Armenia

Borders

Armenia Major
Ἡ Μεγάλη Αρμενία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων τῷ τῆς Κολχίδος μέρει καὶ Ἰβηρίᾳ καὶ ᾿Αλβανίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην διὰ τοῦ Κύρου τοῦ ποταμοῦ γραμμήν.
ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Καππαδοκίᾳ παρὰ τὸ ἐκτε- θειμένον τοῦ Εὐφράτου μέρος καὶ παρὰ τὸ ἐκκείμενον τοῦ Καππαδοκικοῦ Πόντου μέχρι Κολχίδος διὰ τῆς τῶν Μοσχικῶν ὀρέων γραμμῆς ·
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν τῆς τε Υρκανίας θαλάσσης μέρει τῷ ἀπὸ τῶν τοῦ Κύρου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ..... 79.75, 43.33 .
οὗ μεταξὺ καὶ τῶν τοῦ Κύρου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν ᾿Αράξου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί ..... 79.75, 43.83 .
καὶ Μηδίᾳ παρὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν γραμμὴν καὶ παρ᾿ αὐ- 10 τὸ τὸ Κάσπιον ὄρος, οὗ τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει (*) μοίρας ..... 79, 42.5 .
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῇ τε Μεσοποταμίᾳ παρὰ τὴν τοῦ Ταύρου γραμμὴν, ἥτις τῷ μὲν Εὐφράτῃ 15 ποταμῷ συνάπτει κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . .... 71.5, 39 .
τῷ δὲ Τίγριδι ποταμῷ κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας .... 75.5, 38.5 .
καὶ τῇ ᾿Ασσυρίᾳ παρὰ τὴν διὰ τοῦ Νιφάτου ὄρους γραμμὴν ἕως ἐπ᾿ εὐθείας τῇ εἰρημένῃ μέχρι τοῦ εἰρημένου πέρατος τοῦ Κασπίου ὄρους, δι ἧς γραμμῆς διατείνει ὁ Νιφάτης ὄρος.
The greater Armenia is surrounded, first on the north, by the part of Colchis, and Iberia, and Albania, along the line extended through the Cyrus River;
but on the west, by Cappadocia, along the extended part of the Euphrates and along the outlying [part] of Cappadocic Pontus, until Colchis, through the line of the Moschicai Mts.;
but on the east, indeed by the part of the here Hyrcanian Lake, the part from the outflows of the Cyrus River, until its end, which has location ..... 79.75, 43.33 .
between which, and the outflows of the Cyrus River, the outflows of the Araxes river [are at] ..... 79.75, 43.83 ;
and by Media, next to the line [stretching] from here, and along the same Caspian Mountain, whose ends have location ..... 79, 42.5 ;
but on the south, indeed by the [province of] Mesopotamia, next to the line of the Taurus [Mts.], which joins to the Euphrates River at the place having location .... 71.5, 39 ;
but to the Tigris River at the place having location .... 75.5, 38.5 .
and by Assyria, next to the line through the Niphatos Mt., until [traveling] on straightness, [it meets] to the aforesaid [line], [reaches] even to the aforesaid end of the Caspian Mountain, through which line extends the Niphatos Mt.

Ἡ Μεγάλη Αρμενία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων τῷ τῆς Κολχίδος μέρει καὶ Ἰβηρίᾳ καὶ ᾿Αλβανίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην διὰ τοῦ Κύρου τοῦ ποταμοῦ γραμμήν.
ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Καππαδοκίᾳ παρὰ τὸ ἐκτε- θειμένον τοῦ Εὐφράτου μέρος καὶ παρὰ τὸ ἐκκείμενον τοῦ Καππαδοκικοῦ Πόντου μέχρι Κολχίδος διὰ τῆς τῶν Μοσχικῶν ὀρέων γραμμῆς ·
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν τῆς τε Υρκανίας θαλάσσης μέρει τῷ ἀπὸ τῶν τοῦ Κύρου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ..... 79.75, 43.33 .
οὗ μεταξὺ καὶ τῶν τοῦ Κύρου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν ᾿Αράξου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί ..... 79.75, 43.83 .
καὶ Μηδίᾳ παρὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν γραμμὴν καὶ παρ᾿ αὐ- 10 τὸ τὸ Κάσπιον ὄρος, οὗ τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει (*) μοίρας ..... 79, 42.5 .
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῇ τε Μεσοποταμίᾳ παρὰ τὴν τοῦ Ταύρου γραμμὴν, ἥτις τῷ μὲν Εὐφράτῃ 15 ποταμῷ συνάπτει κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . .... 71.5, 39 .
τῷ δὲ Τίγριδι ποταμῷ κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας .... 75.5, 38.5 .
καὶ τῇ ᾿Ασσυρίᾳ παρὰ τὴν διὰ τοῦ Νιφάτου ὄρους γραμμὴν ἕως ἐπ᾿ εὐθείας τῇ εἰρημένῃ μέχρι τοῦ εἰρημένου πέρατος τοῦ Κασπίου ὄρους, δι ἧς γραμμῆς διατείνει ὁ Νιφάτης ὄρος.
The greater Armenia is surrounded, first on the north, by the part of Colchis, and Iberia, and Albania, along the line extended through the Cyrus River;
but on the west, by Cappadocia, along the extended part of the Euphrates and along the outlying [part] of Cappadocic Pontus, until Colchis, through the line of the Moschicai Mts.;
but on the east, indeed by the part of the here Hyrcanian Lake, the part from the outflows of the Cyrus River, until its end, which has location ..... 79.75, 43.33 .
between which, and the outflows of the Cyrus River, the outflows of the Araxes river [are at] ..... 79.75, 43.83 ;
and by Media, next to the line [stretching] from here, and along the same Caspian Mountain, whose ends have location ..... 79, 42.5 ;
but on the south, indeed by the [province of] Mesopotamia, next to the line of the Taurus [Mts.], which joins to the Euphrates River at the place having location .... 71.5, 39 ;
but to the Tigris River at the place having location .... 75.5, 38.5 .
and by Assyria, next to the line through the Niphatos Mt., until [traveling] on straightness, [it meets] to the aforesaid [line], [reaches] even to the aforesaid end of the Caspian Mountain, through which line extends the Niphatos Mt.

Colchis

Colchis
Ἡ Κολχὶς
The Kolchis
=== Possible Origins ===
Caucasus = Colchis = Gorkhi = Georgia
Caucasus = Colchis = Gorkhi = Coraxoi* ?
Caucasus = Colchis = Gorkhi = Coraxoi* = Khwarazm = Khwarazmian empire ??
* Another Ptolemaic people, to the north.

Albania (original)

Albania (original)
=== Origins ===
Root stock:
Subartu = "Wanderers"
Subartu = Sabirs = Siberia ?
Subartu = Tubaltu = Tubal* ?
Western Branch:
Tubal* = Tabari = Tabaristan (N. Iran)
Tubal* = Tabali = Tbilisi
Tubal* = Haval = Avar = Iberia
Tubal* = Talbah = Albania ?
Tubal = Tahwal = Azhwal = Azeri (??)
Eastern Branch:
Tubal (Bible*) = Tubary =
= Tapouri (Ptolemy, Margiana) =
= Tabireni = Tabienoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tapoureoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tubiacai (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia) ?
* In the Bible (Genesis 10:2, 1 Chronicles 1:5, Ez. 38:1-3, 39:1)
** In Ptolemy
Honestly, the long southeastern tale of Iberia suggests that Albania was probably much smaller, in Ptolemy's original addition, going no further west than Akhmeta, as the border with Iberia. The paragraph of cities shown below was probably added by a Ptolemaic editor, thus eating into what Ptolemy probably considered the heart of Iberian territory.
Πόλεις δέ εἰσιν ἐν τῇ ᾿Αλβανίᾳ καὶ κῶμαι, μεταξὺ μὲν τῆς Ἰβηρίας καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Καυκάσου εἰς τὸν Κῦρον ἐμβάλλοντος, ὃς παρ᾿ὅλην τήν τε Ἰβηρίαν καὶ τὴν ᾿Αλβανίαν ῥεῖ, διορίζων τὴν ᾿Αρμενίαν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν:
But [there are these cities] between Iberia and the river flowing into the Cyrus from the Caucasus, which [Cyrus river] flows through the entirety of Iberia and Albania, dividing them from Armenia:

Albania (final)

Albania (final)
=== Origins ===
Root stock:
Subartu = "Wanderers"
Subartu = Sabirs = Siberia ?
Subartu = Tubaltu = Tubal* ?
Western Branch:
Tubal* = Tabari = Tabaristan (N. Iran)
Tubal* = Tabali = Tbilisi
Tubal* = Haval = Avar = Iberia
Tubal* = Talbah = Albania ?
Tubal = Tahwal = Azhwal = Azeri (??)
Eastern Branch:
Tubal (Bible*) = Tubary =
= Tapouri (Ptolemy, Margiana) =
= Tabireni = Tabienoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tapoureoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tubiacai (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia) ?
* In the Bible (Genesis 10:2, 1 Chronicles 1:5, Ez. 38:1-3, 39:1)
** In Ptolemy
Honestly, the long southeastern tale of Iberia suggests that Albania was probably much smaller, in Ptolemy's original addition, going no further west than Akhmeta, as the border with Iberia. The paragraph of cities shown below was probably added by a Ptolemaic editor, thus eating into what Ptolemy probably considered the heart of Iberian territory.
Πόλεις δέ εἰσιν ἐν τῇ ᾿Αλβανίᾳ καὶ κῶμαι, μεταξὺ μὲν τῆς Ἰβηρίας καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Καυκάσου εἰς τὸν Κῦρον ἐμβάλλοντος, ὃς παρ᾿ὅλην τήν τε Ἰβηρίαν καὶ τὴν ᾿Αλβανίαν ῥεῖ, διορίζων τὴν ᾿Αρμενίαν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν:
But [there are these cities] between Iberia and the river flowing into the Cyrus from the Caucasus, which [Cyrus river] flows through the entirety of Iberia and Albania, dividing them from Armenia:

Iberia

Iberia
=== Origins ===
Root stock:
Subartu = "Wanderers"
Subartu = Sabirs = Siberia ?
Subartu = Tubaltu = Tubal* ?
Western Branch:
Tubal* = Tabari = Tabaristan (N. Iran)
Tubal* = Tabali = Tbilisi
Tubal* = Haval = Avar = Iberia
Tubal* = Talbah = Albania ?
Tubal = Tahwal = Azhwal = Azeri (??)
Eastern Branch:
Tubal (Bible*) = Tubary =
= Tapouri (Ptolemy, Margiana) =
= Tabireni = Tabienoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tapoureoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tubiacai (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia) ?
* In the Bible (Genesis 10:2, 1 Chronicles 1:5, Ez. 38:1-3, 39:1)
** In Ptolemy
Honestly, the long southeastern tale of Iberia suggests that Albania was probably much smaller, in Ptolemy's original addition, going no further west than Akhmeta, as the border with Iberia. The paragraph of cities shown below was probably added by a Ptolemaic editor, thus eating into what Ptolemy probably considered the heart of Iberian territory.
Πόλεις δέ εἰσιν ἐν τῇ ᾿Αλβανίᾳ καὶ κῶμαι, μεταξὺ μὲν τῆς Ἰβηρίας καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Καυκάσου εἰς τὸν Κῦρον ἐμβάλλοντος, ὃς παρ᾿ὅλην τήν τε Ἰβηρίαν καὶ τὴν ᾿Αλβανίαν ῥεῖ, διορίζων τὴν ᾿Αρμενίαν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν:
But [there are these cities] between Iberia and the river flowing into the Cyrus from the Caucasus, which [Cyrus river] flows through the entirety of Iberia and Albania, dividing them from Armenia:

Landforms

Caucasian Wall

Caucasian Wall
Mentioned in the Quran, as designed to keep out Gog & Magog.
Plotted on 1861 Rumsey Historical map of the Middle East

Mountains

Niphatos Mt.

Niphatos Mt.
Νιφάτης ὄρος
Niphatos Mt. (Ptolemy) = Nazada (Ptolemy) ?
Niphatos Mt. (Ptolemy) = Nasabi (Peutinger) ?
Niphatos Mt. (Ptolemy) = Dyhanas (Peutinger) ?
Ἡ Μεγάλη Αρμενία περιορίζεται . . .
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῇ τε Μεσοποταμίᾳ παρὰ τὴν τοῦ Ταύρου γραμμὴν, ἥτις τῷ μὲν Εὐφράτῃ 15 ποταμῷ συνάπτει κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . .... 71.5, 39 .
τῷ δὲ Τίγριδι ποταμῷ κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας .... 75.5, 38.5 .
καὶ τῇ ᾿Ασσυρίᾳ παρὰ τὴν διὰ τοῦ Νιφάτου ὄρους γραμμὴν ἕως ἐπ᾿ εὐθείας τῇ εἰρημένῃ μέχρι τοῦ εἰρημένου πέρατος τοῦ Κασπίου ὄρους, δι ἧς γραμμῆς διατείνει ὁ Νιφάτης ὄρος.
The greater Armenia is surrounded, . . .
but on the south, indeed by the [province of] Mesopotamia, next to the line of the Taurus [Mts.], which joins to the Euphrates River at the place having location .... 71.5, 39 ;
but to the Tigris River at the place having location .... 75.5, 38.5 .
and by Assyria, next to the line through the Niphatos Mt., until [traveling] on straightness, [it meets] to the aforesaid [line], [itself reaching] even to the aforesaid end of the Caspian Mountain, through which line extends the Niphatos Mt.

Niphatos Mt.
Νιφάτης ὄρος
Niphatos Mt. (Ptolemy) = Dyhanas (Peutinger) ?
Ἡ Μεγάλη Αρμενία περιορίζεται . . .
The greater Armenia is surrounded, . . .
and by Assyria, next to the line through the Niphatos Mt., until [traveling] on straightness, [it meets] to the aforesaid [line], [itself reaching] even to the aforesaid end of the Caspian Mountain, through which line extends the Niphatos Mt.

Moschica Mts.

Moschica Mts.
Ὄρη Μοσχικά
Moschica = Meshech tribe, in the Bible
Ὄρη δὲ τῆς ᾿Αρμενίας ὀνομάζεται
τά τε καλούμενα Μοσχικά, διατείνοντα παρὰ τὸ ὑπερκείμενον μέρος τοῦ Καππαδοκικοῦ Πόντου
But in the mountains of Armenia are named:
those so-called indeed& Moschica Mts., extending along the overlying part of Cappadocic Pontus.

Oudacespes Mt.

78.5 Oudacespes Mt. 40
Οὐδακέσπης ὅρος,
Oudacespes Mt.
=== Possible origin ===
Artamita Tepesi = Urda Ctepes = Oudacespes ===============
Oudacespes = Udohac Tspes = Uludoruk Tepesi Mt.
Oudacespes = Utohac = Otluca
Oudacespes = Utohac = Ordekli
Oudacespes = Utohac = Ortaklar
Urda Ctepes = Kurda Ch'tarhqa = Kurtali + Çatalca ?

Paruarden Mts.

Paruarden Mts.
Παρυάρδης
Paruarden Mt.
Paruarden = Aparan
ὁ Παρυάρδης οὗ τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 75, 43.33 καὶ . . . . 77, 42
The Paruardes, whose ends have location . . . 75, 43.33
παρὰ δὲ τὸν Παουάρδην τὸ όρος . . . ἥ τε Σιρακηνή,
καὶ . . . ἡ Σακαπηνή.
Next to the Parou[w]arden Mt. . . . [is] indeed the [region of] Siracene
and . . . Sacapene.

Paruardes Mtn.
Παρυάρδης
Paruarden Mt.
Paruarden = Aparan
ὁ Παρυάρδης οὗ τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 75, 43.33 καὶ . . . . 77, 42
The Paruardes, whose ends have location . . . 75, 43.33
παρὰ δὲ τὸν Παουάρδην τὸ όρος . . . ἥ τε Σιρακηνή,
καὶ . . . ἡ Σακαπηνή.
Next to the Parou[w]arden Mt. . . . [is] indeed the [region of] Siracene
and . . . Sacapene.

ὁ Παρυάρδης οὗ τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 75, 43.33 καὶ . . . . 77, 42
The Paruardes, whose ends have location . . . 75, 43.33

Anti-Taurus Mts.

Anti-Taurus Mts.
Αντιταύρος
Anti-tauros Mts.
καὶ τοῦ Αντιταύρου τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ Εὐφράτου, οὗ τὸ μέσον ἐπέχει μοίρας 72, 41.67
And the [mountain] of the Anti-Taurus, within the [2 branches of the] Euphrates, whose middle has location 72, 41.67

Untitled Path

Abos Mt.

77 Abos Mt. 41
Ἄβος ὄρος
Abos Mt.

Untitled Path
Ἄβος ὄρος
Abos Mt.
Abos = (Ptolemy) = Anteba* (Peutinger)
* Literally "Against Aba"
Abos = Avajiq

Another Mt.

Another Mt.
καὶ τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς εἰρημένης πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἐπιστροφῆς μέρος μέχρι τῶν πηγῶν, 20 αἳ καὶ αὐταὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 75.67, 42.67
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἕτερα ἀξιόλογα [ ὄρη] ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ ἐκτροπῆς, τὸ μὲν συνάπτον τῷ Εὐ- φράτῃ ποταμῷ, οὗ τὸ πέρας ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 71.5, 40.5
τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὰς πηγὰς τοῦ [ὄ]ρου[ς] πέρας . . . 77, 41
and the part of the Euphrates River [is in Armenia], from the aforesaid turn to the east, until its headwaters, which same [headwaters] indeed have location . . . 75.67, 42.67
But there is another noteworthy [Mountain], from the [aforesaid] curve of the Euphrates River: on the one hand, the junction [of it] to the Euphrates River, where it ends, has location . . . 71.5, 40.5
but the end beneath the springs of the mountain [is at] . . . 77, 41 .

καὶ τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς εἰρημένης πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἐπιστροφῆς μέρος μέχρι τῶν πηγῶν, 20 αἳ καὶ αὐταὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 75.67, 42.67
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἕτερα ἀξιόλογα [ ὄρη] ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ ἐκτροπῆς, τὸ μὲν συνάπτον τῷ Εὐ- φράτῃ ποταμῷ, οὗ τὸ πέρας ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 71.5, 40.5
τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὰς πηγὰς τοῦ [ὄ]ρου[ς] πέρας . . . 77, 41
and the part of the Euphrates River [is in Armenia], from the aforesaid turn to the east, until its headwaters, which same [headwaters] indeed have location . . . 75.67, 42.67
But there is another noteworthy [Mountain], from the [aforesaid] curve of the Euphrates River: on the one hand, the junction [of it] to the Euphrates River, where it ends, has location . . . 71.5, 40.5
but the end beneath the springs of the mountain [is at] . . . 77, 41 .

Rivers

Araxes river

Araxes river
Ποταμοὶ δὲ διαῤῥέουσι τὴν χώραν ὁ τε Αράξης ποταμὸς, ὃς τὰς μὲν ἐκβολὰς ἔχει κατὰ θέσιν τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάσσης, ἢ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 79.75, 43.83
τὰς δὲ πηγὰς κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . 76.5, 42.5
ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὁρμηθεὶς πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι τοῦ Κασπίου ὄρους καὶ ἐπιστρέψας πρὸς ἄρκτους, τῇ μὲν εἰς τὴν Υρκανίαν ἐκβάλλει, τῇ δὲ συμβάλλει τῷ Κύρῳ ποτα- μῷ κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . 78.5, 44.5
But there are rivers that divide the land: Indeed, the Araxes river, which has its outflows now, at the place of the Hyrcanian Sea, which has location . . . 79.75, 43.83
but is having its headwaters at location . . . 76.5, 42.5
from which, having been urged on towards the east, until the Caspian Mountain and, having turned toward the north, on the one hand, it outflows into the Hyrcania[n Sea], but on the other it unites to the Kura river at the place having location . . . 78.5, 44.5

Ποταμοὶ δὲ διαῤῥέουσι τὴν χώραν ὁ τε Αράξης ποταμὸς, ὃς τὰς μὲν ἐκβολὰς ἔχει κατὰ θέσιν τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάσσης, ἢ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 79.75, 43.83
τὰς δὲ πηγὰς κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . 76.5, 42.5
But there are rivers that divide the land: Indeed, the Araxes river, which has its outflows now, at the place of the Hyrcanian Sea, which has location . . . 79.75, 43.83
but is having its headwaters at location . . . 76.5, 42.5

Araxes river
Ποταμοὶ δὲ διαῤῥέουσι τὴν χώραν ὁ τε Αράξης ποταμὸς, ὃς τὰς μὲν ἐκβολὰς ἔχει κατὰ θέσιν τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάσσης, ἢ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 79.75, 43.83
τὰς δὲ πηγὰς κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . 76.5, 42.5
But there are rivers that divide the land: Indeed, the Araxes river, which has its outflows now, at the place of the Hyrcanian Sea, which has location . . . 79.75, 43.83
but is having its headwaters at location . . . 76.5, 42.5

Kura river

River

Tigris

Tigris
καὶ τὸ ἀπολαμβανόμενον τοῦ Τίγριδος ἐν τῇ ᾿Αρμενίᾳ μέρος ἀπὸ τοῦ γινομένου ὑπὸ τῆς μεσημβρινῆς πλευ- ρᾶς τμήματος μέχρι τῶν πηγῶν αὐτοῦ τοῦ Τίγριδος, αἵτινες ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 74.67, 39.67
ποιοῦσαι λίμνην τὴν καλουμένην Θωσπίτιν.
And the part of the Tigris, included in the [region of] Armenia, [is] from the section occurring under its southern side, until the headwaters of the same Tigris. These have location . . . 74.67, 39.67 .
They make the lake called Thoospitis.

Tigris tributaries

Headwaters

Tigris' Headwaters

Euphrates

Euphrates
καὶ τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς εἰρημένης πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἐπιστροφῆς μέρος μέχρι τῶν πηγῶν, 20 αἳ καὶ αὐταὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 75.67, 42.67
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἕτερα ἀξιόλογα [ ὄρη] ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ ἐκτροπῆς, τὸ μὲν συνάπτον τῷ Εὐ- φράτῃ ποταμῷ, οὗ τὸ πέρας ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 71.5, 40.5
τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὰς πηγὰς τοῦ [ὄ]ρου[ς] πέρας . . . 77, 41
and the part of the Euphrates River [is in Armenia], from the aforesaid turn to the east, until its headwaters, which same [headwaters] indeed have location . . . 75.67, 42.67
But there is another noteworthy [Mountain], from the [aforesaid] curve of the Euphrates River: on the one hand, the junction [of it] to the Euphrates River, where it ends, has location . . . 71.5, 40.5
but the end beneath the springs of the mountain [is at] . . . 77, 41 .

[Note that these headwaters are erroneously drawn on the medieval maps to be at an enormous lake, which most would assume to be Lake Sevan, 100 miles ENE, but the lake is actually this tiny one, here.]

Thospitin lake

74.67 Thospitin lake ? 39.67
Θωσπίτιν
Thoospitin
Thoospitin = Thatsbvahan* = Tatvan
* This form is attested in the name of the famous Armenian commander "Vahan."

Portage

78 Lochnitis Lake 43.25
Λυχνῖτις λίμνη
Lochnitis lake
Lochnitis = Gegham = Lake Sevan

Aremsa Lake

78.5 Aremsa Lake 40.75
᾿Αρέησα λίμνη
Areeesa Lake
Arsiosa Palus
[should be Areμsa λίμνη]
Aremsa Lake
Aremsa = Urmia
Areeesa = Kahriz ?
=== Simultaneously may be ===
Μαρτιανῆς λίμνης
Martianes limnes
Martian Lake

Peoples

Cotarzene
ἡ Κοταρζηνή
Cotarzene [region]
=== Likely Origin ===
Chorzene =
= Lake Lake Çıldır [Tchildir] ? =
= Cuhtdzir = Cotarzene
Chorzene (Ptolemy) = Chorsa (Ptolemy) ?
Chorzene (Ptolemy) = Hariza (Peutinger) ?
Chorzene (Ptolemy) = Gaulita (Peutinger) ? =
= Cholouata (Ptolemaic Editor 2)
= Choloua (Ptolemy) =
= Choloua (Ptolemaic Editor 1) =
Chorzene = Karuts = Kars city & province ?
Chorzene = Ardzene = Ardahan ?
Chorzene = Karakose = Ağri ?
Chorzene = Karakose = Karakurt ?
Cotarzene = Kotayk province ??
=== Misspelling ===
Wikipedia's Kotayk Province page purports to call this province, "Kotakene (Κοτακηνή in greek)," but no such word occurs in Ptolemy, and the closest similar form to it—Cotarzene—is supported by the oldest available manuscript, on folio 43v:

Toosarene
ἥ τε Τωσαρηνή
Toosarene region
Toosarene = Tav(o)ush =
= Tavush village =
= Tavush Province =
= Tovuz
Toosarene = Tashir Kingdom
[Most of these names below seem to be SW of Tbilisi, suggesting that the people and/or placenames have subsequently moved northwest:]
Toosarene = Toosale = Tsalka
Toosarene = Toodza'ene = Tana and Tedzami Protected Area ?
Toosarene = Toozahene = Tedzami Protected Area ?
Toosarene = Toodza'e = Tejisi ?
Toosarene = T'za'e = Tsintskaro ??

Oteene
ἡ Ωτηνή
Oteene [region]
Oteene = Utik region* =
= Udi people
* See map 1 & map 2.
παρὰ δὲ τὸν Κύρον ποταμὸν . . . ἥ τε Τωσαρηνή,
καὶ . . . ἡ Ωτηνή,
but indeed next to the Kura river . . . Toosarene,
and . . . the [region of] Oteene.

Colthene
ἢ Κολθηνή
Colthene [region]
Colthene = Goltn province* ?
* See map.
Goltn = Jolfa
Colthene = Chullu ?
Colthene = Qaragoz ?
Colthene = Gara Goch (Olya/Sofla) ?
Colthene = Gazyan ?
Colthene = Goyyal ?
Colthene = Kerishan ?
Colthene = Qorletzeh = Qarlujeh ?
παρὰ δὲ τὸν ᾿Αράξην ποταμὸν . . . ἢ τε Κολθηνή,
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν . . . ἡ Σοδουκηνή,
By the Araxes River . . . indeed Colthene
and under it, . . . Sodoucene .

Sodoucene
ἡ Σοδουκηνή
Sodoucene [region]
Sodoucene = Sodluh =Saatly city & region ?
Sodoucene = Siwnik = Syounik province* ??
* The problem with with is that no part of Syounik is south of the Araxes river, as required by Ptolemy, below. See map 1 & map 2.
Sodoucene = Shoja ?
Sodoucene = Mt. Sheivek**
** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map
παρὰ δὲ τὸν ᾿Αράξην ποταμὸν . . . ἢ τε Κολθηνή,
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν . . . ἡ Σοδουκηνή,
By the Araxes River . . . indeed Colthene
and under it, . . . Sodoucene .

Siracene
ἥ τε Σιρακηνή
Parou[w]arden Mt = Aparan, Armenia
Siracene = Dzoraget river
Siracene = Dzilachen = Dilijan City & National park
Siracene = Siracena tribe = Cherkessk* ?
Siracene = Siracena tribe = Cherkessk* = Circassians ?
Siracene = Shirak region** ?
Siracene = Sihncash = Somkh(i/e)ti Region*** ? Siracene = Sihncash = Somkh(i/e)ti Region*** = Shamkir river ?
Siracene = Dzilachen = Dilijan
Siracene = Tsalka
Somkh(i/e)ti = Şinix ?
Siracene = Hrazdan ?
Siracene = Shirakamut ?
Siracene = Tchirkin*** ??
Siracene = Talish*** ??
Siracene = Tchibukla*** ??
Siracene = Tashir ??
Siracene = Ceyrançöl ?
Siracene = Sulach = (Yukhary/Ashaghy/Orta/Dash) Salahly ?
Siracene = Sulach = Saloğlu ?
Siracene = Shidak = Sadiqli ?
Siracene = Shihak = Shikhly I & II ?
Circassians = Kirk Kiz Dagh*** ?
* See ethnicities map. This is the probable general location of the historical siege of the Siraces.
** On 1855 Rumsey Historical map. See also map.
** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map.
παρὰ δὲ τὸν Παουάρδην τὸ όρος . . . ἥ τε Σιρακηνή,
καὶ . . . ἡ Σακαπηνή.
Next to the Parou[w]arden Mt. . . . [is] indeed the [region of] Siracene
and . . . Sacapene.

Sacapene
Σακαπηνή
Sacapene = (Upper) Zacam region*
Sacapene = Sacasen region** ?
* See map
* See map.
** See map.

Basilisene
ἥ τε Βασιλισηνή
Βαλισβίγα (ἢ Βαβλιστίτα)
Balis(biga/tita)
72.67, 40.67
Basilisene (Ptolemy) = Balis(biga/tita) (Ptolemy)
Basilisene* = Bas'rasan= Varaznounik region** ?
Basilisene* = Bas'rasan= Basean region** (60 miles N) ?
Basilisene* = Bas'rasan= Varatz = Varto ?
Basilisene* = Bas'rasan = Bostankent*** ?
Basilisene* = Başköy ?
* On 1855 Rumsey Historical map
** On Medieval Armenia map
*** "-kent" means "fortress" or "city", in Persian.

Obordene
ἡ Ὀβορδηνή
Subartu = Obordene ?
Obordene = Bagrevand
Obordene = Bagratuni dynasty

Sophene
ἡ Σωφηνή
Subartu = Subrhene = Sivrice (120 miles SWW) ?
Subartu = Varto ?
Subartu = Subrhene = Sophene ?
Sophene = Mt. Süphan (70 miles E) ?
Sophene = Solhan ?
καὶ ἡ ᾿Ασταυνῖτις ,
καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν τὴν ἐκτροπὴν
τοῦ ποταμοῦ . . . ἡ Σωφηνή
And [the region of] Astaunitis ,
and next to that bend
of the river . . . [is the region of] Sophene

Antz(e/i)tene
᾿Ανζητηνή (ἢ᾿Ανζιτηνή)
ἡ ᾿Ασταυνῖτις
Astaunitis
Antzetene (Ptolemy) = Astaunitis (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Antzetene = Antzitene
Ἐν δὲ τῷ λοιπῷ καὶ μεσημβρινωτέρῳ τμήματι
μεταξὺ μὲν τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τῶν τοῦ Τίγριδος πηγῶν
ἡ τε ᾿Ανζητηνή (ἢ᾿Ανζιτηνή)
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν ἡ Θωσπίτις
But in the remaining and southern region:
Now between the Euphrates and the Tigris' headwaters,
is indeed Antz(e/i)tene [region],
and beneath it, the Thoospitis [region].
=== Wikipedia on Antzitene ===
Located at the southwestern corner of Armenia, it was bordered by the Arsanias river on the north, the Euphrates on the west, and the slopes of the Armenian Taurus on the south and southeast. The geographic core of Anzitene was the plains region stretching from modern-day Elazığ to the ancient city of Arsamosata.

Thoospitis
ἡ Θωσπίτις
The Thoospitis [region]
=== Possible Origin ===
Subartu = Shubria = Thoospitis ?
Thoospitis (Ptolemy) =
= Thoospia (Ptolemy)
= Thospitin lake (Ptolemy)
= T(h)elba(la)ne (Ptolemy) =
= Thalbasaris (Peutinger)
Thoospitis = Thoosbitlis = Bitlis ?
Ἐν δὲ τῷ λοιπῷ καὶ μεσημβρινωτέρῳ τμήματι
μεταξὺ μὲν τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τῶν τοῦ Τίγριδος πηγῶν
ἡ τε ᾿Ανζητηνή (ἢ᾿Ανζιτηνή)
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν ἡ Θωσπίτις
But in the remaining and southern region:
Now between the Euphrates and the Tigris' headwaters,
is indeed Antz(e/i)tene [region],
and beneath it, the Thoospitis [region].

Corinaia
Κοριναία
Corinaia (Ptolemy) = Corinlu (Peutinger)
Corinaia (Ptolemy) = Colchis (Peutinger & Ptolemy) ?
Corinlu = Akkoyunlu
Colchis = Kartaltaşi
Corinaia = Kahramanmaraş ??

Gordyene / Gardyne
Γορδυηνή (ἢ Γὰρδυνή)
Gordyene (or Gardyne)
=== Likely Origin: ===
Chaldee* =
= Kassites* = Cossaei = Cotaia = Kurds
= Charrhae =
= Haran = Hurrians = Kurds
= Carsi =
= Corduene/Gordium = Kurds
* In S Iraq
Gordyene = Gormeç ?
Gordyene = Görendoruk ?
=== Wikipedia on Gordyene as Noah's Ark's site ===
In the targumim, Noah's landing place after the flood is given as 'Qadron' or 'Qardu' [Jonathan Genesis 8:4, Onkelos Genesis 8:4], [specifically probably located at the Durupınar site, 18 miles S of Mt. Ararat.]
᾿Απ᾿ ἀνατολῶν δὲ τῶν τοῦ Τίγριδος ποταμοῦ πηγῶν
ἡ τε Βαγρανδαυηνή (ἢ Καγρανδαυηνή)
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Γορδυηνή (ἢ Γὰρδυνή),
ἧς ἀνατολικωτέρα ἡ Κωταία ,
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Μάρδοι.
From the east of the headwaters of the Tigris River,
the indeed Bagrandauene (or Kagrandauene) [region]
and under it, [the region] Gordyene (or Gardyne)
east of which is the Cotaia [region],
and below that the Mardoi [people].

Cotaia
ἡ Κωταία
the Cotaia
=== Likely Origin: ===
== Real Connection: ==
Gutium (CLNS*, 2450-1500) = Gupti = Gobdi (Peutinger)
Guti = Gobdi = Gordium city (2300BC—) & region, possible source of the Guti ?
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region = Carduchi (600-0)
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region = Carduchi (600-0) = Cadousoi (150AD(?)—)
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region = Cyrtians (300-0) = Kurds (100BC—)
Guti = Gukkanium* (CLNS*) = Cutheans** (720 BC) = Cotaia region (Ptolemy), between lakes Van & Urmia
Guti = Gukkanium* (CLNS*) = Cutheans** (720 BC) = Samaritans**
Guti = Gukkanium* (CLNS*) = Cutheans** (720 BC) = Kutha
== No Connection: ==
(=> means "influenced")
Urkesh***** (Pre-flood, or 2800BC [post-flood] - 1350) =
= Hurrians***** (Pre-flood, or 2800BC [post-flood] - 1350)
= Haran = Charrhae
=> Mitanni language (1600-1250) = Median language
=> Urartu language (860-580)***** = Mt. Ararat
* CLNS = Cuthean Legend of Naram Sin, 2225 BC.
** Josephus, Antiquities 10.9.7: "Now as to Shalmanezer, he removed the Israelites out of their countrey, and placed therein the nation of the Cutheans: who had formerly belonged to the inner parts of Persia and Media; but were then called Samaritans;"
*** See map.
**** Doubtful. See "Age of the Chaldees" section, below.
***** Hurro-Urartian language-isolate family, all interrelated.
=== Age of the Chaldees ===
Question: Are the Chaldeans really as old as 2200-2050, which was the time of Job (according to Anne Catherine Emmerich), who got raided by the "Chaldeans" (Job 1:17), or is the Book of Job wrong (in some sense), and are they only as old as 950-530BC ?
Answer: Anne Catherine Emmerich sheds a double light on this question.
On the one hand, she confirms (I:57,60) that Job got raided, in Arabia, by a tribe from the region later termed Chaldea;
"She [Derketo's daughter, and mother of Semiramis] raided down into Egypt itself. Her whole life was one series of movings and hunting expeditions. Her adherents belonged to the tribe that had plundered Job in Arabia [called the Chaldeans by Job 1:17]. . . . Once I saw them in Arabia toward the Red Sea, on a great hunt, at the time when Job dwelt in his city there. "
On the other hand, she explicitly denies (I.76) the placenames & proper names, in the book of Job:
"Through Jacob and Joseph [The historical writings about Job], they descended to the children of Israel in Egypt. Moses collected and arranged them differently for the use of the Israelites during their servitude in Egypt and their painful wanderings in the wilderness; for they contained many details that might not have been understood, and which would have been of no service in his time. But Solomon again entirely remodeled them, omitting many things and inserting many others of his own. And so, this once authentic history became a sacred book made up of the wisdom of Job, Moses, and Solomon. One can now only with difficulty trace the particular history of Job, for the names of cities and nations were assimilated to those of the land of Canaan, on which account Job came to be regarded as an Edomite."
So if Derketo's daughter, was perhaps an Akkadian, NOT a Chaldee/Kurd/Gutian, then Solomon may've changed that tribal name to Chaldee (which his own readers would've better understood), merely to convey to them, that the raiders were from this region of then-Chaldea, NOT from the actual tribe of the Chaldeans. In that case, the name "Chaldean" may in fact NOT BE, as old as Job 1:17 claims it to be.
᾿Απ᾿ ἀνατολῶν δὲ τῶν τοῦ Τίγριδος ποταμοῦ πηγῶν
ἡ τε Βαγρανδαυηνή (ἢ Καγρανδαυηνή)
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Γορδυηνή (ἢ Γὰρδυνή),
ἧς ἀνατολικωτέρα ἡ Κωταία ,
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Μάρδοι.
From the eastern headwaters of the Tigris River,
the indeed Bagrandauene (or Kagrandauene) [region]
and under it, [the region] Gordyene (or Gardyne)
east of which is the Cotaia [region],
and below that the Mardoi [people].

Mardoi
Μάρδοι
(Greater Armenia province)
Μάρδοι (ἢ ᾿Αμάρδοι?) (A)Mardoi
(Media province)
Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Greater Armenian province) =
= (A)Mardoi people (Ptolemy, in Media province)
=== Likely Origin: ===
Mitanni = Medes
Mitanni = Matiene = (A)Mardoi*
Mitanni = Matiene = (A)Mardoi = Mardzi = Mazandarani people
* See Wikipedia on Matiene, below.
Mardoi = Marut** = Mawat ?
Mardoi = Azmir Dagh** Mts. ?
Mardoi = Marand ?
** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map
=== Locations 150 miles W ===
Mardoi = Mardin
Mardoi = Mardin Province
᾿Απ᾿ ἀνατολῶν δὲ τῶν τοῦ Τίγριδος ποταμοῦ πηγῶν
ἡ τε Βαγρανδαυηνή (ἢ Καγρανδαυηνή)
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Γορδυηνή (ἢ Γὰρδυνή),
ἧς ἀνατολικωτέρα ἡ Κωταία ,
καὶ ὑπ᾿ αὐτὴν Μάρδοι.
From the east of the headwaters of the Tigris River,
the indeed Bagrandauene (or Kagrandauene) [region]
and under it, [the region] Gordyene (or Gardyne)
east of which is the Cotaia [region],
and below that the Mardoi [people].
=== Wikipedia on Amardi ===
The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian[1] tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north,[2] to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed.
They are said to be related to, or the same tribe as, the Dahae and Sacae. That is to say, they were Scythian.[4] Herodotus mentions a tribe with a similar name as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis.[1][5]
They lived in the valleys in between the Susis and Persis,[6] in what is now southwestern Iran. The southern Mardi are described by Nearchus as one of the four predatory mountain peoples of the southwest, along with the Susians, Uxii, and Elymaeans.[7] Of these four nomadic groups, they were the only tribe linguistically Iranian.[8]
=== Wikipedia on Matiene ===
Matiene was the name of a kingdom in northwestern Iran[1][2] on the lands of the earlier kingdom of the Mannae. Ancient historians including Strabo, Ptolemy, Herodotus, Polybius, and Pliny mention names such as Mantiane, Martiane, Matiana, Matiani, Matiene, Martuni to designate a region located to the northwest of Media."
Etymology
Location of Matiene
The name Matiene may be related to Mitanni, the name of a state some 800 years earlier, which was founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class governing the Hurrian population.[5] The name Matiene was applied also to the neighboring Lake Matianus (Lake Urmia) located immediately to the east of the Matieni people. The Iranian root "Mati-" meaning "to tower, to stand out" (from the same Indo-European root that gives us the word "mountain") might explain the name.

Bochai
Βόχαι
Bochai = Boghkha region*
* On Medieval Armenia map
Χῶραι δέ εἰσιν ἐν τῇ Αρμενίᾳ ἐν τῷ ἀπολαμβανομένῳ μεταξὺ Εὐφράτου καὶ Κύρου καὶ ᾿Αράξου ποτ. τμήματι, παρὰ μὲν τὰ Μοσχικὰ ὄρη . . . ἡ Κοταρζηνή
ὑπὲρ τοὺς καλουμένους Βόχας,
But there are regions in Armenia, in the separated But there are regions in Armenia, in the tract separated between the Euphrates and the Cyrus and the Araxes River, . . . Firstly next to the Moschica Mts. . . the [region of] Cotarzene
above the so-called Bochai.

Astaunitis
᾿Ανζητηνή (ἢ᾿Ανζιτηνή)
Antz(e/i)tene
ἡ ᾿Ασταυνῖτις
Antzetene (Ptolemy) = Astaunitis (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Astaunitis = ?

Cities

Pontic Coast

Τραπεζοῦς
Trapezous
Trapezous (Ptolemy) =
= Trapezousai (Ptolemaic revision) =
= Trapehunte (Peutinger)
Trapez(o)us = Traozon
24 to Hysillime
20 to Magnana
16 to Corchle

71 Opious (or Pitousa) 43.41
Ὀπιοῦς (ἢ Πιτυοῦσα)
Opious (or Pitousa)
Opious (Ptolemy)= Opiunte (Peutinger)
Opiunte = Oph = Of
18 [but should be 15] to Hysillime
15 [but should be 18] to Reila

Ῥιζοῦς λιμήν
Rizous Port
Rizous Port (Ptolemy) = Rejila = Reila (Peutinger)
Rizous = Rize
15 [but should be 18] to Opiunte
18 [but should be 23] to Ardineo

71 Athenon Promontory 43.75
᾿Αθηνῶν ἄκρον
Athenon Promontory
Athenon Promontory (Ptolemy) = Athenis (Peutinger)
Athenis = A'hebis = Arhavi
16 to Ardineo
9 to Abgabes

Χορδύβη ἢ Χορδύλη
Chordu(b/l)e or
Chordule = Çoruh river
Chordube = Chaobi
Chordule = Chaury = Khelvachauri

Μόρθουλα
Morthoula
Morthoula = Maltohva = Maltakva

Arcadios river

71.91 Arcadios river 44
᾿Αρκάδιος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Arcadios river
Arcadios = Hal Catios = Kolkheti National Park
Arcadios = Kutaisi

Ξυλίνη
Xyline
Xyline = Kulibei = Kulevi

Cissa river

72.17 Cissa river 44.33
Χαριούστου (ἢ Χαρίστου) ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Charioustos (or Charistos) river
72, 45.25
Κίσσα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Cissa river
72.17, 44.33
[Modern Patara Enguri river]
Charioustos = Charistos (both Ptolemy) =
= Cissa river (Ptolemaic editor)
= Cissa (Peutinger)
Charistos = Khaishi
Charistos = Khurcha
Cissa = Tsissa = Tsaishi
Cissa = Tcissa = Tkaia
11 [but should be 49] to Abgabes
16 to Apsaro

Αψοῤῥος
Apsorros
Apsorros (Ptolemy) = Apsaro (Peutinger)
Apsorros = Abchuruh = Ochamchire
[See also placenames connected with the nearby Apsorros river.]
16 [but should be 26] to Cissa
6 [but should be 45] to Portualtu

Apsorros river

72.17 Apsorros river 44.75
Αψόῤῥου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Apsorros river
Apsorros = Ubzhuruh = Adziubzha
Apsorros = Abzharuh = Atarba-Ikhusta

καθ᾽ ὃ σχίζεται εἰς
τὸν Γλαῦκον ποταμόν,
καὶ εἰς τὸν Λύκον . . . 72.5, 43.75
According to which it is broken into
the Glaucon ("Sweet") River
and into the Lycon ("Wolf") [river] . . . 72.5, 43.75

Lycon river
Λύκον
"Wolf" river
Lycon = Lukhi
καθ᾽ ὃ σχίζεται εἰς
τὸν Γλαῦκον ποταμόν,
καὶ εἰς τὸν Λύκον . . . 72.5, 43.75
According to which it is broken into
the Glaucon ("Sweet") River
and into the Lycon ("Wolf") [river] . . . 72.5, 43.75

Γλαῦκον river
Γλαῦκον
Glaucon river
"Sweet" river
Lycon = Lukhi
καθ᾽ ὃ σχίζεται εἰς
τὸν Γλαῦκον ποταμόν,
καὶ εἰς τὸν Λύκον . . . 72.5, 43.75
According to which it is broken into
the Glaucon ("Sweet") River
and into the Lycon ("Wolf") [river] . . . 72.5, 43.75

72.33 Sebastopolis 44.67
Σεβαστόπολις
Sebastopolis
[Medieval maps show "Dioscourios & Sebastopolis"]
[Greek name for Latin, "Augusta Civitas"]
[Notice also that it has the exact same Ptolemaic coordinates as the mouth of the Apsorros River.]
[Massively defendible mesa at pin, but the site, could be closer to the Apsorros mouth.]
Sebastopolis = Tsebelda ?
Augusta = Ycusta = Atarba-Ikhusta
Augusta = Baghazta = Meore Baghazhiashta ?
Augustus = Ahustas = Amastas'Yevka ?
Augusti = Agishi ?
Augustica = Acuzhica = Aqujikha (აყუჯიხა) = Sokhumi
Dioscourios = Scouri = Sokhumi ?

Pontic Inland

70.5 Trapezousai 43.08
Τραπεζοῦς
Trapezous
Trapezous (Ptolemy) =
= Trapezousai (Ptolemaic revision) =
= Trapehunte (Peutinger)
Trapez(o)us = Traozon
24 to Hysillime
20 to Magnana
16 to Corchle

Arm. Major Inland

Sala

Σάλα
Sala
[Any of these:]
Sala = Sairme
Sala = Zarzma ?
Sala = Chela ?
Sala = Chela = Chechla ?

Σάλα
Sala
Sala = Zara = Zauramal* = Damal ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

74 Ascoura 44.17
Άσκουρα
Ascoura
Ascoura = Atskuri
Ascoura = Ascoulha = Akhaltsikhe* ?
Ascoura = Ascoulha = Akhalkalaki* ?
* "Akhal-" means "new" [ɑxɑli] in Georgian.

Baraza

Βάραζα
Baraza
Tbilisi = Taffiros (Peutinger) = Dz' Parasa = Baraza (Ptolemy) ?
Tbilisi = Dz' Balatsuh = Baraza ?
Tbilisi = Dz' Balatsuh = Dz' Daratsuh = Tsodoreti ?

Βάραζα
Baraza
Baraza = Baratsuh = Bareti ?
Baraza = Berja = Beshtasheni ?
Baraza = Borjomi ?
Baraza = Berta ?
Baraza = Tbeti ?

Lala

Λάλα
Lala [Dala (a typo)* ?]
Dala = Lalla** ?
Lala = Dallar ?
Dala = Dəllər Cəyir ?
Ascoura = Dallyar Jirdakhan ?
* All the cities here could derive from "Dala," as shown, or from "Lala," via "Tlala."
** On 1855 Rumsey Historical map

Λάλα
Lala [Dala (a typo)* ?]
Dala* = Telavi
* The city here could derive from "Dala," as shown, or from "Lala," via "Tlala."

Λάλα
Lala
[Correct location for Peutinger's Lala, what seems to far southeast for Ptolemy's listed coordinates.]
Lala (Ptolemy) = Lalla (Peutinger)
Lala = Lara = Larijan
12 [but should be 62] to Sanora
10 [but should be 60] to Ugubre

Santouta

Σάντουτα
Santouta
Santouta = Samukha* = [underwater] ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

Σάντουτα
Santouta
Santouta = Şəmkir (fortress & city) ?
Santouta = Hanzuha = Ganja ?
Santouta = Sehantz = Sevinj ?

Σάντουτα
Santouta = Sahouta = Shusta ?

Santouta = San Toutz = Aslan Duz ?
Santouta = Sahantlouh = Qarah Takanlu ?

(Ale)Xand = Xindiristan ?
(Ale)Xand = Quzanli ?
(Ale)Xand = Zangishali ?
(Ale)Xant-Utik* = Santouta ?
* This was the ancient province of Utik

Sataphara

78 Sataphara ? 44.33
Σαταφάρα
Sataphara
Sataphara = Dzahtaphaura = Dastaphour ?
* Note other cities in the area likely named after Alexander: Xasadarli, Xindiristan.
** Note however, that "-bulaq" typically refers to a "fountain," not a "city" (polis).

78 Sataphara ? 44.33
Σαταφάρα
Sataphara
(Ale)Xandapolis* = Xahtapura = Sataphara ?
(Ale)Xandapolis* = Qzandh'bula = Qazanbulaq** ?
* Note other cities in the area likely named after Alexander: Xasadarli, Xindiristan.
** Note however, that "-bulaq" typically refers to a "fountain," not a "city" (polis).

Tooga (or Oota?)

Τῶγα (ἢ Ώτα?)
Tooga (or Oota?)
[The medieval maps draw the city over here, where there is indeed a city of the similar name: Oltu. However, the listed Ptolemaic longitude of 78 is far out of place, and that the actual city is over by the mouth of the Kura (ancient Cyrus) river.]
Oota = Oltu
Tooga = Tayk region*
* On Armenian Medieval regions map

73.25 Ou[w]a(thoura/routha) 43.25
Οὐάρουθα ἢ Οὐαθούρα
Ou[w]a(thoura/routha)
Ou[w]arthoura
Ou[w]arthoura = Ratzouruh = Erzurum ?

Αζάτα
Azata
Azata = Ahdzaha = Ardahan ?
Azata = Ahdzantz = Ardanuç ?
Azata = Djausata = Şavşat ?

Choloua

73.5 Choloua 41
Χολούα
Choloua
73.5, 41
74, 43.17
Χολουάτα
Cholouata
78.75, 43.33
[3 identically-named cities in Ptolemaic Armenia, which could conceivably be the same one. Additionally, Cholouata is certainly the same city, but it is in a group of cities added by an editor who listed far too high a Ptolemaic longitude, thus wrongly making medieval mappers think that it was far off to the east, but it's actually in a group of cities, that are in reality far to the west here, including, most notably Artaxata, whose location is well-known, and to which this Cholouata's coordinates are relative.]
Choloua (Ptolemy) =
= Choloua (Ptolemaic Editor 1) =
= Cholouata (Ptolemaic Editor 2)
Choloua = Göle
Choloua = Chalybes province*
* Famous people from further Southwest, but listed in this location on a Samuel Butler map

74 Choloua 43.17
Χολούα
Choloua
73.5, 41
74, 43.17
Χολουάτα
Cholouata
[3 identically-named cities in Ptolemaic Armenia, which could conceivably be the same one. Additionally, Cholouata is certainly the same city, but it is in a group of cities added by an editor who listed far too high a Ptolemaic longitude, thus wrongly making medieval mappers think that it was far off to the east, but it's actually in a group of cities, that are in reality far to the west here, including, most notably Artaxata, whose location is well-known, and to which this Cholouata's coordinates are relative.]
Choloua (Ptolemy) =
= Choloua (Ptolemaic Editor 1) =
= Cholouata (Ptolemaic Editor 2)
Choloua = Göle
Choloua = Chalybes province*
* Famous people from further Southwest, but listed in this location on a Samuel Butler map

Χολούα
73.5, 41
Χολουάτα
Cholouata
[3 identically-named cities in Ptolemaic Armenia, which could conceivably be the same one. Additionally, Cholouata is certainly the same city, but it is in a group of cities added by an editor who listed far too high a Ptolemaic longitude, thus wrongly making medieval mappers think that it was far off to the east, but it's actually in a group of cities, that are in reality far to the west here, including, most notably Artaxata, whose location is well-known, and to which this Cholouata's coordinates are relative.]
Choloua (Ptolemy) =
Choloua = Göle
Choloua = Chalybes province*
* Famous people from further Southwest, but listed in this location on a Samuel Butler map

[Perhaps the rest of the Ptolemaic longitude was smudged out.]
Choloua = Ghorlovha = Gorelovka ?

Sedala

Σήδαλα
Sedala
Sedala = Sadakhlo

Σήδαλα
Sedala
Sedala = Tseadara = Tchildir* city/lake = Çildir ?
Sedala = Sadzlah = Sazlisu ?

Σούρτα
Sourta
Sourta = Sulda

Τάτινα ἢ Ταστίνα
Ta(s)tina
Tastina = Tashir ?
Tastina = Dashtadem ?
Tastina = ?

Coz(a/o)la

Κοζάλα ἢ Κόζολα
Coz(a/o)la
Coz(a/o)la = Kesalo ?
Coz(a/o)la = Keshalo ?
Coz(a/o)la = Meore Kesalo ?
Coz(a/o)la = Pirveli Kesalo ?
Coz(a/o)la = Kasumlo ?
Coz(a/o)la = Zorakan ?
Coz(a/o)la = Kirikhlo ?
Coz(a/o)la = Kurtlari ?

Κοζάλα ἢ Κόζολα
Coz(a/o)la
Cozala = Kosalar ?
Cozala = Göjäzän Mtn. (10 miles WSW) ?
Cozala = Gozaca = Gazakh ?
Cozala = Gozaca = Gazakhbayly ?

Κοζάλα ἢ Κόζολα
Cozala = Akhtala ?
Cozala = Cojarah = Khojorni ?
Bronze Age site here.

Cotomana

Κοτομάνα
Cotomana
Cotomana = Gahdabvan = Gardabani

Βάτιννα
Batinna
Batinna = Baghanis (Ayrum) ?
Batinna = Berdavan ?

Dizaca

Δίζακα
Dizaca
[The placename means "quarry", and this place has far more quarries than the other location. On the other hand, the other location is closer to a river, for transportation.]
Dizaca = Dashkasan Dizaca = Dilza = Dilijan (NW coast of Lake Sevan) ?

Δίζακα
Dizaca
[The placename means "quarry", and although this place is closer to a river, for transportation, yet the other location has far more quarries.]
Dizaca = Dzagam
Dizaca = Düz Qiriqli
Dizaca = Gazakh (30 miles WNW) ?
Dizaca = Dzagam-Dzhyrdakhan
Dizaca = Dugyarli ?

Ptoua

Πτοῦα
Ptoua
[Note Tel here.]
Ptoua = Behtaha = Berda'a* = Berda** = Barda ?
* Ruins shown on 1818 Rumsey Historical map

Πτοῦα
Ptoua
Ptoua = P'ta = Pʻayt = Paytakaran province ?
Ptoua = Ptzuluh = Fuzuli ?
Ptoua = Touah = Tugh ?

Πτοῦα
Ptoua = Ptoluh = Poylu ?
Ptoua = Upita = Upadar Steppe* ?
* 86-wide-by-18-mile peninsula just north of this point, on 1855 Rumsey Historical map

Glisma

Γλίσμα
Glisima
Glisima = Guras = Kura river
Glisima = Guruzma
Glisima = Garasu

Γλίσμα
Glisima
Glisima = Guras = Kura river
Glisima = Korisiba = Kerovan* =** Kottzava = Kotavan
Glisima = AG hiziba = Ağzibir ?
** Turkish R is pronounced like "T"

Γλίσμα
Glisima
Glisima = Guras = Kura river
Glisima = Galma ?

Moat

Glisma
Glisma = G'ris = Goris ?
Glisma = C'rush = Karashen?
Glisma = C'ruz = Karahunj ?
Glisma = G'ris = Goris = Kornidzor ?

Cholouatia = Chohmulahiah = Qosmalyan ?
Cholouatia = Chohmuladziah = Gosmalijion ?
Cholouata = Culuhant = Kələxan ?
Cholouata = Culvulhact = Xəlfəlikənd ?

Sacalbina

Σακάλβινα
Sacalbina
Sacalbina = Sarkaban = Ərkivan = Arkivan Castle
Sacalbina = Sarkaban = Ərkivan
Sacalbina = Saybatin ?
Sacalbina = CHacahva = Böyük Xocavar ?
Sacalbina = Aghalikand ??
Sacalbina = Shagla = Shaglaser ??
Sacalbina = Shagla = Şağlakücə ??
Sacalbina = Shagla = Shaglakuche ??
Sacalbina = Sacara = Khakhartan ??

Σακάλβινα
Sacalbina
Sacalbina = Saqulviha = Suqovuşan

Σακάλβινα
Sacalbina = Shakhagach ?
Sacalbina = Şağlakücə ??

Sacalbina = Lavandevil ??
Sacalbina = Sholoqun ??

Arsarata

Αρσαράτα
Arsarata
[This city is indicated by Ptolemaic coordinates relative to Sacalbina's.]
Arsarata = Parsabad* ?
Arsarata = Ahzirlah = Ajirloo ?
Arsarata = Aras river ?
Arsarata = Araz Zargar ??
* Name probably changed after an invasion. === Counter evidence ===
But a counter-indicator is that 3 surrounding cities have a different phoneme, that doesn't seem to derive from Arsarata, unless this stretch occurs:
Ahura* = Ashurah = Arsarata
Ahura* = Aghare = Aghayri ?
Ahura* = Aghare = Yukhari Aghali ?
Ahura* = Aghare = Aghalikand ?
* Means "Lord" as in "Ahura Mazda"

Αρσαράτα
Arsarata
Arsarata = Al Suara = Pileh-Swar = Bilasuvar (2 cities, 11 miles apart) ?
Arsarata = A(r/s)shar = Asgarabad ?
=== Counter evidence ===
But a counter-indicator is that 3 surrounding cities have a different phoneme, that doesn't seem to derive from Arsarata, unless this stretch occurs:
Ahura* = Ashurah = Arsarata
Ahura* = Aghare = Aghayri ?
Ahura* = Aghare = Yukhari Aghali ?
Ahura* = Aghare = Aghalikand ?
* Means "Lord" as in "Ahura Mazda"

Arsarata = Ahstaraht = Astara
12 [but should be 62] to Sanora
10 [but should be 60] to Ugubre

Ἠλεγία
Elegia
Elegia = Eleskirt ?
Elegia = Erzurum
Elegia = Orgali* ?
* 1861 Rumsey Historical Map

Chasira

74 Chasira 42.67
Χασίρα
Chasira
Chasira = Gaziler ?
Chasira = Kars ?

74 Chasira 42.67
Χασίρα
Chasira
Chasira = Çildir (means "north" or "shadow") ?
Chasira = Sazlisu ??
Chasira = Kartsakhi Lake & City ??

Chorsa

Χόρσα
Chorsa
[Note 7th-century church here.]
Chorsa = Kars* ?
Chorsa = Cotarzenea / Chorzene region** ?
* On 1855, 1861 Rumsey Historical maps

Χόρσα
Chorsa
[Note 7th-century church here.]
Chorsa = Ghursalis = Ghursali ?
Chorsa = Karatzuh = Karadzor ?
Chorsa = Chulisa = Kilisa ?
Chorsaca = Chorchaceh = Charchakis?
Chorsa = G'horotza = Gegharot ?
Chorsa = Gh'rodzuh = Meghradzor ?
Chorsa = Hrazdan ?
Chorsa = Ghorsheh = Jrashen ??
Chorsa = Charentsavan* ??
* Bad Ptolemaic latitude.

Θαλίνα
Thalina
Thalassa = Thalina ?
Thalassa* = Tsov = Tsovagyugh ?
Thalassa* = Tsov = Tsovazard ?
Thalassa* = Tsov = Sevan (lake & city)?
* Thalassa = "Sea" in Greek; and "Tsov" = "Sea" in Armenian.
Thalina = Chaluana = Kalavan ??
Thalina = Dhulyina = Dilijan ??

Armaouria

᾿Αρμαουρία
Armaouria
[Known archaeological site.]
Armaouria = Armavir

᾿Αρμαουρία
Armaouria
Armaouria = Ar Maouria = Mukhtariyya* ?
*Would have to have been renamed a similar name, during the Islamic conquest.

᾿Αρμαουρία
Armaouria = Ah'maouliuh = Ağamalioğlu ?
Armaouria = Deire Mahula = Dəyirmanlar ?
Armaouria = Deire Mahula = Dalimammadli ??

78 Artaxata 42.67
Αρταξάτα = Artaxata
Artaxata (Ptolemy) = Artaxata (Peutinger)
Artaxata = Artashat
23 to Paracata
30 to Strangira
20 [but should be 90] to Geluina

Ναξουάνα
Naxouana
Naxouana = Nakhchivan

᾿Αθοῦα (ἢ Ζάθουα)
Athoua
Athoua = Aktuzia ?

Τίνισσα
Tinissa
Tinissa = Hinis ?

71.5 Zooriga ? 42
Ζώριγα
Zooriga
Zooriga = Derinçay ?

Βρίζακα
Brizaca
Brizaca = Buzhakan

76 Daranissa 42.33
Δαράνισσα
Daranissa
Daranissa = Yeranos ?
[Drawn on the medieval maps on the South border of the lake, highly similar to this coastal location. Note Cyclopean walls here, also.]

Zogo(cara/raca)

Σογοκάρα
Sogocara
74, 41
Ζογοκάρα (ἢ Ζογόρακα)
Zogo(cara/raca)
* This placename is way out of place in Ptolemy, clearly grouped with the nearby place names of Artaxata & Naxouana, which are also plotted too far NE. Being relatively SW to those, this one is then far southwest from their actual location (Artashata & Nakhchivan), which makes this location quite plausible.
Sogocara (Ptolemy) =
= Zogo(cara/raca) (Ptolemaic Editor)
Zogoraca(ca) = Shohcorunka = Khorkhoruni family
Zogoraca(ca) = Shohcorunka = Khorkhorounik Dalar region* ?
Zogocara(ca) = Shohcorunka = Khorkhorounik Dalar region* ?
Zogoraca = Za'cracta = Sah'chactah = Sancaktar
Zogocara = Shohlcorun = Yolgören ?
Zogocara = Shogcor = Şakirköy** ?
Zogocaraca = Shogcorasa = Çokres ?
* On Medieval Armenia map
** Koy means village in Turkish

Ζογοκάρα (ἢ Ζογόρακα)
Zogo(cara/raca)
Σογοκάρα
Sogocara
74, 41
Zogo(cara/raca) (Ptolemy) = Sogocara (Ptolemaic Editor)
[NOTE: This city is out of order on the Peutinger map, wrongly swapped with Paracata, for each location's derived placenames demand it thus.]
Zogoraca (Ptolemy) = Zo'Coroceia = Coloceia (Peutinger)
=== Or: ===
Zogocara (Ptolemy) =
= Dzohocarta =
= Tsolakert =
= Coloceia (Peutinger)
Zogoraca = Shohorhaceh = Aşağierhaci
Zogocara = Dzohocarta = Tsolakert = Iğdır
Coloceia = Ya Colichericeh = Yukariçarikci
Coloceia = Ya Colichericeh = Küllük
Zogoraca = Tzacura = Tacirli
33 to Paracata
23 to Artaxata

Coubina

Κούβινα
Coubina
78.5*, 43.33
Κόδανα
Codana
71.5*, 41.67
Codana (Ptolemy) =* Coubina (Ptolemy) ??
* Would require a typo, to make one of these Ptolemaic longitudes to be very wrong. Coubina = Kaleybar ?
Coubina = Codina = Khoda Afarin County & Lake ?
Coubina = Comina = Khomarlu ?

Κούβινα
Coubina
78.5*, 43.33
Κόδανα
Codana
Codana (Ptolemy) =* Coubina (Ptolemy) ??
* Would require a typo, to make one of these Ptolemaic longitudes to be very wrong.
Coubina = Keban Maden* = Keban ?
Coubina = Keban Baraji ?

72 (I/K)achoura 14.5
Καχούρα (ἢ Ἰάχουρα)
(I/K)achoura
Kachoura = Cyahcurura = Kovancilar ?
Iachoura = Cyahcurura = Kovancilar ?
Iachoura = Cyahcurha = Çakirkaş ?
Kachoura = Kahachoura Khan = Karakoçan ?
Kachoura = Cyahcurura = Yukari* Palu ?
Iachoura = Yukari* Palu = Palu Kalesi ?
* "Yukari" & "Kalesi" just mean "high" & "castle," respectively, in Turkish, which obviously describes the high castle at Palu.

Sogocara

74 Sogocara 41
Ζογοκάρα (ἢ Ζογόρακα)
Σογοκάρα
74, 41
Zogo(cara/raca) (Ptolemy) = Sogocara (Ptolemaic Editor)
[NOTE: This city is out of order on the Peutinger map, wrongly swapped with Paracata, for each location's derived placenames demand it thus.]
Zogoraca (Ptolemy) = Zo'Coroceia = Coloceia (Peutinger)
=== Or: ===
Zogocara (Ptolemy) =
= Dzohocarta =
= Tsolakert =
= Coloceia (Peutinger)
Zogoraca = Shohorhaceh = Aşağierhaci
Zogocara = Dzohocarta = Tsolakert = Iğdır
Coloceia = Ya Colichericeh = Yukariçarikci
Coloceia = Ya Colichericeh = Küllük
Zogoraca = Tzacura = Tacirli
33 to Paracata
23 to Artaxata

74 Sogocara 41
* This placename is way out of place in Ptolemy, clearly grouped with the nearby place names of Artaxata & Naxouana, which are also plotted too far NE. Being relatively SW to those, this one is then far southwest from their actual location (Artashata & Nakhchivan), which makes this location quite plausible.
Sogocara (Ptolemy) =
= Zogo(cara/raca) (Ptolemaic Editor)
Zogoraca(ca) = Shohcorunka = Khorkhoruni family
Zogoraca(ca) = Shohcorunka = Khorkhorounik Dalar region* ?
Zogocara(ca) = Shohcorunka = Khorkhorounik Dalar region* ?
Zogoraca = Za'cracta = Sah'chactah = Sancaktar
Zogocara = Shohlcorun = Yolgören ?
Zogocara = Shogcor = Şakirköy** ?
Zogocaraca = Shogcorasa = Çokres ?
* On Medieval Armenia map
** Koy means village in Turkish

Φαύσυα
Phausua
Phausua = Phasion = Pasinler
Phausua = Phasion = Pasin region**
Phausua = Phasion = Phison*
Phausua = Phasis* ?
Phausua = Phasiane* ?

Zarouana

Ζαρούανα
Zarouana
Σαγαυάνα
Sagauana*
Zarouana (Ptolemy) = Sagauana (Ptolemaic Editor)
Zarouana = Jeranos**
* The "-γ/g-" (gamma) is probably a mis-written"-ρ/r-" (rho).

Ζαρούανα
Zarouana
Zarouana = Diyadin* ?

Zour(z/g)ou(r)a

Teroua / Zour(z/g)ou(r)a ?
Zour(z/g)ou(r)a
Zourgoura = Zocoraca ?

Coubina / Zour(z/g)ou(r)a ?
Coubina = Girberan = Sariçavuş ?
Zourgoua = Bazargan ?

Teroua / Zour(z/g)ou(r)a ?
Teroua = Daruynk = Doğubeyazit ?
Zour(z/g)ou(r)a = Daruynk = Doğubeyazit ?

Tareina

Τάρεινα
Tareina
Tareina = Taron = Tarhan ?
Tareina = Taron        = Turuberan
Tareina = Taraunitis = Turuberan

Τάρεινα
Tareina
Tareina = Tercan ?

Balisbiga (or Bablistita)

72.67 Balisbia (or Bablistita) 40.67
Βαλισβίγα (ἢ Βαβλιστίτα)
Balisbia (or Bablistita)
Balisbia = Batlisp = Bitlis
=== Wikipedia on Bitlis ===
The origin of the name Bitlis is not known. A popular folk etymology explanation, without historical basis, is that it is derived from "Lis/Batlis", the name of a general said to have built Bitlis castle by the order of Alexander the Great.[6] To Armenians, it was known as Balalesa or Baghaghesh, and later Baghesh.

72.67 Balis(biga/tita) 40.67
ἥ τε Βασιλισηνή
Basilisene
Βαλισβίγα (ἢ Βαβλιστίτα)
Balis(biga/tita)
Basilisene (Ptolemy) = Balis(biga/tita) (Ptolemy)
Balistita = Bellistats = Bellitaş ?
Balistita = Berhis = Burnaz ?
Balistita = Berhis = Burhanköy ?
Balisbiga = Mt. Bingol (30 miles W)* ?
*On 1861 From the Historical map

Ἠλέγερδα (ἢ [Κ]λέγερδα)
(K/EE)legerda
Kelegerda = Kareqet = Kareput = Kharberd = Harput
Kelegerda = Kareqet = Cerecehta = Caracathiocerta

Μαζάρα
Mazara
Mazara (Ptolemy) = Mazara (Peutinger)
Mazara = Mezharaa = Mezraa
Should be, not 14 but, 24 from Cochis: An "X" is missing.

Soeita

Σόειτα
Soeita
Seltia (Ptolemy) =
= Soeita (Ptolemy)
= Sardabar (Ptolemy) =
= Sardeoua (Peutinger) ??
Soeita = Sert* = Siirt ?

Σόειτα
Soeita
Seltia (Ptolemy) =
= Soeita (Ptolemy)
= Sardabar (Ptolemy) =
= Sardeoua (Peutinger) ??
Soeita = Sasun* = Sason ?

Σόειτα
Seltia (Ptolemy) =
= Soeita (Ptolemy)
= Sardabar (Ptolemy) =
= Sardeoua (Peutinger) ??
Soeita = Solhan ?

Belcania

Βελκανία
Belcania
Belcania = Baykan ?
Belcania = Bekirhan (20 miles W) ?
Belcania = Be'hel ca'hania = Veyselkarani* ??
* But this is a Muslim name named after one of their 7th-century mystics, so if this is also derived from Belcania, then it is only because Muslims switched its name to a name that sounded like what the original was.

Βελκανία
Belcania
Belcania = Başhan ?
Belcania = Al Delca = Adilcevaz ?

Θωσπία
Thoospia
Thoospia = Thatsbva = Tatvan
Thoospia = Thoopitis = Bitlis

75.5 Colchis ? 39
Κολχίς
Colchis
Colchis (Ptolemy) = Colchana (Peutinger) ??
[Notice the ruins here. If the city here, then it is certainly in this general vicinity, probably one of the towns below:]
Colchis = Hohjah = Hizan ?
Colchis = Holtcheh = Horozdere (5 miles NE) ?
Colchis = Koçlu ?
Colchis = Gürece ?
Colchis = Koçyiğit ?
Colchis = Keklik ?
Colchis = Goldjeh = Gayda ?
Colchis = Goldjeh = Çökekyazi (4 miles N)?
Colchis = Gorach = Karaağaç ?

Walls?

75.5 Colchis 39
Κολχίς
Colchis = Çeltikli ?

75.5 Colchis 39
Κολχίς = Colchis
Colchis (Ptolemy) = Colchis (Peutinger)
Colchis = Corthaşis = Karth-thaşis = Kartaltaşi ?
Colchis = Colach = Kalaç (5 miles NNW) ?
Colchis = Colach = Kalecik (6 miles NE ) ?
Should be, not 14 but, 24 from Mezraa: An "X" is missing.

71.5 Siauana 38
Σιαυάνα
Siauana
[Notice that the site is correctly on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, just as shown on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps. The original site may be underwater.]
Siauana = Şeyhandede
Siauana = Ceylan

73 Arsamosata 38.33
᾿Αρσαμόσατα
Arsamosata
Arsamosata = Ar* + Samosata
* Means "Mountain," in Arabic.

Κόῤῥα
Corra
Corra (Ptolemy) =
= Corinlu (Peutinger) ?
= Colchis (Ptolemy & Peutinger) ?
Corra = Corinea* region ?
* On 1855 Rumsey Historical Map
Corra = Korudağ ?
Corra = Karakaya ?
Corra = Gürüz ?
Corra = Gölyurt ?
Corra = Kalaç ?

Τάσκα
Tasca
Tasca = Taşkesen ?
Tasca = Taşteker ?
Tasca = Taşliçay ?

Phoora

Φῶρα
Phoora
Phoora = Pereh = Firuraq ?

Φῶρα
Phoora
Phoora = Pooraca = Perkri = Muradiye ??
Phoora = Poira = Poy = Payköy ??
Phoora = Phurta = Fatih ??

Μαῖπα
Maipa
Maipa = Maiqa = Maku ??

Bouana

Βουάνα
Bouana
Bouana = Van*
Bouana = Qal** + Vuhana*** = Qalvurna = Kavurma ?
Bouana = Qal** + Vanaca = Kavunca ?
Bouana = Qal** + Vanilis = Kevenli ?
* Greeks & Romans had no letter "V," so it's written "B-", but would be pronounced "Bv-".
** Means "castle" in Arabic.
*** This form is attested in the name of the famous Armenian commander "Vahan."

Βουάνα
Bouana
Bouana = Boyunpinar

Artemita

Αρτέμιτα
Artemita
[Notice a possible Tell (?) here, unless it's a garbage-dump. This site is best, both because of the profusion of derived place names, and also because the medieval Ptolemaic maps show it as significantly separated from the nearby lake.]
[Note that there is another Artemita down at Baqubah, 300 miles S, at Ptolemaic coordinates 81.25, 36.]
Artemita (Ptolemy) = Arhemitsa = Aremsa Lake (Ptolemy)
Artemita = Halhe-mitsa = Salmas ?
Artemita = Chalasar* = Tazehshahr ?
Artemita = Chalasar* = Kalashan ?
Artemita = Chalasar* = Golozan ?
Artemita = Hachtemeshahk = Kuchameshk ?
Diala river = Daylamites* ?
Sillas river = Salmas ?
Sillas river = Soreh ?
Sillas river = Zula ?
Sillas/Dīāla river = Dzirras = Zarrin Darreh ?
Sillas/Dīāla river = DZiarra = Nazarabad ?
Sillas/Dīāla river = DZiarra = Direshk ?
*See below, that it may've been called "Chalasar, " says Isidore. Now Isidore was speaking of the OTHER Artemita, 300 miles S, at Baqubah, Iraq, but perhaps he was confused, and the Chalasar placename, as well as maybe even the ancient Silla/Diyala river, both belong to this Artemita, here. There are, after all, VERY MANY placenames around here that could be derived from Chalasar. However, the river probably belongs down there.
=== Wikipedia on Salmas ===
The original name of Salmas was Dilman, which is probably related to the Daylamites who sometimes controlled the region.
=== Isidore of Charax's Parthian Stations ===
From that place begins Apolloniatis, which extends 33 schoeni. It has villages, in which there are stations; and a Greek city, Artemita; through the midst of which flows the river Silla. To that place from Seleucia is 15 schoeni. But now the city is called Chalasar.
=== Encyclopedia Iranica on Artemita in Apolloniatis ===
According to Isidore of Charax (Parthian Stations, par. 2, ed. Jacobi, Fragmente III/c, 1958, p. 780), it was also called Chalasar. . . . According to Isidore, the city was crossed by the river Sillas (Dīāla) and was located 15 schoeni (about 82 km) from Seleucia.

Αρτέμιτα
Artemita
[Note that there is another Artemita down at Baqubah, 300 miles S, at Ptolemaic coordinates 81.25, 36.]
Artemita (Ptolemy) = Arhemitsa = Aremsa Lake (Ptolemy)
Artemita = Artsa Ita = Arza Atis ?
[This site is good because of its orientation to the Lake, as shown on the medieval Ptolemaic maps. However, it's Ptolemaic Longitude (78.67, 40.5) shoulds seem to put it further NE, relative to probable Tigranocerta. Also, if the placename "Chalasar" applies to THIS Armenian "Artemita," and not the Iraqi "Artemita," 300 miles S at Baqubah, Iraq, as Isidore of Charax may've wrongly thought, then this would be incorrect, and Salmas' site would be the correct one.]
=== Wikipedia on Salmas ===
The original name of Salmas was Dilman, which is probably related to the Daylamites who sometimes controlled the region.
=== Isidore of Charax's Parthian Stations ===
From that place begins Apolloniatis, which extends 33 schoeni. It has villages, in which there are stations; and a Greek city, Artemita; through the midst of which flows the river Silla. To that place from Seleucia is 15 schoeni. But now the city is called Chalasar.
=== Encyclopedia Iranica on Artemita in Apolloniatis ===
According to Isidore of Charax (Parthian Stations, par. 2, ed. Jacobi, Fragmente III/c, 1958, p. 780), it was also called Chalasar. . . . According to Isidore, the city was crossed by the river Sillas (Dīāla) and was located 15 schoeni (about 82 km) from Seleucia.

Αρτέμιτα
[Note that there is another Artemita down at Baqubah, 300 miles S, at Ptolemaic coordinates 81.25, 36.]
Artemita (Ptolemy) = Arhemitsa = Aremsa Lake (Ptolemy)
Artemita = Urmia

78 Astacana 41
᾿Αστακάνα
Astacana
Astacana (Ptolemy) = Hustacan = Bustica (Peutinger)
Bustica = Varzeqan ?
Bustica = Bishak ?
24 [but should be 34] to Sanora
18 [but should be 23] to Satara

Θελβαλάνη (ἢ Τελβάνη)
Thelbalane (or Telbane)
Telbane (Ptolemy) = Telbahe = Thalbasaris (Peutinger)
Thalbasaris = Dalbasti
Thalbasaris = Daldere Köyü ?
Thalbasaris = Dilmetaş ?
Thalbasaris = Kolbaşi ?
10 to Sitae
15 to Tigranocarta

Φερενδίς
Pherendis
Pherendis = Bverent = Balveren
* This form is attested in the name of the famous Armenian commander "Vahan."

Tigranocerta

76.75 Tigranocerta 39.67
Τιγρανοκέρτα
Tigranocerta
"Tigranes' stronghold"
Trigranocarten
"Triangular stronghold"
Tigranocerta (Ptolemy) = Trigranocarten (Peutinger)
Chlomaron* = Corumalon = Gorumlu ?
Chlomaron* = Coymoron = Koyunoren ?
Chlomarion** = Cymuriuh = Cumhuriyet ?
** The "-i-" may indicate that it is a later foundation derived from the survivors of the first.
* See below.
[Note numerous stelae found here, and a major battle supposedly happened here. The battle does seem to perhaps have taken place here, as evidenced by the placenames off to the West, where the Romans crossed the river, according to Plutarch (see below): Cisre (Castra). ]
=== Wikipedia on Tigranocerta ===
Tigranocerta (Greek: Τιγρανόκερτα, Tigranόkerta; Tigranakert; Armenian: Տիգրանակերտ), also called Cholimma or Chlomaron in antiquity . . . It was one of four cities in historic Armenia named Tigranakert. The others were in Nakhichevan, Artsakh and Utik, the 4 cities being in the old Armenian provinces Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik, Artsakh.[5]
=== Plutarch on the Battle of Tigranocerta, 3 ===
When he had encamped along the river in a great plain, he appeared utterly insignificant to Tigranes, and supplied the king's flatterers with ground for amusement
=== Appian on the Battle of Tigranocerta ===
He surrounded it with walls 25 meters high and wide enough to contain stables for horses. In the suburbs he built a palace and laid out large parks, enclosures for wild animals, and fish-ponds. He also erected a strong tower nearby. All these he put in charge of Mancaeus, and then he went through the country to collect an army. Lucullus, at his first encounter with Mithrobarzanes, defeated him and put him to flight. Sextilius shut up Mancaeus in Tigranocerta, plundered the palace outside the walls, drew a ditch around the city and tower, moved machines against them, and undermined the wall.
[�85] While Sextilius was doing this, Tigranes brought together some 250,000 foot and 50,000 horse. He sent about 6,000 of the latter to Tigranocerta, who broke through the Roman line to the tower, and seized and brought away the king's concubines.
With the rest of his army Tigranes marched against Lucullus. Mithridates, who was now for the first time admitted to his presence, advised him not to come to close quarters with the Romans, but to circle around them with his horse only, to devastate the country, and reduce them by famine if possible, in the same way that he had been served by Lucullus at Cyzicus, where he lost his army without fighting.
Tigranes derided such generalship and advanced and made preparations for battle. When he saw how small the Roman force was, he said jestingly, "If they are here as ambassadors they are too many; if as enemies, altogether too few." Lucullus saw a hill favorably situated in the rear of Tigranes. He pushed his horse forward from his own front to worry the enemy and draw them upon himself, retiring as they came up, so that the barbarians should break their own ranks in the pursuit. Then he sent his own infantry around to the hill and took possession of it unobserved. When he saw the enemy pursuing as though they had won the fight, and scattered in all directions, with their entire baggage train lying at the foot of the hill, he exclaimed, "Soldiers, we are victorious," and dashed first upon their baggage carriers.
These immediately fled in confusion and ran against their own infantry, and the infantry against the cavalry. Presently the rout was complete. Those who had been drawn a long distance in pursuit of the Roman horse, the latter turned upon and destroyed. The baggage train came into collision with others tumultuously. They were all packed together in such a crowd that nobody could see clearly from what quarter their discomfiture proceeded. There was a great slaughter. Nobody stopped to plunder, for Lucullus had forbidden it with threats of punishment, so that they passed by bracelets and necklaces on the road, and continued killing for a distance of 20 kilometers until nightfall. Then they betook themselves to plunder with the permission of Lucullus.

76.75 Tigranocerta 39.67
Τιγρανοκέρτα
Tigranocerta
"Tigranes' stronghold"
Trigranocarten
"Triangular stronghold"
Tigranocerta (Ptolemy) = Trigranocarten (Peutinger)
Tigranocerta = Akerta = Hakkari ?
Tigranocerta = Akertsuh = Akarsu ?
Tigranocerta = Akertsh = Akkuş ?
Tigranocerta = Dihran'ceha = Durankaya ?
Tigranocerta = Dihran = Doğanyol ?
[Note numerous stelae found here, and a major battle around a difficult-to-ford river supposedly happened here, which of course doesn't at all agree with the terrain. So if this is the Tigranocerta shown on Ptolemy's map (and it probably isn't), then it's a different one from that other one, 67 miles SWW, where the battle undoubtedly happened, and where the terrain accords perfectly with what is there.]
=== Wikipedia on Tigranocerta ===
Tigranocerta (Greek: Τιγρανόκερτα, Tigranόkerta; Tigranakert; Armenian: Տիգրանակերտ), also called Cholimma or Chlomaron in antiquity . . . It was one of four cities in historic Armenia named Tigranakert. The others were in Nakhichevan, Artsakh and Utik, the 4 cities being in the old Armenian provinces Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik, Artsakh.[5]

76.75 Tigranocerta ? 39.67
Τιγρανοκέρτα
"Tigranes' stronghold"
Trigranocarten
"Triangular stronghold"
Tigranocerta (Ptolemy) = Trigranocarten (Peutinger)
"Triangular stronghold" = Üçgen Kale* = Üçdoğen Köyü?
[Notice the natural fort here, at the pin, well supplied with water.]
*Turkish
=== Wikipedia on Tigranocerta ===
Tigranocerta (Greek: Τιγρανόκερτα, Tigranόkerta; Tigranakert; Armenian: Տիգրանակերտ), also called Cholimma or Chlomaron in antiquity . . . It was one of four cities in historic Armenia named Tigranakert. The others were in Nakhichevan, Artsakh and Utik, the 4 cities being in the old Armenian provinces Aldznik, Goghtn, Utik, Artsakh.[5]

Tigranakert 1 of 4

Σαρδηοῦα
Sardeoua = Sardewa
Sardeoua (Ptolemy) = Sardabar (Peutinger) ?
Sardeoua = Siirt
Sardeoua = Saritepe (10 miles NW) ?

Borouca

Colsa

Κόλσα
Colsa
Colsa = Galaz ?
Colsa = Kalishin ??

Κόλσα
Colsa
[It seems that the rest of the Ptolemaic longitude got erased.]
Colsa = Kahriz ?
Colsa = Qushchi ?

Colchis inland

River of separation

River of separation
Πόλεις δέ εἰσιν ἐν τῇ ᾿Αλβανίᾳ καὶ κῶμαι,
μεταξὺ μὲν τῆς Ἰβηρίας καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
τοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Καυκάσου εἰς τὸν Κῦρον ἐμβάλλοντος,
But there are cities and villages in Albania,
first between Iberia and the river
In flowing from the Caucasus [mountains] into the Cyrus [river].

73 Sarace 45
Σαράκη
Sarace
[But this seems like a very young city, with no ancient history, which calls the name-identification into doubt.]
Sarace = Senaki

Μαδία
Madia
[Perhaps lost a 0.5-mark on from the listed Ptolemaic Longitude, because otherwise this should be west of Mechlessos, but there are no sites over there..]
Madia = Maidani ?
Madia = Mahrtuila = Madkhoji ?
Madia = Mahrtuila = Martvili ?

Ζαδρίς
Zadris
Zadris = Zendaris = Zeindari
[Note that many towns in the area have the word "Zeda" in their name, e.g, Zeda Gora.]

Sourion

Σούριον
Sourion
[Surrounding cities' proposed etymological derivations from "Sourion" (see below), suggest this unidentified site is itself Sourion.]
Sourion = [MAJOR archaeological site here at pin] ?
Sourion = Souhiam = Shamta (2 miles WNW)
Sourion = Mtis* Suri = Mtisdziri (4 miles WNW) ?
Sourion = Mtis* Sauri = Maisauri (4 miles SSW) ?
Sourion = Saulio = Salchio = Salkhino (2 miles SE) ?
Sourion = Saulio = Sulori (5 miles SE) ?
Sourion = Saulio = Salchio = Dzulukhi (7 miles SE) ?
* "Mtis" means mountain in Georgian

Σούριον
Sourion
[Very old site.]
Serapion = Shorapani (Castle & city)
Serapion = Sourion ?

Mestleta

Mechlessos

74.5 Mechlessos 46.75
Μεχλεσσός
Mechlessos
Mechlessos = Necheleh = Nokalakevi archaeological site, here.
Mechlessos = Mechessi = (Meore) Mokhashi
Mechlessos = Mecheleh = Mukhuri ??

74.5 Mechlessos 46.75
Μεχλεσσός
Mechlessos
Mechlessos = Mecheshuh = Makhashi ?

Ioboula

Ιόβουλα
Ioboula
Λούβιον κώμη
Loubion village
Ioboula (Ptolemy) = Lioubylion = Loubion (Ptolemy) ??
Ioboula = Iovila = Java ?
Loubion = Lyvi = Liakhvi river ??

Ιόβουλα
Ioboula
Ioboula = Horvouleh = Korbouli ?
Ioboula = Horvoula = Chorvila ?
Ioboula = Umm* Broula = Ambrolauri ?
* "Umm" Is Arabic for "village."

Loubion

Λούβιον κώμη
Loubion village
Loubion = Lelovani ?
Loubion = Velebi ?

Λούβιον κώμη
Loubion village
Loubion = Vashlobi ?
Loubion = Oubian = Ubani ?
Loubion = Bibliani ??

Loubion = Lopani ?
Loubion = Lyvi = Liakhvi river ??

Colchis coast

Σιγάνεον (ἢ Γιγάνεον)
Siganeon (or Giganeon)
[Shown on the medieval maps as (S/G)iganeon / Neapoli.]
Siganeon = Sokhumi
Neapoli = Merkheuli ?
[Note: Modern schoalrship supposedly places this city 36 miles SSE, at the town of "Second Gudava."]

Chari(ou)stos river

72 Chari(ou)stos river 45.25
Χαριούστου (ἢ Χαρίστου) ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Charioustos (or Charistos) river
Κίσσα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Cissa river
[Modern Patara Enguri river]
Charioustos = Charistos (both Ptolemy) =
= Cissa river (Ptolemaic editor)
= Cissa (Peutinger)
Charistos = Khaishi
Charistos = Khurcha
Cissa = Tsissa = Tsaishi
Cissa = Tcissa = Tkaia
11 [but should be 49] to Abgabes
16 to Apsaro

Φάσις πόλις
Phasis city
Phasis = Phatsi = Poti
Phasis = Phatsi = Patara
Phasis = Pharsatsi = Persati Mts.*

Albania coast

Αλαμος
Alamos
Alamos = Yalama (city & river)

Gelda

Γέλδα πόλις
Gelda
[Note that this place has evidence of being the furthest east Roman military post, ever, and from as early as 75 A.D. If this is indeed the correct location, then it was added to Ptolemy's Geography later, by a Ptolemaic editor, together with the also-erroneously-plotted Gerrou river, for these listed Ptolemaic Latitudes should actually be 140 miles further north.]
Gelda (Ptolemaic editor) = Gerda = Gerros river (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Gelda = Gelba = Gobustan = Qobustan ?

Γέλδα πόλις
Gelda
[Note that this place has evidence of being the furthest east Roman military post, ever, and from as early as 75 A.D. If this is indeed the correct location, then it was added to Ptolemy's Geography later, by a Ptolemaic editor, together with the also-erroneously-plotted Gerrou river, for these listed Ptolemaic Latitudes should actually be 140 miles further north.]
Gelda (Ptolemaic editor) = Gerda = Gerros river (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Gelda = Geludzuh = Gilazi ?

85 Telaiba 46.83
Τέλαιβα
Telaiba
Θιλβίς
Thilbis
Telaiba (Ptolemy) = Thilbis (Ptolemaic editor)
Thilbis = Derbehts = Derbent
Thilbis = Derbehts = Behts = Belidezhi ??
Thilbis = Philbehts = Belidezhi ??

Sulak / Ġoysu River

Albania river

Albania river ?
Αλβανα πόλις
Albana
Albana = Albania*

Soana river

86 Soana river 47
Σοάνα ποταμος
Soana river
[As we can see below, the Soana is the modern Terek river, but there are 2 big relics of its former name:]
Soana = Soanica = Suinchie = Sunzha river*
Soana = Suania = Svaneti province**.
* An inner tributary of the larger Terek river.
** Source of the Terek's headwaters around Mt. Elburz, e.g. see 1861 Rumsey Historical map.

86 Soana river 47
Καισίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Caisios river
Caisios = Kusary river* ?
Caisios = Qusar* ?
Caisios = Qachresh* ?
Caisios = Khazrui* ?
Caisios = Kushtchi* ?
Caisios = Khizi* ?
Caisios = Khydirsindi* ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical Map

Caisios river

82.5 Caisios river 46
Καισίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Caisios river
Caisios = Kusary river* ?
Caisios = Qusar* ?
Caisios = Qachresh* ?
Caisios = Khazrui* ?
Caisios = Kushtchi* ?
Caisios = Khizi* ?
Caisios = Khydirsindi* ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical Map

Gerros river

84.5 Gerros river 46.5
Γέῤῥου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Gerros river
[Of all the rivers, this one alone is out of order, which suggests that it was just plopped down later by a subsequent editor, unaware of where it should actually go, for these listed Ptolemaic Latitudes should actually be 140 miles further north.]
Gelda (Ptolemaic editor) = Gerda = Gerros river (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Gerros = Jeiran Ketchmez river* ?

Γέλδα πόλις
Gelda = Khirdalan ?
Gelda = Gurgan ?

Albanos river

81.33 Albanos river 46.5
᾿Αλβανοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Albanos river
[It would make sense that this is the Albanos river, because it's on the border of the Albanos flatland.]
Albanos = Cabani ?
Albanos = Albas = Arabşalbaş?
Albanos = Alt = Alat ?
Albanos = Alt = Atbulak* ??
* Bulaq means "fountain"

81 Chadacha 46
Χαδάχα
Chadacha
Chadacha = Cheyildagh

Albania inland

Nega

Nega = Nukha* = Shaki
Nega = Nij ?
Nega = Mingachevir ?
Nega = Nizami ?
* On 1861 Ramsey Historical map, and see below:
=== Wikipedia on Shaki, Azerbaijan ===
The city was known as Nukha (Azerbaijani: Nuxa; Russian: Нуха) until 1968.

Νήγα
Nega
Nega = Noja ?
Nega = Nojiketi ?
* On 1861 Ramsey Historical map, and see below:
=== Wikipedia on Shaki, Azerbaijan ===
The city was known as Nukha (Azerbaijani: Nuxa; Russian: Нуха) until 1968.

Νήγα
Nega
Neoris, genitive form of probable . . .
Neo
Neo (Pliny the Elder) = Neho = Nega (Ptolemy) ?
Neo = Norio ?
=== Plini the Elder, Natural History 6.11 ===
The whole plain which extends away from the river Cyrus is inhabited by the nation of the Albani, and, after them, by that of the Iberi, who are separated from them by the river Alazon, which flows into the Cyrus from the Caucasian chain. The chief cities are Cabalaca, in Albania, Harmastis, near a river of Iberia, and Neoris; there is the region also of Thasie, and that of Triare, extending as far as the mountains known as the Paryadres. Beyond these are the desert[ed region]s of Colchios, . . ."
--- Original Latin ---
Planitiem omnem a Cyro usque Albanorum gens tenet, mox Hiberum, discreta ab iis amne Ocazane in Cyrum Caucasis montibus defluente. praevalent oppida Albaniae Cabalaca, Hiberiae Harmastus iuxta flumen, Neoris, regio Thasie et Thriare usque ad Parihedros montes. ultra sunt Colchicae solitudines,

Neo
Νήγα
Neoris, genitive form of probable . . .
Neo (Pliny the Elder) = Neho = Nega (Ptolemy) ?
Neo = Norio ?
=== Plini the Elder, Natural History 6.11 ===
The whole plain which extends away from the river Cyrus is inhabited by the nation of the Albani, and, after them, by that of the Iberi, who are separated from them by the river Alazon, which flows into the Cyrus from the Caucasian chain. The chief cities are Cabalaca, in Albania, Harmastis, near a river of Iberia, and Neoris; there is the region also of Thasie, and that of Triare, extending as far as the mountains known as the Paryadres. Beyond these are the desert[ed region]s of Colchios, . . ."
--- Original Latin ---
Planitiem omnem a Cyro usque Albanorum gens tenet, mox Hiberum, discreta ab iis amne Ocazane in Cyrum Caucasis montibus defluente. praevalent oppida Albaniae Cabalaca, Hiberiae Harmastus iuxta flumen, Neoris, regio Thasie et Thriare usque ad Parihedros montes. ultra sunt Colchicae solitudines,

Thinauna

Albanian Gates

80 Albanian Gates 47
᾿Αλβάνιαι Πύλαι
Albaniai Pulai
Albanian Gates

Telaiba

Deglane

Δηγλάνη
Deglane
Deglane = Doghlauri ?
Deglane = Zoghlajani = Sagholasheni ??
Deglane = Duğrbani* = Dvani ?
Deglane = Duğrbani* = Dirbi ?
* "-ğ-" is a silent letter G, e.g, as in Turkish or Azerbaijani

Δηγλάνη
Deglane
Deglane = Kiçjik Dəhnə ?

Σανούα
Sanoua
Sanoua = Tson

Σιόδα
Sioda
Sioda = Siodzah = Siyazan

Tagooda

Τάγωδα
Tagooda
Tagooda = Gudauri ? Tagooda = Digora ?

Τάγωδα
Tagooda
Tagooda = Gooba = Ghebi ?
Tagooda = Tahroodza = Tevresho ?
Tagooda = Ghoudjuh = Ghurshevi ?
[Mining and Bronze age necropolis here.]

Τάγωδα
Tagooda = Chacoota = Khakheti ?
Tagooda = Tedjelteh = Tedeleti ??
Tagooda = Coudeh = Kvedi ??

Bacchia

77 Bacchia 46.17
Βακχία
Bacchia
Bacchia = Vaccha = Vakhtana
Bacchia = Dzacchina* = Dzaghina
Bacchia = Dzacchina* = Bekmari
* The Armenian alphabet heavily favors the "Dz-" sound.

77 Baschia 46.17

77 Bacchia 46.17
Βακχία
Bacchia
Bacchia = Baskal* ?
Bacchia = Balakan ?
Bacchia = Beshamant* ?

Iouna

79 Iouna ? 46
Ιούνα
Iouna
Iouna = Iourna = Urma ?

79 Iouna 46
Ιούνα
Iouna
Iouna = Jounuh = Gunib ?

79 Iouna 46
Ιούνα
Iouna = Ioryna = Iormughanlo ?
Iouna = Ioryna = Iori river ?
Iouna = Iory-abad = Badiauri ??

79 Iouna 46
Iouna = Yohunuh = Jugaani ?

Mamachia

Μαμεχία
Mamechia
[Apparently a fortified tell, here]
Mamechia = Bimack (Бойнако)* = Burgimakmakhi ?
Mamechia = Bimack (Бойнако)* = Aymaumakhi ?
Mamechia = Bimack (Бойнако)* = Mekei = Mekegi ? Mamechia = Bimack (Бойнако)* = Mammaul = Mamaaul ?
* On 1870 Rumsey Historical map of the Caucasus Mountains

Μαμεχία
Mamechia
Mamechia = Muneghiba = Mingachevir ?

Μαμεχία
Mamechia
Mamechia = Mechia =Mekhel'ta ?
Mamechia = Mechch = Mochokh ??
Mamechia = Mecch = Mogokh ?

Mamechia = Bimack (Бойнако)* = Ullubiiaul ?
* On 1870 Rumsey Historical map of the Caucasus Mountains

Mamechia = Mamedkala ?
Mamechia = Bimack = Berikei ?
Mamechia = Bimack = Dzhurmachi ?
Mamechia = Bimack = Dchirabachi ?

Mamechia = Mamedkala ?

Adiabla

79 Adiabla ? 45.5
Αδιάβλα
Adiabla
Adiabla = Dyubla = Dubrimakhi*
* Makhi means "small village" in the Dargwa language.

79 Adiabla 45.5

Abliana

Ἐμβολαία
Embolaia
᾿Αβλιάνα
Abliana
Embolaia (Ptolemy) = Ahblaiaha = Abliana (Ptolemaic Editor) ??
Embolaia = Ebdalaya ?

᾿Αβλιάνα
Abliana
=== Possible origin ===
Albania = Albala = Ahbaliah = Abliana
Albala = Balbala = Vebvelinskaia = Velvele ?
Albala = Balbala = Bulbula river* ?

Βαρούκα
Barouca
Barouca = Baku
Barouca = Buluca = Bilgah
Barou = Baluh = Bülbülə

Misia

Μισία
Misia
Misia = Muzaim ?

Μισία
Misia
Misia = Misine = Mirzaani ?
Misia = Misine = Misinali = Mashnaari ?
Misia = Misine = Misicane = Zemo Machkhaani ?
Misia = Misine = Misicane = Kvemo Machkhaani ?

(B/M)oziata

Βοζιάτα (ἢ Μοζιάτα)
(B/M)oziata
80, 46.33 (Albania province)
Μεστλῆτα
Mestleta
74.67, 45 (Iberia province)
(B/M)oziata (Ptolemy) = Mestleta (Ptolemaic editor)
Moziata = Moscieta = Mtsketa
Moziata = Moscietsal= Misaktsieli

Βοζιάτα (ἢ Μοζιάτα)
(B/M)oziata
Boziata = Bojliana = Buglen (Bojlenь) ?

Chabala

Χαβάλα
Chabala
80*, 46.75
Θαβιλάκα
Thabilaca
* Could conceivably have a missing one's-place-character, or decimal point, e.g, 81.75. However it doesn't even need to (i.e, 80 could be just fine), because the twisting of the coast around Baku, not reflected on the Ptolemaic maps, permits multiple conflicting concepts of what true North is, and so here the mapmaker could've wrongly thought that North is what is actually southwest.
=== Confusion of Chabala & Thabilaca ===
Chabala (Ptolemy) = Thabilaca (Ptolemaic editor) ?
If these are not the same city, then we must ask which is which. Everyone assumes, based on the writings of Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 6.11) that the other site (70 miles WSW at modern Tövlə) is Chabala, which would leave this one to be Thabilaca. However, I strongly disagree and think the reverse is the case, for 3 reasons:
This site's name derives better from Chab-, and numerous cities near that site derive better from Thab-.
If Chabala is here, then it's a nice group with nearby Ptolemaic city Chobata (modern Quba), both on the manuscript, and in reality.
It would make sense that the other site be Thabilaca, because that site is the famous capital, and the name Thabilaca is etymologically closer to the original name of the people that lived here, namely the tribe of the Tibareni, or ancient "Tubal," from the Bible.
Chabala = Shab'lah = Shabran ?
Chabala = Thabilaca = Dhavhaca = Davachi = Shabran?
=== News posting Feb. 4 2010 ===
[Translated from the Russian, which was entitled "Депутаты проголосовали за изменение названия Девечинского района":] "'Shabran is one of the most ancient cities of the medieval state of the Shirvanshahs. Shabran was founded in the middle of the first millennium AD (5-6 centuries),' said Arif Rahimzade, Chairman of the Regional Issues Committee of the Milli Majlis. . . . It should be noted that Shabran emerged in the 5th-7th centuries as a fortress city, and by the 9th-10th centuries it had become a major political, administrative, trade, craft and cultural center of the Shirvanshahs state. In the middle of the 11th century, the family tomb of the Shirvanshahs was located in Shabran. The name of the city was subsequently transferred to the surrounding area.'

80 Chabala 46.75
Χαβάλα
Chabala
80*, 46.75
Θαβιλάκα
Thabilaca
* Could conceivably have a missing one's-place-character, or decimal point, e.g, 81.75. However it doesn't even need to (i.e, 80 could be just fine), because the twisting of the coast around Baku, not reflected on the Ptolemaic maps, permits multiple conflicting concepts of what true North is, and so here the mapmaker could've wrongly thought that North is what is actually southwest.
[Major archaeological site here.]
=== Confusion of Chabala & Thabilaca ===
Chabala (Ptolemy) = Thabilaca (Ptolemaic editor) ?
If these are not the same city, then we must ask which is which. Everyone assumes, based on the writings of Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 6.11) that this site is Chabala, which would leave the other (70 miles ENE, at modern Shabran) to be Thabilaca. However, I strongly disagree and think the reverse is the case, for 3 reasons:
That site's name derives better from Chab-, and numerous cities near this site derive better from Thab-.
If Chabala is there, then it's a nice group with nearby Ptolemaic city Chobata (modern Quba), both on the manuscript, and in reality.
It would make sense that this site be Thabilaca, because this site is the famous capital, and the name Thabilaca is etymologically closer to the original name of the people that lived here, namely the tribe of the Tibareni, or ancient "Tubal," from the Bible.
Chabala = Gabala

Χαβάλα
Chabala = Kabali
[Probably the last character of the Ptolemaic longitude was erased.]

Chobata

Χοβάτα
Chobata
Chobat = Quba* ?
Chobat = Kubachi ?
Chobat = Kubachi = Khuchni ?
Chobat = Kubachi = Kumukh ?
Chobat = Khudat ?
* Explicitly listed as Chobata on 1855 Rumsey Historical map

Χοβάτα
Chobata
Chobata = Al Chomata = Akhmeta ?

Χοβάτα
Chrobata
Chrobata = Choporti ?

Thabilaca

Θαβιλάκα
80*, 46.75
=== Possible origin ===
Tubol (Bible) = Tibareni
Tubal (Bible) = Tapourei (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Thabilaca (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Thabilaca = Barouca (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Habilana = Abliana (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Al = Alamos (Ptolemy) ?
* Could conceivably have a missing one's-place-character, or decimal point, e.g, 81.75. However it doesn't even need to (i.e, 80 could be just fine), because the twisting of the coast around Baku, not reflected on the Ptolemaic maps, permits multiple conflicting concepts of what true North is, and so here the mapmaker could've wrongly thought that North is what is actually southwest.
=== Confusion of Chabala & Thabilaca ===
Chabala (Ptolemy) = Thabilaca (Ptolemaic editor) ?
If these are not the same city, then we must ask which is which. Everyone assumes, based on the writings of Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 6.11) that this site is Chabala, which would leave the other one (70 miles ENE, at modern Shabran) to be Thabilaca. However, I strongly disagree and think the reverse is the case, for 3 reasons:
That site's name derives better from Chab-, and numerous cities (see below) near this site derive better from Thab-.
If Chabala is there, then it's a nice group with nearby Ptolemaic city Chobata (modern Quba), both on the manuscript, and in reality.
It would make sense that this site be Thabilaca, because this site is the famous capital, and the name Thabilaca is etymologically closer to the original name of the people that lived here, namely the tribe of the Tibareni, or ancient "Tubal," from the Bible.
Thabilaca = Tavla = Tövlə
Thabilaca = Tzavala = Savalan
Thabilaca = Tzamala = Şamli
Thabilaca = Tzupala = Şefili
=== News posting Feb. 4 2010 ===
[Translated from the Russian, which was entitled "Депутаты проголосовали за изменение названия Девечинского района":] "'Shabran is one of the most ancient cities of the medieval state of the Shirvanshahs. Shabran was founded in the middle of the first millennium AD (5-6 centuries),' said Arif Rahimzade, Chairman of the Regional Issues Committee of the Milli Majlis. . . . It should be noted that Shabran emerged in the 5th-7th centuries as a fortress city, and by the 9th-10th centuries it had become a major political, administrative, trade, craft and cultural center of the Shirvanshahs state. In the middle of the 11th century, the family tomb of the Shirvanshahs was located in Shabran. The name of the city was subsequently transferred to the surrounding area.'

Tubol (Bible) = Tibareni
Tubal (Bible) = Tapourei (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Thabilaca (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Thabilaca = Barouca (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Habilana = Abliana (Ptolemy) ?
Tubal (Bible) = Al = Alamos (Ptolemy) ?
If these are not the same city, then we must ask which is which. Everyone assumes, based on the writings of Pliny the Elder (Natural History, 6.11) that the other site (70 miles WSW at modern Chukhur Gabala) is Chabala, which would leave this one to be Thabilaca. However, I strongly disagree and think the reverse is the case, for 3 reasons:
This site's name derives better from Chab-, and numerous cities near that site derive better from Thab-.
If Chabala is here, then it's a nice group with nearby Ptolemaic city Chobata (modern Quba), both on the manuscript, and in reality.
It would make sense that the other site be Thabilaca, because that site is the famous capital, and the name Thabilaca is etymologically closer to the original name of the people that lived here, namely the tribe of the Tibareni, or ancient "Tubal," from the Bible.
Chabala = Shab'lah = Shabran ?
Chabala = Thabilaca = Dhavhaca = Davachi = Shabran?
=== News posting Feb. 4 2010 ===
[Translated from the Russian, which was entitled "Депутаты проголосовали за изменение названия Девечинского района":] "'Shabran is one of the most ancient cities of the medieval state of the Shirvanshahs. Shabran was founded in the middle of the first millennium AD (5-6 centuries),' said Arif Rahimzade, Chairman of the Regional Issues Committee of the Milli Majlis. . . . It should be noted that Shabran emerged in the 5th-7th centuries as a fortress city, and by the 9th-10th centuries it had become a major political, administrative, trade, craft and cultural center of the Shirvanshahs state. In the middle of the 11th century, the family tomb of the Shirvanshahs was located in Shabran. The name of the city was subsequently transferred to the surrounding area.'

Tubol (Bible) = Tibareni
Tubol (Bible) = Tapourei (Ptolemy) ?
Tubol (Bible) = Thabilaca (Ptolemy) ?
Tubol (Bible) = Thabilaca = Barouca (Ptolemy) ?
Thabilaca (Ptolemy) = Chabala (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Thabilaca = Tchabalica = Shemalkha* = Shamakhi ?
Thabilaca = Tchabiraca = Sabir ?
Thabilaca = Tubalcain, son of Cain ??

Thilbis

Τέλαιβα
Telaiba
Θιλβίς
Thilbis
Telaiba (Ptolemy) = Thilbis (Ptolemaic editor)
Thilbis = Derbehts = Derbent
Thilbis = Derbehts = Behts = Belidezhi ??
Thilbis = Philbehts = Belidezhi ??

Θιλβίς
[Note that this name is obviously derived from the nearby name of Derbent (ancient Telaiba)
Thilbis = Thihpij = Tpig ?
Thilbis = Dhulduj = Duldug ?

Osica

Ὄσικα
Osica
Osica = Usukhchai

Ὄσικα
Osica
Osica = Shikhly
Osica = Tekali ??

Σιόδα
Sioda
Sioda = Tsu'oudza = Tovuz ?
Sioda = Köy Soudzuh = Aşağı Öysüzlü ?

Chadaca

81 Chadaca ? 46
Χαδάχα
Chadaca
Chadaca = Chahach = (Old) Khachmaz ?

81 Chadaca ? 46
Χαδάχα
Chadaca
Chadaca = Tchabaca = Shemalkha* = Shamakhi ?
Chadaca = Tchabarca = Sabir ?

81 Chadaca ? 46
Chadaca = Chundac = Xəndək ?

Embolaia

78 Embolaia ? 45.33
Ἐμβολαία
Embolaia
᾿Αβλιάνα
Embolaia (Ptolemy) = Ahblaiaha = Abliana (Ptolemaic Editor) ??
Embolaia = Ebdalaya ?

78 Embolaia 45.33
Ἐμβολαία
Embolaia = Eynibulag ?
Embolaia = Uzunboyat (22 miles NE) ?

Editor

74.67 Mestleta 45
Βοζιάτα (ἢ Μοζιάτα)
80, 46.33 (Albania province)
Μεστλῆτα
Mestleta
74.67, 45 (Iberia province)
(B/M)oziata (Ptolemy) = Mestleta (Ptolemaic editor) ??
Moziata = Moscieta = Mtskheta
Moziata = Moscietsal= Misaktsieli
[Mestleta is probably the revision because it would be more logical for the giant longitudinal-error of plotting (B/M)oziata as "80" to be committed first of all, and to be putatively corrected by adding a 2nd city of Mestleta, which is unknowingly redundant; than it would be to already know of cities scattered across the system this, and be just rudely unconcerned for how one's new additions of cities fit in amongst the ones already there.]

76 Zalissa 44.67
Ζάλισσα
Zalissa
Tsiviletsi = Tzahilos = Zalissa (Ptolemy, or editor)
Tsiviletsi = Tibirotz = Taffiros (Peutinger)
Zalissa = Dzalisi ?
Zalissa = Zahesi ?
Taffiros = Tubilus = Tbilisi
Tsiviletsi = Tzobaleti = Tsodoreti
Tsiviletsi = Tsuh'vuri = Tskhvarichamia
12 [but should be 22] to Cyanes
4 to Stempeo
=== Potential typo ===
Perhaps Taffiros is a miswritten "Tafsiros," or more likely "Tassiros." That latter would probably reverse the causality, making the Ptolemaic form older:
Zalissa (Ptolemy) = Tzalssah = Tassiros (Peutinger) ??
But then we would completely lose the "-b-" sound from the word Tbilisi, and its cousin "-d-" sound from Tsodoreti. So this option not as good as was written above.

75 Armactica 44.5
᾿Αρμάκτικα
Armactica
"Harmastis"* = Armactica = Armazi
* Pliny the Elder, Nat. His. 6:11

76 Ouasaida ? 46.33
Οὐάσαιδα
Ouasaida
[But note that this city's Ptolemaic coordinates seem to be reversed with those of nearby Artanissa (modern Aranisi), unless Artanissa's listed Ptolemaic Latitude has a missing decimal.]
Ouasaida = Dusheti ?

᾿Αρτάνισσα
Artanissa
[But note that this city's Ptolemaic coordinates seem to be reversed with those of nearby Ouasaida (modern Dusheti), unless Artanissa's listed Ptolemaic Latitude has a missing decimal.]
Artanissa = Aranisi

Ptolemy

Aginna

75 Aginna 46.5
Άγιννα
Aginna
Aginnali = Arghuni
Aginnali = Ahinnuri = Ananuri fortress ?
Aginna = Auinna = Avenisi ??

Άγιννα
Aginna
[If this identification is correct, then Kutaisi MUST BE Ouarica.]
Aginna = Jinnaht = Zhoneti ?
Aginna = Jimastaro ?
Aginna = Gumati Reservoir ?
Aginna = Agui = Zeda Aghvi ??
Aginna = Hah'ji = Derchi ??

Ouarica

75.33 Ouarica 46
Οὐάρικα
Ouarica
Ouarica = Variani ??
Ouarica = Varianis Meurneoba ??
Ouarica = Dzevera ??

75.33 Ouarica 46
Οὐάρικα
Ouarica
Ouarica = Vardigora ?

75.33 Ouarica 46
Οὐάρικα
Ouarica = Vachevi ?

Ouarica = Ovarcha = Oburcheta = Opurchkheti ?

Ouarica = Ereda ??

Sourra

Σοῦῤῥα
Sourra
[Very old site.]
Sourra = Surami (city &fort) ?
Sourra = Khshuri ?

Σοῦῤῥα
Sourra
[Very old site.]
Sourra = Shorapani (Castle & city)
Serapion = Sourra ?