayan
Darandai = Dahan Rud ??
Darandai = Dz'ran = Zahan ?
Darandai = Darhan = Darmian ?
Draggiana = B'ranjian = Birjand ?
Draggiana = B'ranjian = Bandjan = Nehbandan ?
Drangiana = D'rach = Durukhsh/Dorokhsh
Draggiana = D'rach = Dehak ?
Draggiana = D'ragh = Doroh ?
[Note that in the borders-description below, perspective has been rotated 45° clockwise, so that Ptolemaic North is actually true Northeast. However, Ptolemaic coordinates maintain their correct, un-rotated, true-northward orientation.]

Δραγγιανῆς
Dra(n/g)giana
Darandai (Ptolemy) = Draggiana (Ptolemy)
Darandai = Burahdji = Baluchi people* ?
* Still slightly in this region, but have been mostly driven farther south.
Darandai = Sarayan
Darandai = Dahan Rud ??
Darandai = Dz'ran = Zahan ?
Darandai = Darhan = Darmian ?
Draggiana = B'ranjian = Birjand ?
Draggiana = B'ranjian = Bandjan = Nehbandan ?
Drangiana = D'rach = Durukhsh/Dorokhsh
Draggiana = D'rach = Dehak ?
Draggiana = D'ragh = Doroh ?
[Note that in the borders-description below, perspective has been rotated 45° clockwise, so that Ptolemaic North is actually true Northeast. However, Ptolemaic coordinates maintain their correct, un-rotated, true-northward orientation]

Basin

Bagoos Mt.

W Bagoos Mt.
τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους
[Note that there are more potentially "Bagoos Mts," east of here, i.e, south of Areia.]
Bagoos Mt. (Ptolemy) = Borgoi people (Ptolemy) ?
Bagoos = Bayk
Bagoos = Al Bagh = Abgheh
Bagoos = Al Balgh = Albolagh
Bagoos = Bargh = Kalate Barq
Bagoos = Balgh = Quch Palang
Bagoos = Bahagh = Badagh ??
Bagoos = Bahagh = Badghis county ??

Bagoos Mt. (Ptolemy) = Borgoi people (Ptolemy) ?
Bagoos = Bayk
Bagoos = Al Bagh = Abgheh
Bagoos = Al Balgh = Albolagh
Bagoos = Bargh = Kalate Barq
Bagoos = Balgh = Quch Palang
Bagoos = Bahagh = Badagh ??
Bagoos = Bahagh = Badghis county ??

Baitioi Mts.

Baitioi Mts.
τῶν Βαιτίων ὀρέων
Baitioi Mountains
Baitioi Mts. (Ptolemy) = Arbitoi Mts. (Ptolemy) ?
Baitioi Mts. (Ptolemy) = Bactrioi people (Ptolemy) ??
Baitioi = Bu Takan ?
Baitioi = Baduhi ?
Baitioi = Padagi ?
Baitioi = Basima ??
Baitioi = Patkin Chauki ??
Baitioi = Padag (Road) ?
Ἡ᾿Αραχωσία περιορίζεται . . . ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῷ λοιπῷ μέρει τῆς Γεδρωσίας κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Βαιτίου ὄρους
The [region of] Arachosia . . . however on the south by the remainder part of Gedrosia, along the straddling extended frontier-line through the Baitioi Mts.

Mts.

River

River
Διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ 20 ᾿Αράβιος ἐκτρεπόμενος, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 109, 32.5
But there divides the land a river outflowing from the dryland, whose headwaters have location . . . 109, 32.5

Διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ 20 ᾿Αράβιος ἐκτρεπόμενος, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 109, 32.5
But there divides the land a river outflowing from the dryland, whose headwaters have location . . . 109, 32.5

Tatacene
Σατταγύδαι
Sattagudai
(Herodotus)
Δαδικαι
Dadikai
Ταβικηνή
Tabicene
(Parthia province)
Τατακηνή
(Drangiana province)
Ἰσατίχαι
Isatichai
(In the Carmania Desert)
Ταπούρ(ε)οι
Tapour(e)oi
(Margiana & Inner Scythia provinces)
Tsedacai =
= Sattagudai (Herodotus) =
= Dadikai (Herodotus) &
= Tatacene (Ptolemy) =
= Tautica (Ptolemaic city in Media) ?
= Isatichai (Ptolemy) ?
= Tabicene (Ptolemy) =
= Tapour(e)oi (Ptolemy) ??
Sattagudai = Tatacene = Khattak tribe* ?
Dadikai = Tatacene ?
Tatacene = Khattak tribe* ?
Tabicene = Tabasaran people** ??
Tatacene = Tatchacene = Tajiks*** ?
Tatacene = Tati people**** ?
* See map
** If this is so, then they were driver out by the Mongolian hord or Timur's Taimuri
*** Origin unknown. They now live far to the north and northwest.
Καὶ κατέχουσι τὰ μὲν πρὸς τῇ Αρεία Δαράνδαι,
τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ Βάκτριοι,
ἡ δὲ μεταξὺ χώρα καλεῖται Τατακηνή
and there inhabit the [regions] next to Areia Darandai,
but the ones next to Arachosia are Bactrioi,
but the region between is called Tatacene [Tajikistan]

Bactrioi
Καὶ κατέχουσι τὰ μὲν πρὸς τῇ Αρεία Δαράνδαι,
τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ Βάκτριοι,
ἡ δὲ μεταξὺ χώρα καλεῖται Τατακηνή
and there inhabit the [regions] next to Areia Darandai,
but the ones next to Arachosia are Bactrioi,
but the region between is called Tatacene [Tajikistan]
Bactrioi = Barakzai*
Bactrioi = Barakzai* = Firozkohi* ?
Bactrioi = Pashtun people* ?
* Nowadays farther east, probably driven out by Muslim conquest, and/or Timur's Mongolian hoard of Taimuri

Darandai
Dra(n/g)giana province
Δαράνδαι
(Drangiana province)
ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα
The Dareitis region
(Media province)
Drangiana Province (Ptolemy) =
= Darandai (Ptolemy) ?
= Dareitis (Ptolemy) ?
[Note that in the borders-description below, perspective has been rotated 45° clockwise, so that Ptolemaic North is actually true Northeast. However, Ptolemaic coordinates maintain their correct, un-rotated, true-northward orientation.]
The [region of] Drangiana is surrounded, first on the west and north, by Areia, acording to the line extended through the Bagradas Mt., but on the east by Arachosia, according to the southward line cast from the frontier toward Areia and the Paropanissos, southward to its end, which has location . . . 111.5, 28 ;
Καὶ κατέχουσι τὰ μὲν πρὸς τῇ Αρεία Δαράνδαι,
τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ Βάκτριοι,
ἡ δὲ μεταξὺ χώρα καλεῖται Τατακηνή
and there inhabit the [regions] next to Areia Darandai,
but the ones next to Arachosia are Bactrioi,
but the region between is called Tatacene [Tajikistan]
=== Alternative Possibility: ===
Zranka = Zaranda =
= Drangiana (Ptolemy) =
= Darandai (Ptolemy)
Zaranda = Birjand ?
Zaranda = Zarmian ?
Zaranda = Dahan Rud ?
Zaranda = Zahidan ??

110 Prophthasia ? 32.33
Προφθασία
Prophthasia
Prophthasia (Ptolemy) = Propasta (Peutinger)
Prophthasia = Phthasia = Feyzabad ?
Prophthasia = Pardhas = Ferdows ?
Prophthasia = Phath = Fath abad ?
In Taftan county of Sistan & Baluchistan province.
Near giant volcanic Mt. Taftan, and the city of Taftan, 39 miles NE of it.
75 to Parhe
25 [but should be 205] to Aris

110 Prophthasia ? 32.33
Προφθασία
Prophthasia
Prophthasia (Ptolemy) = Propasta (Peutinger)
Prophthasia = Phathasia = Fathabad ?
Prophthasia = Phasia = Fazeh Mand ?
75 to Parhe
25 to Aris

110 Prophthasia ? 32.33
Προφθασία
Prophthasia
Prophthasia = Parbhazia = Parvizabad ??

Prophthasia = Prop + Thasia (near Mt. Taftan volcano ) ?
Prophthasia = Rostasma = Rostama + abad = Rostamabad ?
In Taftan county of Sistan & Baluchistan province.
Near giant volcanic Mt. Taftan, and the city of Taftan, 39 miles NE of it.

R(h)uda

Ράγαια
Ragaia
῾Ροῦδα
Rouda
95, 35 (In Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Ρούδα
Rhuda
106.5, 31.5 (In Ptolemaic Editor's Drangiana)
Ragaia = Radja =
= Razavi Khorasan ?
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Drangiana) =
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Parthia)
Rouda = Rudab ?
Rouda = Dam Rud ?
Rouda = Rudza = Rezaabad ?
The Rhagae & Caspian Gates mentioned below aren't here, but almost certainly on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea:
=== Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 19 ===
Now Darius had formed the resolution, if Alexander remained at Susa or Babylon, to stay there among the Medes, in order to see if any change of policy were made by Alexander. But if the latter marched against him, he resolved to proceed into the interior towards Parthia and Hyrcania, as far as Bactria, laying waste all the land and making it impossible for Alexander to advance any further. He therefore sent the women and the rest of the property which he still retained, together with the covered carriages, to what were called the Caspian Gates . . .
[From Ecbatana heading to Parthia] . . . he [Alexander] marched against Darius [who had entered Parthia thru the Caspian gates]. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day [from Ecbatana] arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey to one marching as Alexander did.

῾Ροῦδα
Rouda
95, 35 (In Parthia)
Ρούδα
Rhuda
Rouda (Ptolemy, in Drangiana) =
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Parthia)
Rhuda = Rhudja = Bushrewgah* = Boshruyeh ?
Rhuda = Deh(-e) Mohammed** ??
*On 1804 Rumsey Historical Map
** Ancient Caravanserie here

῾Ροῦδα
Rouda
95, 35 (In Parthia)
Ρούδα
Rhuda
Rouda (Ptolemy, in Drangiana) =
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Parthia)
Rhuda = Darb* Rhuda = Doruneh ?
* Means "Door" in Persian
** Ancient Caravanserie here

95, 35 (In Parthia)
Rouda (Ptolemy, in Drangiana) =
Rhuda = Hruda = Thruda = Tahrud* ?
*Located here on Google Earth Rumsey Historical Map "Middle_East/Persia_1922

R(h)uda = Farah Rud

Inna

"Ιννα
Inna
Inna = Ghale* Inn = Ghayen = Qaen ?
Inna = Qu' + Imana = Qoumenjan ?
* Means "fort" in Persian

"Ιννα
Inna
Inna = Na'linde ?

"Ιννα = Inna = Juna + abad = Junabad ?

"Ιννα = Kurin ?

Aricada

᾿Αρικάδα
Aricada
Aricada = Huricatz = Durukhsh* ?
Aricada = Harhic = Chahak* ?
Aricala* = Ardakul** (*27 miles NNE) ?
** Hypothesized Delta → Lambda typo

᾿Αρικάδα
Aricada
Aricada = Harhca = Shakhia* = Shakhen ?
Aricada = Harhic = Chahak* ?
Aricada = Aria = Aryanshahr ??

᾿Αρικάδα
Aricada = Darak* ??

Aricada = Arig-ata = Rigmat ?

Aricada = Rig-chata = Chah Rig ?

Asta

Αστα
Asta
Asta = Yazdan* ?
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical Map

Αστα
Asta
Asta = Ca-stuh = Chah Shuh = Chah Shur (or Joshroo) ?

Xarxiare

Ξαρξιάρη
Xarxiare
* Otherwise, this is out of order, in which case, one might assume that it is an addition of the Ptolemaic Editor, and its location would then become much more variable, including possibly right here, notwithstanding the poor coordinates.
Πασακαρτία
Pasacartia
Pasacartia (Ptolemy) = Xarxiare (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Xarxiare = Kark* = Chahak** = Chahak Caravanserai ?
Xarxiare = Chah Khareh ?
Xarxiare = Shur ?
Xarxiare = Khur** = Khvor ?
** On 1922 Rumsey Historical map

Ξαρξιάρη
Xarxiare
* Otherwise, this is out of order, in which case, one might assume that it is an addition of the Ptolemaic Editor, and its location would then become much more variable.
Πασακαρτία
Pasacartia
Pasacartia (Ptolemy) = Xarxiare (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Xarxiare = Karit* = Korit ?
Xarxiare = Kurik ?
Xarxiare = Zuhksa = Jokhah ?
Xarxiare = Kharv-e Olya ??
Xarxiare = Car = Cal = Golshan = Tabas ??

Ξαρξιάρη
Xarxiare = Kakoch

Xarxiara = Kuruk* = Kark

Xarxiara = Karchan

Nostana

Νοστάνα
Nostana
Nostana = Neyestan
* On Rumsey Historical Map

Νοστάνα
Nostana
Nostana = Neh Istan = Nay Band ?
Nostana = Hostan = Dig-e Rostam ?

Νοστάνα
Nostana = Maskutah ?

Nostana = Nasareh ?

Pharasana

110 Pharasana 30
Φαραζάνα
Pharasana
Pharasana = Bhurzanda = Birjand
=== Wikipedia on Iranshahr, Iran ===
Before 1935 the city was called Pahrah (Balochi: پہرہ), also spelt Poora, Poorah, and Pura.

110 Pharazana ? 30
Φαραζάνα
Pharazana
Pharazana = Paruza = Parvizabad ?

110 Pharasana 30
Φαραζάνα
Pharasana
Pharasana = recent "Pahrah."
=== Wikipedia on Iranshahr, Iran ===
Before 1935 the city was called Pahrah (Balochi: پہرہ), also spelt Poora, Poorah, and Pura.

Bigis

Βιγίς
Bigis
Bigis = Sarbishch* ?
Bigis = Bushgaz* ?
Bigis = Burg-i-Gulwarda* ?
Bigis = Birjand* ??
* On Rumsey Historical Map

Βιγίς
Bigis
Bigis = Kapebalochi ?

Ariaspe

᾿Αριάσπη
Ariaspe
Ariaspe = Ar-i* Aspe = Ariabe =** Arababad ?
Ariaspe = Aspe = Esfandiar ?
* Ar-e and Ar-i mean "water of" in Persian. Therefore, it seems logical that the villages of Arababad & Abbasabad being downstream from ancient Aspe (modern Esfandiar), would be the "water of Aspe."
** When the Muslim conquest came through, it would've been natural to rename the city something so similar to its original name.

᾿Αριάσπη
Ariaspe
Ariaspe = Ariahbe = Aliabad ??
[But the coordinates would be way out of place, unless relative to Xarxiare, itself out of place, 70 miles due North of it.]

᾿Αριάσπη
Ariaspe = Dig-e Rostam ??

Ariaspe = Ariahs'pher = Aryanshahr ??
Ariaspe = Ariahs'pher = Sarayan ??
[But the coordinates would be way, way out of place, even if relative to Xarxiare, itself out of place, a few miles due West of it.]

Ariaspe = Ispaka* = Espakeh
* On Google Earth's Middle_East/Persia_1922 map

Ariaspe = Ar Hasbeh = Bazman ??

Arana

᾿Αράνα
Arana
Arana = Dahaneh Now ?
Arana = Rumeh ?
Arana = Basiran ?
Arana = Rameh ?
Arana = Aryan Na = Nehbandan ??

᾿Αράνα
Arana
Arana = Daran ?
Arana = Ad + arana = (ancient) Aspandana = Irafshan (next door city) ?
=== WIKIPEDIA ===
Isfahan
Under the Parthians, Arsacid governors administered the provinces of the nation from Isfahan, and the city's urban development accelerated to accommodate the needs of a capital city.

Gedrosia

Gedrosia
[Ptolemy wrongly thinks that this is south of Draggiana, because it is south of the Baitioi Mts., which are themselves the southern border of Draggiana, but truly only with a 150 mile north-south separation. The intervening space isn't Gedrosia at all, but certainly nothing but driest Carmanian desert.]
Ἡ Γεδρωσία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Καρμανίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην μέχρι θαλάσσης μεσημβρινὴν γραμμὴν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Δραγγιανῇ [wrong] καὶ ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ παρὰ τὰς διωρισμένας αὐτῶν μεσημβρινὰς γραμμὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Ἰνδικῆς μέρει παρὰ τὸν Ἰνδὸν ποταμὸν κατὰ τὴν ἐκβαλλομένην γραμμὴν ἀπὸ 10 τοῦ πρὸς τῇ ᾿Αραχωσίᾳ ὁρίου μέχρι τοῦ ἐπὶ θαλάσσης πέρατος, ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 109, 20
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας μέρει τοῦ Ἰνδικοῦ πελάγους, οὗ ἡ περιγραφὴ ἔχει οὕτως
The [region of] Gedrosia is surrounded, first on the west, by Carmania, along the extended line [heading] southward until the sea; but on the north by Draggiana [wrong] and Arachosia, along their southern limit-lines; but on the east by the portion of the Indian [region], next to the Indus River, down the line jutting out from the air causing border, until its end at the sea, which has location . . . 109, 20
but on the south, by the part of the Indian Ocean, whose circuit goes in this way

Route

Phisana route

Islands

105 Asthaia island ? 18
Ασθαία
Asthaia (island)

160[107] Codane island 17
Κοδάνη
Codane (island)
Codane = Gurdim ?

North River

West River 1

Kai River

Bahu Kalat river
Kurkes* or Kuren* river

Dasht river

Untitled Path
Cambil river*

Arbita Mts.

Arbita Mts.
'Αρβις πόλις
Arbis Polis
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ τῆς χώρας κατέχουσιν ᾿Αρβιτῶν κῶμαι
The ones inhabiting the region on the ocean [are] the villages of the Arbitoi
Διατείνει δὲ διὰ μέσης τῆς Γεδρωσίας ὄρη καλούμενα Ἄρβιτα, ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 160 [107], 22
ἀφ᾽ ὧν εἰς τὸν Ἰνδὸν ἐμβάλλουσί τινες ποταμοὶ, ὧν τοῦ ἑνὸς ἡ πηγή . . . 111, 25.5
There extends through the middle of Gedrosia, mountains called Arbita, whose ends have location . . . 160 [107], 22
from which [Mts.], there are certain rivers flowing into the Indian [region], one of whose headwaters is at . . . 111, 25.5
Arbita Mts. (Ptolemy) =
Arbitoi people (Ptolemy) =
= Arbis Polis (Ptolemy)
= Arabios river (Ptolemy)
Arbita Mts. = Sarbaz city & Mts.*
Arbita Mts. = Sarbaz Mts.* = Saravan ??

'Αρβις πόλις
Arbis Polis
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ τῆς χώρας κατέχουσιν ᾿Αρβιτῶν κῶμαι
The ones inhabiting the region on the ocean [are] the villages of the Arbitoi
Διατείνει δὲ διὰ μέσης τῆς Γεδρωσίας ὄρη καλούμενα Ἄρβιτα, ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 160 [107], 22
ἀφ᾽ ὧν εἰς τὸν Ἰνδὸν ἐμβάλλουσί τινες ποταμοὶ, ὧν τοῦ ἑνὸς ἡ πηγή . . . 111, 25.5
There extends through the middle of Gedrosia, mountains called Arbita, whose ends have location . . . 160 [107], 22
from which [Mts.], there are certain rivers flowing into the Indian [region], one of whose headwaters is at . . . 111, 25.5
Arbita Mts. (Ptolemy) =
Arbitoi people (Ptolemy) =
= Arbis Polis (Ptolemy)
= Arabios river (Ptolemy)
Arbita Mts. = Sarbaz city & Mts.*
Arbita Mts. = Sarbaz Mts.* = Saravan ??

Coast

Arabs river

105 Arabios river 20.25
'Αρβις πόλις
Arbis Polis
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ τῆς χώρας κατέχουσιν ᾿Αρβιτῶν κῶμαι
The ones inhabiting the region on the ocean [are] the villages of the Arbitoi
Διατείνει δὲ διὰ μέσης τῆς Γεδρωσίας ὄρη καλούμενα Ἄρβιτα, ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 160 [107], 22
ἀφ᾽ ὧν εἰς τὸν Ἰνδὸν ἐμβάλλουσί τινες ποταμοὶ, ὧν τοῦ ἑνὸς ἡ πηγή . . . 111, 25.5
There extends through the middle of Gedrosia, mountains called Arbita, whose ends have location . . . 160 [107], 22
from which [Mts.], there are certain rivers flowing into the Indian [region], one of whose headwaters is at . . . 111, 25.5
Arbita Mts. (Ptolemy) =
Arbitoi people (Ptolemy) =
= Arbis Polis (Ptolemy)
= Arabios river (Ptolemy)
Arabios river = Rapch river*
Arabios river = Rapch* = Zarabad ?

Arabios river = Rapah river
Arabios river = Zarabad ?

106 Ragira(u/n)a ? 20
Ραγίρανα πόλις
Ragira(u/n)a
Ragirana = Drangiana = Derangou ?
Ragiraua = Darak ??
Ragirana = Drangiana = Rahimiabad ??

107 Gunaikon Limen 20.25
Γυναικών λιμήν
Gunaikon Limen
Mulierum Portus
"Port of women"
Gunaikon = Cunehik = Konarak

108 Coiamba 20
Κοίαμβα
Coiamba
Coiamba = Komb

Rizana

Ριζάνα
Rizana
Rizana = Beris ?

Ριζάνα
Rizana
[Should be "Pzana"?]
Pzana = Pasni ?

μεθ᾽ ἣν τὸ εἰρημένον ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ πέρας
After which, is the aforesaid frontier on the ocean

Inland

Kouni

Κούνι
Kouni
Kouni = Konarden ?

Κούνι
Kouni
Kouni = Mat Kon ?
Kouni = Koching ?

113 Badara 27
Βαδάρα
Badara
Badara = Turbat ??

115 Mousarna 27.5
Μουσάρνα
Mousarna
Όμιζα
Omiza
Mousarnoi people (Ptolemy) =
= Mousarna (Ptolemy) = Mousa Or =
= Ormiza (Ptolemaic editor) ??
Ormiza = Ermajil* = Hurmagai ?
* Located on GoogleEarth's Rumsey historical map "Asia/India/India_1804," but strangely shown 150 miles SSW, on a river that doesn't exist.

Cottobara

118 Cottobara ? 27.5
Κοττόβαρα
Cottobara
Cottobara = Kotra ?
Cottobara = Khuzdar ?
Cottobara = Quetta ?

118 Cottobara ? 27.5
Κοττόβαρα
Cottobara
Cottobara = Kotra ?
Cottobara = Bara Cotto = Peer Chhatta ?

118 Cottobara ? 27.5
Κοττόβαρα
Cottobara = Kotri* ?
Cottobara = Kotri Barrage dam, Pakistan
* Note modern city of Sakrand, 55 miles north, marked "Xodraca/Soxtra" (from Ptolemy's Indus River map) which could pass for nearby "Soxtra," also on Ptolemy's Gedrosia map.
=== WIKIPEDIA on Hyderabad ===
Of popular tradition, the place came to be known as Neroon Kot نيرون ڪوٽ. Neroon Kot literally means the place where Neroon came from.

Cottobara = Cokkotara = Kukkutarma = Mohenjo Daro* ??
* Assumed to've been abandoned in the 19th century B.C.
=== WIKIPEDIA on Mohenjo daro ===
The city's original name is unknown. Based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the city's ancient name could have been Kukkutarma ("the city [-rma] of the cockerel [kukkuta]").

Soxtra

Σωξέστρα ή Σώκστρα
Soxestra or Socstra
Ξοδράκη
Xodrace
116, 24
Soxestra (Ptolemy) = Soxdra(ca) = Xodraca (Ptolemy) ?
Xodraca = Ksodrand = Sakrand ? (Ptolemy's Indus map)
--- Maybe also ---
Soxtra = Soch-trand = Sakrand ? (Ptolemy's Gedrosia map) [Note modern city of Kotri, 55 miles south, which could pass for Ptolemy's Gedrosia's ancient "Cottobara."]
=== WIKIPEDIA ===
The historical town of Saklund is populated both sides of National Highway, which was called Rawr ( راوڙ وارو رستو)in old times.

Σωξέστρα ή Σώκστρα
Soxestra or Socstra
Soocstra = Soktra = Sakhi . . Khosa ?

Oscana

115 Oscana ? 26
Ὀσκάνα
Oscana
Oscana = Ouasaca = Washuk ?

115 Oscana ? 26
Ὀσκάνα
Oscana
Oscana = Ornach ?

Parsis Metropolis

106.5 Parsis Metropolis 23.5
Παρσὶς μητρόπολις
Parsis Metropolis
Persepoliscon Mercium Persarum
Persepolis Commercium Persarum
"City of Persia, Marketplace of the Persians."
Parsis Metropolis (Ptolemy) =
= Persepoliscon Mercium Persarum (Peutinger)
Parsis = Bur-e Sar ?
Parsis = Boursar ?
Parsis = Boursar = Bursar Heydari = Baby Heydar ?
[Unusual riverbend looks dug, to form a moat. Ruins may be under the pin.]
12 [but should be 20] to Portippa
60 [but should be 110] to Panuene

106.5 Parsis Metropolis 23.5
Παρσὶς μητρόπολις
Parsis Metropolis
Parsis Metropolis = Parka Bandar ?
(Bandar means port)

Μουσάρνα
Mousarna
Όμιζα
Omiza
Mousarnoi people (Ptolemy) =
= Mousarna (Ptolemy) = Mousa Or =
= Ormiza (Ptolemaic editor) ??
Arbis (river, Mts, city, people in Ptolemy) = Ermajil** = Omiza (Ptolemy) ??*
* Omiza is out of order in the list, as it traverses its clockwise circuit around Gedrosia, so we'd expect it to be an Editor's addition. However, if this latter possibility is correct, then Omiza is older, and Mousarnoi, as well as maybe even everything else in Gedrosia, would be the editor's addition.
Omiza = Ermajil** = Hurmagai ?
** Located on GoogleEarth's Rumsey historical map "Asia/India/India_1804," but strangely shown 150 miles SSW, on a river that doesn't exist.

Arbis Civitas

105.33 Arbis Civitas 22.5
Arbis Polis*
* City is شهر (shhr), in Persian.
Arbis (Ptolemy) = Arabios river (Ptolemy)
Arabios river = Rapch river** = Zarabad
Arbis = Rapch** = Zarabad
Rumsey Historical map
** On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
[Coordinates call for it to be here, but derived placenames support the other possible site.]

105.33 Arbis Civitas ? 22.5
Arbis Polis*
* City is شهر (shhr), in Persian.
Arbis (Ptolemy) = Arabios river (Ptolemy)
Arabios river = Rapch river*
Rapch = Rabich = Ramitch** ?
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical map.
** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map.

105.33 Arbis Civitas ? 22.5
Arbis Polis = Sarbaz ?

Arbitoi
[See Arbita Mts. for placenames]

Parsi(r/d)ai
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν Καρμανίαν Παρσίδαι (ἢ Παρσίραι),
but the ones [inhabiting] next to the [region of] Carmania [are] Parsidai (or Parsirai)
Persii = Parsidai = Farsi language
Persii = Persians

Mousarnaioi
Μουσάρνα
Mousarna
Όμιζα
Omiza
τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν᾿Αραχωσίαν Μουσαρναῖοι
But the ones next to Arachosia [are] Mousarnaioi
=== Possible Origin ===
Mash/Mesha (Gen. 10:23,30) = Mesaneans (Josephus) = Mousarnaioi ?
=== Josephus, Antiq. I.6.4 ===
Shem, the third son of Noah, had five sons, who inhabited the land that began at Euphrates, and reached to the Indian Ocean. . . . Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians . . . Of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this country lies between Palestine and Celesyria. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the Bactrians; and Mesa [founded] the Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini [i.e, Charax Spasinou, at modern Charak, north of the straits of Hormuz].
Mousarnoi people (Ptolemy) =
= Mousarna (Ptolemy) = Mousa Or =
= Ormiza = Omiza (Ptolemaic editor) ??
Mousarnaioi = Mesaran = Mecran = Makran region ??
Mousarnaioi = Nurzai* ?
O(r)miza* (Ptolemy) = Ar Myza = Mousarnaioi (Ptolemy)
* See pin.
* Nowadays inhabit farther north, in the basin of Afghanistan.

Paradene
ἡ δὲ μέση τῆς χώρας πᾶσα καλεῖται Παραδηνή
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Παρισιηνή
but the entire middle of the region is called Paradene
and beneath it Parisiene
Parisiene (Ptolemy) = Paridzene = Paradene (Ptolemy)
Paradene = Beradhin = Brahui people ?
[Nowadays inhabit the eastern border of Iran and over into Pakistan.]

Parisiene
ἡ δὲ μέση τῆς χώρας πᾶσα καλεῖται Παραδηνή
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Παρισιηνή
but the entire middle of the region is called Paradene
and beneath it Parisiene
Parisiene (Ptolemy) = Paridzene = Paradene (Ptolemy)
Paradene = Beradhin = Brahui people ?
[Nowadays inhabit the eastern border of Iran and over into Pakistan.]

Ramnai
μεθ᾽ ἣν τὰ πρὸς τῷ Ἰνδῷ κατέχουσι Ράμναι
after which, the people [people] inhabiting next to the Indus [are] Ramnai
Ramnai = Rani = Makrani people ?

Pasipeda ?
Πασιπήδα = Pasipeda
Pasipeda = Patsarpeda = Petaro ?

Pisca ?
Πίσκα = Pisca
No sites. Pure guesswork.

Untitled Polygon

Arachosia

Arachosia
Αραχωσία
Arachosia = Arrokage*
Arachosia = Arrokage* = Rokage*
Arachosia = Harut river
Arachosia = Chashma Achozai * On 1787 Rumsey Historical map, as/in the region around Kandehar.
Ἡ᾿Αραχωσία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Δραγγιανῇ, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Παροπανισάδαις κατὰ τὰς ἐκτεθειμένας αὐτῶν πλευρὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν 20 Ἰνδικῆς μέρει κατὰ μεσημβρινὴν γραμμὴν τὴν ἐκβαλ- λομένην ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τοῖς Παροπανισάδαις ὁρίου μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 119, 28 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῷ λοιπῷ μέρει τῆς Γεδρωσίας 25 (*) κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Βαιτίου ὄρους.
The [region of] Arachosia is surrounded, and first on the west, by Draggiane; but on the north, by [the region of the] Paropanisads, along their extended sides; but on the east by the part of the Indian [region], along their southward line jutting out from the border towards the Paropanisads, until the end, which has location . . . 119, 28 ;
but on the south, by the remainder part of the [region of] Gedrosia, along the extended, straddling, border-line through the Baitios Mountain.

Arachosia
Αραχωσία
Arachosia = Arrokage*
Arachosia = Arrokage* = Rokage*
Arachosia = Harut river * On 1787 Rumsey Historical map, as/in the region around Kandehar.
Ἡ᾿Αραχωσία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Δραγγιανῇ, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Παροπανισάδαις κατὰ τὰς ἐκτεθειμένας αὐτῶν πλευρὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν 20 Ἰνδικῆς μέρει κατὰ μεσημβρινὴν γραμμὴν τὴν ἐκβαλ- λομένην ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τοῖς Παροπανισάδαις ὁρίου μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 119, 28 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῷ λοιπῷ μέρει τῆς Γεδρωσίας 25 (*) κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Βαιτίου ὄρους.
The [region of] Arachosia is surrounded, and first on the west, by Draggiane; but on the north, by [the region of the] Paropanisads, along their extended sides; but on the east by the part of the Indian [region], along their southward line jutting out from the border towards the Paropanisads, until the end, which has location . . . 119, 28 ;
but on the south, by the remainder part of the [region of] Gedrosia, along the extended, straddling, border-line through the Baitios Mountain.

Ἡ᾿Αραχωσία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Δραγγιανῇ, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Παροπανισάδαις κατὰ τὰς ἐκτεθειμένας αὐτῶν πλευρὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν 20 Ἰνδικῆς μέρει κατὰ μεσημβρινὴν γραμμὴν τὴν ἐκβαλ- λομένην ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τοῖς Παροπανισάδαις ὁρίου μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 119, 28 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῷ λοιπῷ μέρει τῆς Γεδρωσίας 25 (*) κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Βαιτίου ὄρους.
The [region of] Arachosia is surrounded, and first on the west, by Draggiane; but on the north, by [the region of the] Paropanisads, along their extended sides; but on the east by the part of the Indian [region], along their southward line jutting out from the border towards the Paropanisads, until the end, which has location . . . 119, 28 ;
but on the south, by the remainder part of the [region of] Gedrosia, along the extended, straddling, border-line through the Baitios Mountain.

Rivers & Routes

Arachosian river

Arachosian river
Ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ ἐκτρεπόμενος, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 114, 32.5 ;
But a river flows into the region, winding out from the [region of] India, whose headwaters has location Ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ ἐκτρεπόμενος, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 114, 32.5 ;
but the bend [is located at] . . . 121.5, 27.5

Ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ ἐκτρεπόμενος, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 114, 32.5 ;
But a river flows into the region, winding out from the [region of] India, whose headwaters has location . . . 114, 32.5 ;
but the bend [is located at] . . . 121.5, 27.5

Ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ ἐκτρεπόμενος, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 114, 32.5 ;
But a river flows into the region, winding out from the [region of] India, whose headwaters has location Ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ ἐκτρεπόμενος, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 114, 32.5 ;
but the bend [is located at] . . . 121.5, 27.5

Arachotos fountain

115 Arachotos fountain 28.67
᾿Αράχωτος κρήνη
Arachotos crene
Arachotos fountain
[Modern Hamun lake]
τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὴν γινομένην ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ λίμνην, ἥτις καλεῖται ᾿Αράχωτος κρήνη, μέρος ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 115, 28.67
But the lake below created by it, which is called Arachotos' founation, has location . . . 115, 28.67

River-system

Harut river
Arachosia = Harut river

Farah River

Kandahar's river

SE Route

= Parthia
Parsuetai =

Sydroi
Σύδροι
Sydroi = Sindh people

Rooploutai
Ῥωπλοῦται,
Roo Balouchi = Rooploutai ?
Rooploutai = Hooploutzai = Popalzai ?

Eooritai
Ἐωρῖται
Eooritai = Nurzai* ?
* However, note Wikipedia below giving it an Arabic origin, so that would have to be wrong:
=== Wikipedia on Noorzai ===
Noorzai also spelled as Noorzai (Pashto: نورزی) is the name of a Pashtun tribe, part of the Panjpai section of Durrani Tareen Pashtuns.[1] Their name means "son of light" whereas Nur is an Arabic word that means "light", and "zai" means "son of" in the Pashto language

Ὀζόλα (ἢ Ἄξολα)
Ozola (or Axola)
Axola = Chora ?

Roclis

Φωκλίς
Phoclis
[Should be ῾Ρωκλίς]
Roclis
Roclis = Darakail* = Barak Khel ?

Φωκλίς
Phoclis
[Should be ῾Ρωκλίς]
Roclis
Roclis = Arrokage region* ?
Roclis = Rokage* = Lakowkhey ?
Roclis = Rokage* = Barekzi ?
Roclis = Rokage* = Rangrezan?
* On 1787

Φωκλίς
Phoclis
[Should be ῾Ρωκλίς]
Roclis = Reka ?

Lake

Aricaca

᾿Αρικάκα
Aricaca
Aricaca = Al Cachah = Cakerta* ?
Aricaca = Al Hicac = Dakak* ?
Aricaca = Arih'cana = Arish Khana** ?
Aricaca = Harig = Chahreg ?
Aricaca = Al Cacah = Chakab ?
Aricaca = Al Cachah = Do Kuhaneh ??
* On one of the main gap-entrances to Arachosia.
** On 1904 Rumsey Historical Map.

᾿Αρικάκα
Aricaca
Aricaca = Harica = Doruh ?
Aricaca = Al Hican'ca = Makhunik ?
Aricaca = Al Hican'ca = Makhunik = Khunik ??

᾿Αρικάκα
Aricaca = Har-e Chuchuh = Chah-e Chu Chu ??

Alexandria Arachosia

114 Alexandreia 31.33
᾿Αλεξάνδρεια
Alexandreia Arachosia
[Huge fort here.]
Alexandreia = Xzanderon = Chahzendan = Ga Zendan
Alexandreia = Al Haksandre = Chakhansur ?

114 Alexandreia ? 31.33
᾿Αλεξάνδρεια
Alexandreia Arachosia
Alexandreia = Al Haksandre = Chakhansur ?

114 Alexandreia ? 31.33
᾿Αλεξάνδρεια
Alexandreia Arachosia
[Located here at Dahan-e Gholaman, a major Achaemenid center and archeological site.]
=== WIKIPEDIA on Dahan-e Gholaman===
Consequently, Dahan-e Gholaman has been identified as the capital of the Achaemenid province of Zranka/Drangiana.[6] As such, the site's ancient name was also probably Zranka or, a variation, Zarin. [7] The site's features exhibit parallels to those attested in the reign of Darius I (r. 522–486 BC), which would match the expected overall time-frame for its construction.[8] . . . . In particular, if the identification with the capital of Zranka/Drangiana is correct, the site would have been visited by Alexander the Great during his pursuit of the usurper Bessos and his conquest of the region in the winter of 330–329 BC.[10] After the decline and abandonment of Dahan-e Gholaman, the administrative center of the region was transferred 31 km to the northeast, to Nād-i `Alī in what is now Afghanistan, which was called Zaranj (or Zarang) in the Middle Ages.[11]

114 Alexandreia ? 31.33
Alexandreia = "Vaihend or Scandria"*
Alexandreia = Akhundzadah ?
Alexandreia = Andar ?
Alexandreia = Qalandar ?

῾Ριζάνα
[Major site here, perhaps biggest in Arachosia.]
Pharsi (?) = Pharasana* = Rizana
Pharsi (?) = Pharasana* = Phara
* Pharasana was a common name. Notice another Pharasana in Drangiana, at modern Birjand.
[Wrongly believed to be Alexandria Phophthasia, which is 260 miles NW, in Drangiana. Notice also major ancient forts, 6 miles LW, 5 miles NW, and 4 miles NW.]

῾Ριζάνα Rizana Rizana = Ranje ?
[Wrongly believed to be Alexandria Phophthasia, which is 260 miles NW, in Drangiana.]

῾Ριζάνα
Rizana = Loy Radzay ?

᾿Αρβάκα
Arbaca
Arbaca (Ptolemy) = Orubicaria (Peutinger) ?
Arbaca = Bagat Ser* = Rawakhan Kala ?
20 [but should be 200] to Thermantica
18 [but should be 108 or 146] to Pyctis

Sigara

Σιγάρα
Sigara
Sigara = Sigaha = Chah Sagak ?

Σιγάρα
Sigara
Sigara = Dziharuh = Doroh ?
Sigara = Siharak = Separak ?
Sigara = Tsuhgah = Talkh Deraz ?
Sigara = Sanguh = Bagh-e Sangi ?
Sigara = Tsigaha = Tighanab Bala ??

Σιγάρα
Sigara = Sihala = Shileh ?
Sigara = Sanguh = Kuleh Sangi ?
Sigara = Zanguh = Jahangir ?
Sigara = Sihuru Shuru ?
Sigara = Jaori Chah* = Chahak ?
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical Map

Sigara = Tligara = Ligara ?

Choaspa

Χοάσπα
Choaspa
Choaspa = Koash*
Choaspa = Khoospas** = Kōh-e Khuspās
Choaspa = Khoospas** = Khuspās river
** On 1861 & 1922 Rumsey Historical maps. The 1861 map shows it 32 miles SW. But it's definitely in this general area.

Khuspa/Khoospas river

Χοάσπα
Choaspa
Choaspa = Choajpa = Khodaydad ?

Χοάσπα
Choaspa = Choajpa = Chwabjah = Khvabgah ?

Arachotus

118 Arachotus 30.33
᾿Αράχωτος
Arachotus
Arachotus = Dzarach = Zahak
Arachotus = Hahracha = Shahraki Narooyi ?
Arachotus = Halucha = Kalukhi (کلوخی) ?
Arachotus = Al Hakootha = Sekooha* = Shahr-e Sukhteh ?
[Located here at Dahan-e Gholaman, a major Achaemenid center and archeological site.]
=== WIKIPEDIA on Dahan-e Gholaman===
Consequently, Dahan-e Gholaman has been identified as the capital of the Achaemenid province of Zranka/Drangiana.[6] As such, the site's ancient name was also probably Zranka or, a variation, Zarin. [7] The site's features exhibit parallels to those attested in the reign of Darius I (r. 522–486 BC), which would match the expected overall time-frame for its construction.[8] . . . . In particular, if the identification with the capital of Zranka/Drangiana is correct, the site would have been visited by Alexander the Great during his pursuit of the usurper Bessos and his conquest of the region in the winter of 330–329 BC.[10] After the decline and abandonment of Dahan-e Gholaman, the administrative center of the region was transferred 31 km to the northeast, to Nād-i `Alī in what is now Afghanistan, which was called Zaranj (or Zarang) in the Middle Ages.[11]

118 Arachotus 30.33
᾿Αράχωτος
Arachotus
Arachotus = Harachuh = Tarakun ruins* = Trakhun ?
** May man "Capital" in Sanskrit

118 Arachotus 30.33
᾿Αράχωτος
Arachotus = Aragh-oth Rajanagar* = Eraguth'Raga = Ergyhtrgth ?
* May man "Capital" in Sanskrit

Asiace

᾿Ασιάκη
Asiace
Asiace = Shahzadak* = Chahar Farsakh ?
Asiace = Seh Farsakh ?

᾿Ασιάκη
Asiace
Asiace = Dziace = Dehak ?

᾿Ασιάκη
Asiace = Dziace = Dehak ?
Asiace = Dziace = Dehak = Dhark = Dargeyabad ?
Asiace = Harziangah = Sarjangal ??
Asiace = Haziuc = Dizok* ??
* Too far south

Asiace = Arish Khana ?
Asiace = Arish Khana* ?
* On 1904 Rumsey Historical Map.

Gamacca

Gamacce
Gammace
Gammace = Kahec* = Kirtaka ?
* On 1787 Rumsey the Historical Map

Gamacce
Gammace
Gammace = Jamahceh = Zamankhan Kalay ?
Gammace = Cannateh = Khannesin ?
Gammace = Garmatseh = Garmsel region* ?
Gammace = Garmatseh = Garmushki* ?
* On 1904 Rumsey the Historical Map

Γαμμάκη
Gamacce
Gamacce = Gowanakkoh ?

Gammace
Gammace = Ahmak* = Gholammohammed Kalay ?
Gammace (?) = Lashkar gah ?
Gammace = Carmacah = Karakan * = ?
Gammace = Carmacah = Karakan * = Khannesin ?
* On 1861 Rumsey the Historical Map
=== WIKIPEDIA on Lashkargah ===
Lashkar gah is a 9th century word for "Army Barracks"

Gammace = Harmak ?

Gammace = Kamalkhan Dam (سد کمالخان) ?

Gammace = Maki ?
Gammace = Maki = Buk ?
Gammace = Carmacah = Karakan * = ?
Gammace = Carmacah = Karakan * = Khannesin ?
=== WIKIPEDIA on Lashkargah ===
Lashkar gah is a 9th century word for "Army Barracks"

Malliana

Μαλιανή
Maliane
Maliane = Naalbandin = Dalbandin city & region ?
Maliane = Amuri (55 miles WNW) ?
Maliane = Merui (38 miles W) ?
Maliane = Nuhui (40 miles W) ?
Maliane = Bulo (28 miles NNW) ??

118 Malliana 29.33
Μαλιανή
Maliane
Maliane = Malakhan ?
Malliana = Mariana = Mirabad ?
Malliana = Mirawan ?

118 Malliana 29.33
Μαλιανή
Maliane
Maliane = Wetlands site (Zangi Nawar Lake, 40 miles south).
Malliana = Mandowzi ?
Malliana = Mola Aziz Kalay ?
Malliana = Mirawan ?

Maliane = Maiwand ?
Maliane = Maiwand caravanserie ?
Maliane = Malgir ??
Maliane = Marjeh ??

Dammana

Δαμμάνα
Dammana
Dammana = Tamandan ?
Dammana = Tamandan = Tamin ?

Δαμμάνα
Dammana
Dammana = Dabana = Chah-e Divan ?

Δαμμάνα
Dammana = Baban = Babayan ?
Dammana = Hammanda = Hemmatabad ?

Dammana = Dahbbanda = Nehbandan ?
Dammana = Dahaneh Now ?

Dammana = Darmiana ?

Dammana = Darband ?
[Located here on GoogleEarth Rumsey Historical Map "Middle_East/Persia_1922"]

Pasacartia ?
Pasacartia = Pasaw ?
Pasacartia = Puza-i-Langar ?
Pasacartia = Bashagardi = Bashkardi language* ??
Pasacartia = Pasagardae** ??
* For to the Southwest, on the coast.
** Just NE of Persepolis