asia 1-3.kmz

asia 1-3

Hyrcania

Landforms

Maxera river
Μαξήρα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Maxera river mouth
Modern Tajan river.
Maxera = Mazandaranni people ?
Maxera = Marzera = Zaqmarz ?
Maxera = Makran ?
Maxera = Lalim, Mazandaran ?
Maxera = Neka* ?
* See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Neka ===
Deh Khoda has mentioned the River Neka in his encyclopedia.

Socanda river ?
Σωκάνδα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Socanda river mouth
See map here.
Socanda = Dzachanhe = Dahane ?
Socanda = Dzaghanhe = Dugunchi ?
Socanda = Dzaghanhe = Sahhane = Sahne Sofla ?
Socanda = Chandah = Yolmeh Khandan ?

Great Wall of Gorgan
(5th or 6th century)

Old canal ?

Talca island
νῆσος κατ᾿ αὐτὴν πελαγία καλουμένη Τάλκα
The island, according to which the sea is called Talca
Talca = Tarca = Bandar-e Torkman ?

Mt. Cozronos
τοῦ Κορωνοῦ ὄρους
The Coronos Mt.

Other Mtn. chain

Peoples

Maxerai
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Μάξηραι καὶ ᾿Ασταβηνοί
καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τοὺς Μαξήρας Χρῆνδοι μεθ᾽ οὓς ἡ Αρσῖτις
πρόςκειται τῷ Κορωνο ,
ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Ασταβηνοὺς ἡ Σιρακηνή. There inhabit Hyrcania on the seashore, Maxerai & Astabenoi
and beneath the Maxerai [dwell] the Chrandoi, with whom the [region of] Arsitis
faces the Coronos [Mts.];
but beneath the Astabenoi is the [region of] Siracene.
Medes = Maxerai ?
Maxerai = Mash = Gomishtappeh ?
Maxerai = Mansehr = Siminshahr ?
[Note the river of the same name.]

Astabenoi
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Μάξηραι καὶ ᾿Ασταβηνοί
καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τοὺς Μαξήρας Χρῆνδοι μεθ᾽ οὓς ἡ Αρσῖτις
πρόςκειται τῷ Κορωνο ,
ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Ασταβηνοὺς ἡ Σιρακηνή. There inhabit Hyrcania on the seashore, Maxerai & Astabenoi
and beneath the Maxerai [dwell] the Chrandoi, with whom the [region of] Arsitis
faces the Coronos [Mts.];
but beneath the Astabenoi is the [region of] Siracene.
Astabenoi = Tashbandan

Chrandoi
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Μάξηραι καὶ ᾿Ασταβηνοί
καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τοὺς Μαξήρας Χρῆνδοι μεθ᾽ οὓς ἡ Αρσῖτις
πρόςκειται τῷ Κορωνο ,
ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Ασταβηνοὺς ἡ Σιρακηνή. There inhabit Hyrcania on the seashore, Maxerai & Astabenoi
and beneath the Maxerai [dwell] the Chrandoi, with whom the [region of] Arsitis
faces the Coronos [Mts.];
but beneath the Astabenoi is the [region of] Siracene.
Chrandoi = Nowkandeh ?
Chrandoi = Sali Kandeh ?

Arsitis
Arsitis = Farsi ??
Arsitis = Great Arikh ?
Arsitis = Marsa = Mirzali ?
Arsitis = Ahsid = Azadshahr ?

Siracene
Siracene = Deraz Kola ?
Siracene = Shahneh Kala ?
Siracene = Sari ?

Cities

Saramanna

94.25 Saramanna 40.5
Σαραμάννη
Saramanna
Suliman = Saramanna
Suliman = Tsalameh = Talner ??

94.25 Saramanna 40.5
Σαραμάννη
Saramanna
Saramanna = Vozara Mahalleh ??

Σαραμάννη
Saramanna = Sari ?

Saramanna = Saro ?

Saramanna = Sehemen = Siminshahr ?

91 Arouzis 33.33
Αρουζίς
Arouzis
Arouzis = Roudbarak ?
Arouzis = Rasm Roodbar ?
Arouzis = Reza Abad ?

Βαράγγη
Bara(n/g)ga
Baragga = Qaleh Jiq-e Bozorg ?
[Sheer guess, based upon this being the end of the Great Wall of Gorgon.]

Adrapsa

῎Αδραψα
Adrapsa
Adrapsa = Atharab = Acharah = Aqqala ??
Adrapsa = Deruza = Delijeh ??

῎Αδραψα
Adrapsa
Adrapsa = Adzjapsa = Adzhjyab

῎Αδραψα
Adrapsa = Atrab ?

Casapa

Κασάπη
Casapa
Casapa (Ptolemy) = Catippa (Peutinger)
Casapa = Gazebeh = Aghazibir ?
Casapa = Gah-tzepeh = Ghara Tapeh ?
Casapa = Catzepeh = Uch Tapeh ?
20 from Nagae
20 from Fociana

Κασάπη
Casapa
Casapa (Ptolemy) = Catippa (Peutinger)
Casapa = Caltzappa = Qolitappeh ?
20 from Nagae
20 from Fociana

Κασάπη
Casapa (Ptolemy) = Catippa (Peutinger)
Casapa = Qaha-tsappa = Qareh Tappeh-ye Sheykh ?
20 from Nagae
20 from Fociana

Casapa = Aca-tsapa = Ukhi Tappeh ?
Casapa = Aca-tsapa = Ashk Tappeh ?

Abarbina

97 Abarbina 40.17
Αβαρβίνα
Abarbina
Hvare = Abarbi = Abarbina ?
Hvare-khshaeta* = Khorshid ?
* See Wikipedia below
=== Wikipedia on Khorshid ===
Khorshīd or Khorshēd (Persian: خورشید [xoɾˈʃid], meaning the Sun or the "Radiant Sun"), also spelled as Khurshed and Khurshid, is a Persian given name . . . The origin of the word is related to the Avestan divinity Hvare-khshaeta.

97 Abarbina 40.17
῎Αβαρβίνα
Abarbina
Abarbina = Anbaralum ?
Abarbina = Hebarb = Hebib ?

97 Abarbina ? 40.17
᾿Αβαρβίνα
Abarbina = Babal Bina = Babol

Sorba

Σόρβα
Sorba
Sorba = Ashraba = Ahraf* ?
* See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Behshahr ===
Ashraf or Ashraf-ol-Belād[1]

Σόρβα
Sorba
Sorba = Gorgan ?
Sorba = Golba = Bagh-e Golbon?

Sinaca

Σινάκα
Sinaca
Sinaca = Tsanaga = Tangrah ?
Sinaca = Tsadegh Abad ?

Σινάκα
Sinaca
Sinaca = Sinacala = Calla = Kalaleh
Sinaca = Sinagala = Singarla = Ajan Sangarli ?

Σινάκα
Sinaca = Sehacala = Seh Kileh ?

Amarousa

96 Amarousa ? 39.92
᾿Αμαροῦσα
Amarousa
Amarousa = Amreh ?

96 Amarousa ? 39.92
᾿Αμαροῦσα
Amarousa
Amarousa = Amol ?
Amarousa = Amirkola (19 miles ENE) ?
Amarousa = Anbaralum ?

Ŝâhi

Hyrcania metropolis

98.83 Hyrcania metropolis 40
Υρκανία μητρόπολις
Hyrcania metropolis
Hyrcania metropolis (Ptolemy) =* Zadracarta (Arrian)
* See Arrian below, that Zadracarta was "the largest city in Hyrcania," which would logically be the same as "Hyrcania Metropolis."
Zadracarta = Satara = Asterabad** = Esterabad = Gorgan
Hyrcania metropolis = Gyrgania = Gorgan ?
** On 1787 Rumsey Historical map, as both the name of the city and of the nearby sound.
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 25 ===
. . . he marched to Zadracarta, the largest city of Hyrcania, where also was the seat of the Hyrcanian government. Tarrying here fifteen days, he offered sacrifice to the gods according to his custom, and celebrated a gymnastic contest, after which he began his march towards Parthia;
=== Wikipedia on Hyrcania ===
Hyrcania (/hərˈkeɪniə/) (Greek: Ὑρκανία Hyrkania,[1] Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 Varkâna,[2] Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 Gurgān, Akkadian: Urqananu)
=== Wikipedia on Gorgan ===
Gorgan (Persian: گرگان [ɡoɾˈɡɒːn] ⓘ; also romanized as Gorgān, Gurgān, and Gurgan), formerly Esterabad (استرآباد [ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd]; also romanized as Astarābād, Asterabad, and Esterābād)

98.83 Hyrcania metropolis 40
Υρκανία μητρόπολις
Hyrcania metropolis
Hyrcania = Houhcandia = Nowkandeh ?
Hyrcania = Hyl—Candia = Sali Kandeh ?
Hyrcania = Khurhcia       = Kordkuy ??

Saca or Sala

94.25 Saca or Sala 39.5
Σάκη ( ἢ Σάλη)
Saca or Sala
Saca = Sache = Shahi = Qaem Shahr ?
Sala = Saliya = Aliyabad* = Qaem Shahr ?
* See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Qaem Shahr ===
Originally known as Aliyabad, the name Ŝâhi (Shahi) was used until the Iranian Revolution in 1979 when the city acquired its current name.

94.25 Saca or Sala 39.5
Σάκη ( ἢ Σάλη)
Saca or Sala
Sala + Saca = Salaca = Sergah = Shīr Gāh = Shirgah ?
Saca + Sala = Sukhteh Sara ?
Sala = Chali, Mazandaran ?

94.25 Saca or Sala 39.5
Σάκη ( ἢ Σάλη)
Sala = Sheleh ?

97.5 Asmourna 39.5
῎Ασμουρνα
Asmourna
Asmourna = Mirdan*
Asmourna = Ajmurna = Jurnda = Paeen Zarandin
Asmourna = Ajmurna = Jurnda = Bālā Zrndyn (بالا زرندين)** ?
* See Wikipedia below: ** 2 miles SEE.
=== Wikipedia on Neka ===
Deh Khoda has mentioned the River Neka in his encyclopedia. Not much is known about this area in geographical or historical accounts of the past, until the Qajar dynasty. However, in the geographical records of the early Islamic period, the name Mirdan of a city near the current city of Neka has been mentioned.

Ma(u/i)soca

Μαίσοκα ( ἢ Μαύσοκα )
Ma(u/i)soca
Maisoca = Maziyaran ?
Maisoca = Mashu ?

Μαίσοκα ( ἢ Μαύσοκα )
Ma(u/i)soca
Maisoca = Mazdakati

Μαίσοκα
Maisoca
Maisoca = Semescandeh Olya ?

Margiana

Landforms & rivers

Borders

Margiana border
Ἡ Μαργιανὴ περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Ὑρκανίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην πλευρὰν , ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων μέρει Σκυθίας τῷ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ὤξου ποταμοῦ μέχρι τοῦ πρὸς τῇ Βακτριανῇ αὐτοῦ τμήματος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 103, 44
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας ᾿Αρείας μέρει κατὰ παράλληλον γραμμὴν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τῇ ῾Υρκανίᾳ καὶ τῇ Παρθίᾳ ὁρίου διὰ τῶν Σαρίφων ὀρῶν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 109, 39
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Βακτριανῇ κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύ- ουσαν τὰ εἰρημένα πέρατα ὀρεινὴν, διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀξιόλογος ὁ Μάργος, οὗ αἱ μὲν πη- 10 γαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 105, 39
ἡ δὲ πρὸς τὸν Ὠξον συναφή μοίρας . . . 102, 43.5
The [region of] Margiana is surrounded, first on the West, by Hyrcania, down the extended side, but on the north by the part of Scythia, the part from the outpouring of the Oxos river until its tract next to Bactria, of which the place has location . . . 103, 44 ;
but on the south, by a part of Areia, down the parallel line from Hyrcania and the Parthic border, thru the Sariphon Mts. to the end, whose place has location . . . 109 [99?], 39 ;
but on the east by Bactriana, down the hill-country straddling the aforesaid border ; but there divides the region, the noteworthy river the Margos, whose headwaters have location . . . 105, 39
but the [its] confluence into the Oxos [has the] place . . . 102, 43.5

Margiana
Ἡ Μαργιανὴ περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Ὑρκανίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην πλευρὰν , ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων μέρει Σκυθίας τῷ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ὤξου ποταμοῦ μέχρι τοῦ πρὸς τῇ Βακτριανῇ αὐτοῦ τμήματος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 103, 44
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας ᾿Αρείας μέρει κατὰ παράλληλον γραμμὴν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τῇ ῾Υρκανίᾳ καὶ τῇ Παρθίᾳ ὁρίου διὰ τῶν Σαρίφων ὀρῶν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 109, 39
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Βακτριανῇ κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύ- ουσαν τὰ εἰρημένα πέρατα ὀρεινὴν, διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀξιόλογος ὁ Μάργος, οὗ αἱ μὲν πη- 10 γαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . 105, 39
ἡ δὲ πρὸς τὸν Ὠξον συναφή μοίρας . . . 102, 43.5
The [region of] Margiana is surrounded, first on the West, by Hyrcania, down the extended side, but on the north by the part of Scythia, the part from the outpouring of the Oxos river until its tract next to Bactria, of which the place has location . . . 103, 44 ;
but on the south, by a part of Areia, down the parallel line from Hyrcania and the Parthic border, thru the Sariphon Mts. to the end, whose place has location . . . 109 [99?], 39 ;
but on the east by Bactriana, down the hill-country straddling the aforesaid border ; but there divides the region, the noteworthy river the Margos, whose headwaters have location . . . 105, 39
but the [its] confluence into the Oxos [has the] place . . . 102, 43.5

Rivers

Margos river

Margos river
ποταμὸς ἀξιόλογος ὁ Μάργος
The noteworthy river Margos
Margos (Ptolemy) = Sygris (Peutinger)
Margos river = modern Atrak river
One might think it's the modern Murghab river, but that's misnamed, and really the ancient Dargamanes.
διαῤῥεῖ δὲ τὴν χώραν ποταμὸς ἀξιόλογος ὁ Μάργος, οὗ αἱ μὲν πη10 γαὶ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας.
But the noteworthy river Margos waters the land, whose spriing has location 105, 39

Other rivers

Other river

river

Συνάπτει δὲ τῷ ποταμῷ τῷ Μάργῳ ἕτερος ποταμὸς ῥέων ἀπὸ τῶν Σαρίφων ὀρέων, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ
But there in-flows, into the Margos river, another river flowing from the Margos Mts. from the Sariphon Mts., whose headwaters [are at] . . . 103, 39.

Mountains

Sariphon Mts.
Σαρίφων ὀρέων
Sariphon Mts. (Ptolemy) = Silphion Mts. (Arrian)
Silphion = Saffron* = Crocus flower
*Indeed grows through the Caucuses Mountains, and even to Cyrene, as mentioned below.
Συνάπτει δὲ τῷ ποταμῷ τῷ Μάργῳ ἕτερος ποταμὸς ῥέων ἀπὸ τῶν Σαρίφων ὀρέων, οὗ αἱ πηγαὶ
But there in-flows, into the Margos river, another river flowing from the Margos Mts. from the Sariphon Mts., whose headwaters [are at] . . . 103, 39.
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 28 ===
This range of mountains stretches out so far that they say even that Mount Taurus, which forms the boundary of Cilicia and Pamphylia, springs from it, as do other great 198ranges which have been distinguished from the Caucasus by various names according to the position of each. Aristobulus says that in this part of the Caucasus nothing grew except terebinth trees and silphium;496 notwithstanding which, it was inhabited by many people, and many sheep and oxen graze there; because sheep are very fond of silphium. For if a sheep smells it even from a distance, it runs to it and feeds upon the flower. They also dig up the root, which is devoured by the sheep. For this reason in Cyrene,497 some drive their flocks as far as possible away from the places where their silphium is growing; others even enclose the place with a fence, so that even if the sheep should approach it they would not be able to get within the enclosure. For the silphium is very valuable to the Cyrenaeans.

Derbiccai
Δερβίκκαι
Drubuces
Margiana region
Δρίβυκες
Dribuces
Media region
Δερκέβοι
Derceboi
Derbiccai (Ptolemy) = Derbicce (Peutinger) =
= Dribuces (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Derceboi (Ptolemy) ??
Derbiccai = Ribici = Ribioi (Inner Scythian people, see nearby pin) ?
Derbiccai/Derceboi = Tubiacai (Inner Scythian people; see at bottom) ?
=== Possible Origin ===
Daylamites = Deyrbites = Derbices ?
Daylamites = Deyrhamoi = Derceboi ?
Derbiccai = Herbittai = Nerbit = Nebitdag* ?
Derbila = Berival = Pereval ?
Turkbashi = Derbiccai ?
Turkbashi = Turkmenbashi (city on coast) ?
Turkbashi = Turkmenbashi = Belek Turrkmenskiy
* On modern map.
=== Uzbek/Turkic possibility ===
Originally . . .
Derbiccai = Derceboi (Both nearby Ptolemaic peoples)
Later . . .
Derbiccai = Ubyk (55 miles NNE) ?
Derbiccai = Ubyk = Uzbek ?
Derbiccai = Erbyk = Adzhykui ?
Derceboi = Turkebi = Turk = Turkmen ?
Derceboi = Beric = Belek Turrkmenskiy ?
Root stock:
Subartu = "Wanderers"
Subartu = Sabirs = Siberia ?
Subartu = Tubaltu = Tubal* ?
Western Branch:
Tubal* = Tabari = Tabaristan (N. Iran)
Tubal* = Tabali = Tbilisi
Tubal* = Haval = Avar = Iberia
Tubal* = Talbah = Albania ?
Tubal = Tahwal = Azhwal = Azeri (??)
Eastern Branch:
Tubal (Bible*) = Tubary =
= Tapouri (Ptolemy, Margiana) =
= Tabireni = Tabienoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tapoureoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tubiacai (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia) ?
= Tubiacai = Derbiccai (Ptolemy, Margiana) ?
* In the Bible (Genesis 10:2, 1 Chronicles 1:5, Ez. 38:1-3, 39:1)
** In Ptolemy

Derceboi
Δερβίκκαι
Drubuces
Margiana region
Δρίβυκες
Dribuces
Media region
Δερκέβοι
Derbiccai (Ptolemy) = Derbicce (Peutinger) =
= Dribuces (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Derceboi (Ptolemy) ??
Derbiccai = Ribici = Ribioi (Inner Scythian people, see nearby pin) ?
Derbiccai/Derceboi = Tubiacai (Inner Scythian people; see at bottom) ?
=== Possible Origin ===
Daylamites = Deyrbites = Derbices ?
Daylamites = Deyrhamoi = Derceboi ?
=== Here in the South ===
Derceboi = Darsheboi = Dashliburun ?
Derceboi = Darsheboi = Dashborun ?
Dercebon = Behcebend = Bekibent ?
=== In the North, near the Oxus ===
Derceboi = Boydag ??
Derceboi = Oboy (2 cities, SW & E) ??
Dercebai = Berevali = Pereval ??
=== Uzbek/Turkic possibility ===
Originally . . .
Derbiccai = Derceboi (Both nearby Ptolemaic peoples)
Later . . .
Derbiccai = Ubyk (176 miles N) ?
Derbiccai = Ubyk = Uzbek ?
Derbiccai = Erbyk = Adzhykui ?
Derceboi = Turkebi = Turk = Turkmen ?
Derceboi = Beric = Belek Turrkmenskiy ?

Massagetai
Μασσαγέται
(Margiana, also Sogdiana)
=== Possible Origin ===
Mesech* = Massagetai
Mesech* = Massagetai = Getae people = Goths ?
Mesech* = Mejek = Magog* ?
Mesech* = Mushki = Moscow (Russians) ?
Mesech = Meshkhed (66 miles W) ?
Mesech= Meshkan (160 miles SE) ?
Massagetai = Manzukeyli = Monzhukli ?
Massagetai = Masankoup ?
Massagetai = Mesked** = Meshkan (175 miles ESE) ?
Massagetai = Mirzachirla (279 miles NNE) ?
Massagetai = 2 photos at
. Massagetai = "Melegoch" / Melegoç at
** On 1787 Rumsey Historical Map

Parnoi
Πάρνοι
Parnoi = Farimaneh ?
Parnoi = Forumad ?

Stai
Δᾶαι
Daai people
Stai (Peutinger) = Daai (Ptolemy)
Stai = Tuy ?

Tapouri ?
Ταπούρεοι
Tapoureoi
(Inner Scythia)
Τυβιάκαι
Tubiacai
Ταβιηνοί
Tabienoi
Τάπουροι
Tapouri
(Margiana)
=== Origins ===
Root stock:
Subartu = "Wanderers"
Subartu = Sabirs = Siberia ?
Subartu = Tubaltu = Tubal* ?
Western Branch:
Tubal* = Tabari = Tabaristan (N. Iran)
Tubal* = Tabali = Tbilisi
Tubal* = Haval = Avar = Iberia
Tubal* = Talbah = Albania ?
Tubal = Tahwal = Azhwal = Azeri (??)
Eastern Branch:
Tubal (Bible*) = Tubary =
= Tapouri (Ptolemy, Margiana) =
= Tabireni = Tabienoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tapoureoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tubiacai (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia) ?
* In the Bible (Genesis 10:2, 1 Chronicles 1:5, Ez. 38:1-3, 39:1)
** In Ptolemy
Tapouri = Saburi = Neis abur* = Neyshabur ?
*On Asia_1787 Rumsey Historical Map

Untitled Path

Ariaca

103 Ariaca ? 43
᾿Αριάκα
Ariaca
Ariaca = Harjiacha = Torshakli ?

103 Ariaca ? 43
᾿Αριάκα
Ariaca
Ariaca = Ahata = Chat ?

103 Ariaca ? 43
᾿Αριάκα
Ariaca = Yaskha ??
Ariaca = Togalak ??
Ariaca = Ahal river ?

Ariaca = Shorkozakhly* = Dakhly ??
Ariaca = Sag + Arauci = Sagaraucai people ?
Sagaraucai = Shacaly = Chagyl ?
Sagaraucai = Dzacaly = Dakhly ?
Sagaraucai = Dzacaly = Shorkozakhly ?
* On modern map.

Sina / Sena

Σίνα ( ἢ Σήνα )
Sina / Sena
Sina = Chenah = Yekkeh Chenar ?

Σίνα ( ἢ Σήνα )
Sina / Sena
Sina = Shirleh ?
Sina = Suzesh ?

Σίνα ( ἢ Σήνα )
Sena = Dzanata = Danata ?
Sena = Shaweh* ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

᾿Αράθα
Aratha
Aratha = Charadha = Kerend

Argadina

᾿Αργαδίνα
Argadina
Argadina = Gazanjyk = Bereket ?
Argadina = Haragadza = Karagez ??

᾿Αργαδίνα
Argadina
Argadina = Arjha(d)neh = Ashkaneh ?

᾿Αργαδίνα
Argadina = Narhadina = Nardin ?

Argadina = Arcdiha = Akdepe ?
Argadina = Arcdiha = Akdepe = Gokdepe ?
Argadina = Arcamena = Arcman ?
Argadina = Ahcabia = Ashgabat ??

Argadina = Gandziah = Gazandzhyk* = Khodzhaguyma ?
* On modern map.

Argadina = Ardian ?
Argadina = Nardin (66 miles NE) ?

Argadina = Arshgadad = Ashgabat ?

Iasonion

Iasonion
Iasonion = Yaksond = Yekehseud ?

Ἰασόνιον
Iasonion = Jasonion
Iasonion = Yozun = Ozumbijeh ?

Rea

Rea = Roohi* = Rui Khaf** = Khaf ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical Map. Note that this map shows Roohi and Khaf as separate cities, Roohi being about 35 miles further to the southwest.
** On 1922 Rumsey Historical Map

Ῥῆα
Rea
Rea = Reen

Ῥῆα
Rea
Rea = Raja = Raz ?

Ῥῆα
Rea = Reja = Rezaabad ?

Antiocheia Margiana

106 Antiocheia Margiana 40.33
᾿Αντιόχεια Μαργιανή
Antiocheia Margiana
106, 40.33
Τραύαξα
Trauaxa
93, 37.67
Antiochia (Isidore of Charax) =
= Antiocheia Margiana (Ptolemy) =
Antiochis = Handzachis = Tza'hachis =
= Trauaxa (Ptolemaic editor)
Antiochis = Handzachis = Tza'hachis = Sarakhs
Antiochis = Handzachis = Tzu'hathis = Sayat
Antiochila = Handahli = Kandali
Antiochila = Handachi = Kaandakali
=== Isidore of Charax ===
Beyond is Apauarcticena, 27 schoeni, in which is the city of Apauarctica. Then the city of Ragau and two villages. Beyond [is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages. Beyond is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.

106 Antiocheia Margiana ? 40.33
᾿Αντιόχεια Μαργιανή
Antiocheia Margiana
Antiocha = Andiak = Yadak ?
=== Isidore of Charax ===
Beyond is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages.

106 Antiocheia Margiana ? 40.33
᾿Αντιόχεια Μαργιανή
Antiocha = Ciocha = Kaahka ?
[Notice "Abiverd settlement" here.]
=== Isidore of Charax ===
Beyond is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages.

Gouriana

104 Gouriana 40
Γουριανή
Gouriana (in Margiana)
104, 40
Γουρίαμνα
Gouriamna (in Media)
91, 37.33
Gouriana (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Gouriamna (Ptolemaic Editor, in Media) =
= Chorasmia = Khwarazm state ?
Gouriana = Ghourian

104 Gouriana 40
Γουριανή
Gouriana (in Margiana)
104, 40
Γουρίαμνα
Gouriamna (in Media)
Χόαρα
Choara (in Parthia)
95.25, 35.17
Χόανα (in Media)
Choana
Choarena (Arrian) =
= Gouriana (Ptolemy, in Margiana) ! =
= Gouriamna (Ptolemaic Editor, in Media) ! =
= Choara (Ptolemy) =
= Choana (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Chorasmia = Khwarazm state ?
Gouriana = Ghourian

104 Gouriana ? 40
Χόαρα
Choara
95.25, 35.17
Γουριανή
Gouriana
104, 40
Χόανα
Choana
Choarena (Arrian) =
= Choara (Ptolemy) =
= Choana (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Gouriana (Ptolemaic Editor) =
= Chorasmia = Khwarazm state ?
Gouriana = Gholaman ?

104 Gouriana ? 40
Χόαρα
Choara
95.25, 35.17
Gouriana
Χόανα
Choana
Choarena (Arrian) =
= Choara (Ptolemy) =
= Choana (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Gouriana (Ptolemaic Editor) =
Gouriana = Germe Chaneh river* ?
Gouriana = Gerivan ?
Gouriana = Ghelli ?
Gouriana = Ghareh Jar Abad ?
Gouriana = Korf ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical Map

104 Gouriana 40
Choara
Χόανα
= Gouriana (Ptolemaic Editor) =
Gouriana = Jorjan* = Jah Jerm** = Jajarm
Gouriana = Gurima = Garmeh
* On Asia_1787 Rumsey Historical map
** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

Gouriana = Golian ?

Nisaia / Nigaia

105.25 Nisaia / Nigaia 39.17
Parthaunisa / Nisaea
Should be "Nicaea"
"Parthian Victory"
Νίσαια ἢ Νίγαια
Nisaia / Nigaia
"Victory"
Parthaunisa (Isidore of Charax) =
= Nisaea (Isidore of Charax) =
= Nisaia / Nigaia (Ptolemy)
Parthaunisa = Nicaea = Nisa
[Numerous ruins here]
=== Isadore of Charax ===
Beyond is Astauena, 60 schoeni, in which there are 12 villages in which there are stations; and the city of Asaac, in which Arsaces was first proclaimed king; and an everlasting fire is guarded there.
Beyond is Parthyena, 25 schoeni; within which is a valley, and the city of Parthaunisa after 6 schoeni; there are royal tombs. But the Greeks call it Nisaea. Then the city of Gathar after 6 schoeni.
6 to Astauena & start of Parthyena
6 to Gathar
=== Wikipedia on Nisa, Turkmenistan ===
It was later renamed Mithradātkert (Parthian: 𐭌𐭕𐭓𐭃𐭕𐭊𐭓𐭕, lit. 'fortress of Mithradates') . . . Nisa was totally destroyed by an earthquake during the 1st decade BC. . . .
Excavations at Nisa have revealed substantial buildings, mausoleums and shrines, many inscribed documents, and a looted treasury. Many Hellenistic art works have been uncovered, as well as a large number of ivory rhytons, and rims (coins) decorated with Iranian subjects or classical mythological scenes.

105.25 Nisaia / Nigaia 39.17
Νίσαια ἢ Νίγαια
Nisaia / Nigaia
Nisaia = Hisah = Hesar ?
* Persian

105.25 Nisaia / Nigaia 39.17
Νίσαια ἢ Νίγαια
Nicaea = Nigaia = "Victory" ?
"Victory" = Shuza (پیروزی)* = Shirzan?
"Victory" = Shuza (پیروزی)* = Shirzan = Jowzan ?
"Victory" = Shuza (پیروزی)* = Shirzan = Jowzan = Ab Jahan ?
* Persian

Nicaea = Nigaia = "Victory" ?
"Victory" = Shuza (پیروزی)* = Shahrezu?
* Persian

Nicae = Nigaia = Noghaea Nokhandan ?

Nisaia = Nish Kish ?

Nigaia = Kalateh Naghi ?

Nisaia = renamed Neyshabur ("New Shaphur") ?

Apameia

Bactria

Bactria Border

Borders Unknown

Oxus River

105 Oxos river 39
Ωξον ποταμὸν
Oxos river
[Note that its not so much a single river, as a river-system-corridor.]
Oxos = Vaksh river (S Kyrgystan) ?
Oxos = Osh, Kyrgystan (also a province) ?
Oxos = Ozgon, Kyrgystan ?
Oxos = Ichka, Tajikstan ?
Oxos = Okyh, Uzbekistan ?
Amu Darya, Kolcha Rivers

Oxus Headwaters: 110, 39.
Perhaps should be 119, 39

Dargamanes river

116.5 Dargamanes river 36.33
Δαργαμάνης
Dargamanes river
Dargamanes = Dharjanz = Tedzhen river
Dargamanes = Dharjanz = Tedzhen = Tejen
Dargamanes = Dharjanz = Tedzhenstroj
Dargamanes = Dharjanz = Hardzhagaz

Portage 1

Portage 2

Portage 3

Dargamanes Headwaters: 116.5, 36.33.

Begin mixing with the Oxus: 109, 40.5.

Confluence with the Oxus: 109, 44.

Zariaspis & Artemis

113 Zariaspis river 39
Ζαρίασπις
Zariaspis river
(Modern Morghab river)

Headwaters of the Zariaspis: 113, 39.

Junction of the Zariaspis & Artemis: 113, 40.67.

Junction with the Oxus: 112.5, 44.

114 Artemis 39
ὁ Ἄρταμις
Artemis river
Headwaters at 114, 39

Headwaters of the Artemis

Dargoidos

116 Dargoidos river 39
Δάργοιδος
Dargoidos river
Headwaters at 116, 39

Flows into Oxus

Headwaters of the Dargoidos

Mts.

S. Oxie Mt.

Paropanisus Mts.
Παροπανίσου
Western limit: 111.5, 39.
Eastern limit: 119.5, 39.

Παροπανίσου
Paropanisus Mts.
Western limit: 111.5, 39.
Eastern limit: 119.5, 39.
Η Αρεία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Μαργιανῇ καὶ μέρει Βακτριανῆς παρὰ τὰς ἐκτεθειμένας αὐτῶν μεσημβρινὰς πλευρᾶς, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Παρθίᾳ καὶ τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Καρμανίᾳ κατὰ τὰς διωρισμένας αὐτῶν ἀνατολικὰς γραμμὰς, ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας Δραγγιανῇ κατὰ γραμμὴν, ἥτις ἀρξαμένη ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημένου πρὸς τῇ Καρμανίᾳ πέρατος καὶ κυρτώθεῖσα πρὸς ἄρκτους ἐπιστρέφει διὰ τοῦ Βαγώου ὄρους πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 111, 34
ἡ δὲ τῆς κυρτότητος [κυριότητος?] τοῦ ὄρους θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 105, 32.
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Παροπανισάδαις κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκτεθειμένα πέρατα διὰ τῶν δυτικῶν
μερῶν τοῦ Παροπανίσου, θέσις και τα τρία σημεῖα
καὶ τὸ ἀνατολικώτατον - . . . 119, 39 .
But Aria is surrounded, on the one hand on the north by Margiana, and by the part of Bactria, along their extended southern sides; but on the west by Parthia, and the Carmanian desert; but on the south by Drangiana along the line which having begun from the aforesaid end next to Carmania and curving to the north, turns back thru the Bagoo'os Mt., to the east until the end, which has location . . . 111, 34.
but the greatest curvature [most lordly?] of the mountains has location . . . 105, 32.
but on the east, by the Paropanissuses, according to their shared extended frontier, from the southern parts of Paropanissus, and that has 3 signs:
and easternmost - . . . 119, 39 .

Salaterai ?
Σαλατέραι
Salaterai
=== Ptolemaic cities in the North ===
Salaterai = Shalatra = Charata = Characharta (See pin) ?
Salaterai = Shalatra = Charantra = Couriandra (See pin) ?
Salaterai = Shalatra = Charantra = Cauraris (See pin) ?
Salaterai = Shalatsah = Shariasaba = Chariaspa (See pin) ?
=== Modern Cities 50 miles to the SE* ===
Salata = Sharlatha = Shurlaha = Shurlana = Shirlama ?
Salatoi = Sharachoi = Churchoi = Kyrkkui ?
Salaterai = Shalti = Khaltabad ?
Salaterai = Salarabad ?
Salaterai = Sharat = Shahrak-Garb ?
Salaterai = Sharat = Shahrak-e-Sadaf ?
Salaterai = Sharat = Shahrak = Yashlyk ?
Salaterai = Sarat = Sarakhs ?
* The people probably migrated, after the local Oxus dried up.

Zariaspai
Ζαριάσπαι
Zariaspai = (Z/Ch)ari(a)spa
Zoroastrians = Zariaspai ??

Comoi
Κωμῆδαι
Coomedai
(S Sacha province)
Κόμαροι
Comaroi
(N Sacha province)
Κῶμοι
Coomoi
(SW Bactria province)
Χόμαροι
Chomaroi
Κομισηνή / Κωμισηνή
Co(o)misene
(E Parthia province)
Gomer (Bible) =
= Cimmarians (in Turkey & the Caucusus) =
= X(i)ūmì (Yuezhi tribe, in N Afghanistan)* =
= Comaroi (Ptolemy, in N Sacha)** =
= Cumans (11th century Hun raiders) ?
= Coomedai (Ptolemy, in S Sacha)** ?
= Chomaroi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)**
& Coomoi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)** =
= Co(o)misen(e/a) (Ptolemy & Arrian, in E Parthia)
* See video. These X(i)umi people are still in the exact same location, the Chüy Valley, 600 years later, as part of the disintegrating Xiongnu's Yueban confederation.
** These 4 Ptolemaic groups could either be separate branches of the original Xiumi, or some could be the same branch, just added later by an editor, after the name had evolved.
Obviously related to the Χόμαροι (Chomaroi), right next to them.
Comoi = Gomer* = Cimmerians
Comoi = X(i)umi ?
Comoi = X(i)umi = Cumans ??**
** But Cumans are usually thought to've come from North of Mongolia in the 1100s.
Comoi = Golmuh = Goruh ?
Comoi = Golmae = Golmakan ?
Comoi = Golmae = Gholaman ?
Comoi = Golmae = Hesar-e Garmkhan ?
Comoi = Gomae = Kuh Kamar ?
Comoi = Gomae = Kizyl-Kemer ?

Comoi/Comaroi placenames

Comaroi
Κωμῆδαι
Coomedai
(S Sacha province)
Κόμαροι
(N Sacha province)
Κῶμοι
Coomoi
(SW Bactria province)
Χόμαροι
Chomaroi
Κομισηνή / Κωμισηνή
Co(o)misene
(E Parthia province)
Gomer (Bible) =
= Cimmarians (in Turkey & the Caucusus) =
= X(i)ūmì (Yuezhi tribe, in N Afghanistan)* =
= Comaroi (Ptolemy, in N Sacha)** =
= Cumans (11th century Hun raiders) ?
= Coomedai (Ptolemy, in S Sacha)** ?
= Chomaroi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)**
& Coomoi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)** =
= Co(o)misen(e/a) (Ptolemy & Arrian, in E Parthia)
* See video. These X(i)umi people are still in the exact same location, the Chüy Valley, 600 years later, as part of the disintegrating Xiongnu's Yueban confederation.
** These 4 Ptolemaic groups could either be separate branches of the original Xiumi, or some could be the same branch, just added later by an editor, after the name had evolved.
Obviously related to the Κῶμοι (Comoi), right next to them.
Comaroi = Gomer* = Cimmerians
Comoi = X(i)umi ?
Comaroi = Chenar(an) (numerous cities around here) ?
Comaroi = Golbahar ?

Acinacai
᾿Ακινάκαι
Acinacai = Ashkenaz ?
Acinacai = Hahcah = Chahchaheh ??
Acinacai = Hahcah = Kaakhka ??
Acinacai = Hahcah = Acakzha'i ??
Acinacai = Arkalic ?
Acinacai = Acek ?
Acinacai = Darrah-i-Achzi ?
Acinacai = Aq Sai ?
Acinacai = Qara Shaikhi ?
Acinacai = Astana ?
Acinacai = Haqi = Taqiabad ?
Acinacai = Aci = Akhdzhiepe ??
Acinacai = Aclam = Akhlamad ??
Acinacai = Agunati = Azghand ?

Tocharoi, a great nation
Τόχαροι μέγα ἔθνος,
Tocharoi = Turks ?
Tocharoi = Tocharians ?
Tocharoi = Tarkhan (3 cities, NEE & W of here)

Tambyzoi ?
Τάμβυζοι
Tambyzoi
Tambyzoi = Tahdza = Tejen ??
Tambyzoi = Tahdza = Tedzhen ??
Tambyzoi = Tahdza = Tedzhenstroj* ??
* "Stroj" means "engine."
Tambyzoi = Tahdza = Tedzhen = Tedeyol ??
Tambyzoi = Tahdza = Tedzhen = Tezedurmush ??

Marucaioi
Μαρυκαῖοι
Marucaioi = Maracanda
Marucaioi = Maracadra
Marucaioi = Marouca = Malouca = Amul = Türkmenabat

Scordai ?
Σκόρδαι
Scordai
Cirradai (Ptolemy) = Scordai (Ptolemy) ?
Scordai = Schardzha = Chardzhou (NE on the Syr'Darya)?
Scordai = Schardowa = Shaim Sardoba ?
Scordai = Schohdza = Pervy Khodzhakuyu ?
Scordai = Gorth = Gorch = Imeni Maksima Gor'kogo ?

Ouarnoi ?
οἵ Οὐάδασσοι
Ou[w]adassoi
(Media province)
Οὐανδάβανδα
Wandabanda
(Sogdiana province)
Σωβἰδας
Soobidas
(Bactria province)
Σαβάδιοι
Sabadioi
Ὀρείσιτοι
Oreisitoi
Ὀβαρεῖς
Obareis
(Aria province)
Οὔαρνοι
Ouarnoi = Warnoi
(E Bactria province)
᾿Αμαρεῖς
Amareis
(SE Bactria province)
=== Possible Tajik Ancestors: ===
Ou[w]adassoi (Ptolemy) =
= Wandabanda (Ptolemy) ?
= Soobidas (Ptolemy) ?
= Sabadioi (Ptolemy) ?
= Oreisitai (Ptolemy) ??
= Arouzis (Ptolemy) ?
= Obareis (Ptolemy) ?? =
= Thubrassene/Tribazina (Ptolemy/Peutinger) ?
= Ouarnoi (Ptolemy) ?
= Amareis (Ptolemy) ?
Obareis = Dehwari people and language* ?
* In Pakistan
Warnoi = Ralwartly ?

Sabadioi ?
οἵ Οὐάδασσοι
Ou[w]adassoi
(Media province)
Σωβἰδας
Soobidas
(Bactria province)
Σαβάδιοι
Sabadioi
Ὀβαρεῖς
Obareis
(Aria province)
Οὔαρνοι
Ouarnoi = Warnoi
(E Bactria province)
᾿Αμαρεῖς
Amareis
(SE Bactria province)
Ou[w]adassoi (Ptolemy) =
= Wandabanda (Ptolemy) ?
= Soobidas (Ptolemy) ?
= Sabadioi (Ptolemy) ?
= Oreisitai (Ptolemy) ??
= Arouzis (Ptolemy) ?
= Obareis (Ptolemy) ?? =
= Thubrassene/Tribazina (Ptolemy/Peutinger) ?
= Ouarnoi (Ptolemy) ?
= Amareis (Ptolemy) ?
Sabadioi = Afghan Safi tribe ?
Sabadioi = Bar + Sabadan = Basbeden ??
Sabada = Sabda = Sahdah = Mahalla-i-Sardar ?
Sabada = Sabda = Sahdah = Mir Sadi ?
Sabada = Sambda = Chabar Shamba ?

Oreisitoi ??
οἵ Οὐάδασσοι
Ou[w]adassoi
(Media province)
Οὐανδάβανδα
Wandabanda
(Sogdiana province)
Σωβἰδας
Soobidas
(Bactria province)
Σαβάδιοι
Sabadioi
Ὀρείσιτοι
Oreisitoi
Ὀβαρεῖς
Obareis
(Aria province)
Οὔαρνοι
Ouarnoi = Warnoi
(E Bactria province)
᾿Αμαρεῖς
Amareis
(SE Bactria province)
=== Possible Tajik Ancestors: ===
Ou[w]adassoi (Ptolemy) =
= Wandabanda (Ptolemy) ?
= Soobidas (Ptolemy) ?
= Sabadioi (Ptolemy) ?
= Oreisitai (Ptolemy) ??
= Arouzis (Ptolemy) ?
= Obareis (Ptolemy) ?? =
= Thubrassene/Tribazina (Ptolemy/Peutinger) ?
= Ouarnoi (Ptolemy) ?
= Amareis (Ptolemy) ?
Explanation: 3 Tribes were described in Ptolemy as "south of the Jasonion mountain," which is the Juzjan/Jowzjan province of Afghanistan. 1 of these 3 tribes--the Ou[w]adassoi--turned up, in modern times, as Badakhshi, Wakhi, and Wardaki Tajiks in Northeastern Afghanistan (see map). Therefore the others whose names are related to them, are presumably also Tajiks.
Oreisitoi = Serhetabat ??
Oreisitoi = Horest = Herat Natural Park ??

Οὐανδάβανδα
Wandabanda
(Sogdiana province)
Ὀρείσιτοι
Oreisitoi
=== Possible Tajik Ancestors: ===
Obareis = Dehwari people and language* ?
* In Pakistan
Amareis = Almar ?
Amareis = Aqa Mirza ?

Characharta

111 Characharta ? 44
Χαράχαρτα
Characharta
Characharta = Zadracarta* ?
* See Wikipedia, below.
Characharta = Karry-Cherlya ?
Characharta = Bhar-Cherden = Bakherden = Baharly (80 miles SSW) ?
Characharta = Bhar-Cherden = Bakhardok = Bokurdak (22 miles W) ?
=== Wikipedia on Gorgon ===
According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and site of the "royal palace".[9] The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[10]

111 Characharta ? 44
Χαράχαρτα
Characharta
Characharta = Zadracarta* ?
* See Wikipedia, below.
Zadracarta = Zachartha = Sakarchaga ?
=== Wikipedia on Gorgon ===
According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and site of the "royal palace".[9] The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[10]

111 Characharta ? 44
Χαράχαρτα
Characharta = Zadracarta* ?
* See Wikipedia, below.
Zadracarta = Zachirla = Mirzachirla (NE) ?
=== Wikipedia on Gorgon ===
According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and site of the "royal palace".[9] The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[10]

Characharta = [total name changed] = Khan-Koy* = Khankui ?
* Köy is the word for "village" in Western Oghuz language

Characharta = Chalta = Khaltabad (SW) ?
[Absolutely nothing here today, so is this the traditional place?]

(Ch/Z)ari(a)spa

115 (Z/Ch)ari(a)spa 44
Ζαρί(α)σπα ἢ Χαρίσπα
(Z/Ch)ari(a)spa
Chariaspa = Keryadzha = Kelyadzhi
Zarispa = Zereppa = Serepluh = Serepli

115 (Ch/Z)ari(a)spa 44
Ζαριάσπαι
Zariaspai
Zariaspai = Zereppali = Serepli = Serepli
Zariaspai = Keryatzi = Kelyadzhi

Gonur Tepe
Means "Grey hill" in the local language.

Aturkan
Aturkan* = Tarkhan
* On 1679 Italian map

117 Choana 42
Choana = Kohneh Qal'eh

117 Choana 42
Choana = Choghdan ?

Sourogana

Σουρογάνα
Sourogana
Sourogana = Sehurgana = Sheberghan ?
Sourogana = Sulgaha = Sulgara ?

Σουρογάνα
Sourogana
Sourogana = Tsulecana = Taleqan ?

Σουρογάνα
Souragana
Souragana = Surajaja = Saryjazy
Souragana = Sulagaja = Suli-Gokcha

Souragana
Souragana = Sulgara ?

Φράτου
Phratou
Phratou = Faradh = Parca-Folad ?

Alichorda

107 Alichorda 43.5
᾿Αλιχόρδα
Alichorda
[But some maps show "Alicodra."]
[This site would be relative to the Chomera to its SSW.]
[The problem with this site is that it could be either Alichorda, or Characharta]
Alicodra = Hari-Chohrlia = Karry-Cherlya ?

107 Alichorda 43.5
᾿Αλιχόρδα
Alichorda
[But some maps show "Alicodra."]
[This site would be relative to the Chomera to its SW.]
[The problem with this site is that it could be either Alichorda, or Characharta, ]
Alicodra = Chod(r)ha-Ali = Khodzhaolen ?
Alicodra = Codzhra = Cosha = Koshakak ?
[After the Oxus river dried up, the city probably moved 50 miles W to...]
Alicodra = Chod(r)ha-Ala = Khodzha-Kala = Khodzhakala ?
[...then 20 miles S to a river at...]
Alicodra = Chorah-Ala = Garrygala = Kara Kala ?
Placename seems to mean "Kurd, see nearby:
Bokurdak
Karaadzhi
Nokhur

107 Alichorda 43.5
᾿Αλιχόρδα
[But some maps show "Alicodra."]
Alicodra = Hahlyc = (J/Y)ashlyk ?
[This site would be relative to the Chomera to its SW.]

Alicodra = Codra + Ali = Khodzhakala ?
[This is where the city probably moved to, after the Oxus river dried up.]

Alicorda = Atacola = Atakul ?

Alicorda = Aricharja = Sakarchaga ??

Alichorda = Narhichelda = Mirzachirla (NE) ?

Alichorda = Cholda = Khaltabad (SW) ?

Chomara

Χόμαρα
Chomara
Gomer = Chomara = Comoi & Comaroi peoples .
Chomara = Kizyl-Kemer ?
Chomara = Chenar (6 miles SEE) ?
[Located on a major pass through the mountains.]
[Could be any of the cities named after Gomer. See "Comoi" and "Comaroi" pins for examples.]

Χόμαρα
Chomara
Chomara = Chenaran ?
[Could be any of the cities named after Gomer. See "Comoi" and "Comaroi" pins for examples.]

Χόμαρα
Chomara = Mo-chara = Nokhur ?
Chomara = Mo-charal = Karaul ??
Chomara = Bhohmara = Borme ??
Chomara = Bhohmara = Borme = Bamy ??
[This is in the right orientation order to Alichorda.]
[Could be any of the cities named after Gomer. See "Comoi" and "Comaroi" pins for examples.]

Κουριάνδρα
Couriandra
Couriandra = Cari-Adhjra = Karaadzhi ?
Couriandra = Cari-Carly* = Karry-Cherlya (25 miles SEE) ??
* 2 different pronunciations, hyphenated.

112 Astacana 43.33
Αστακάνα
Astacana
Astacana (Ptolemy) = Osacana = Oscanidati (Peutinger) ?
Astacana = Ahtacam = Andiachim* = Tarkhan
Astacana = Ahtacam = Tarkhan
* On 1735 map.

(Ebou/To)smou[w]anassa

108.5 (Ebou/To)smou[w]anassa 41.33
Susia
Ἐβουσμουάνασσα ἢ Τοσμουάνασσα
Ebousmou[w]anassa or Tosmou[w]anassa
Shown on maps as either:
Euusmi Regia = Euusmi capital
Eburu[w]i Regia = Eburu[w]i capital = Hebrew capital ??
Therefore, presumably "-μουάνασσα" / "-mou[w]anassa" means "capital." Perhaps the cognate is "maýa" and "mayeh," also meaning "capital," in Turkmen and Persian, respectively.
Susia (Arrian) = Tosmou[w]anassa (Ptolemy) ?
Tsous = Toshuen = Tuzhen = Tejen
Tsous = Toshuen = Tosmou[w]anassa?
Tsous = Susia
Tsous = Tezeyol
[Coming from Hyrcania, Alexander would have encountered this side of the province of Aria caps first. Many attribute Tous (next to Mashhad/Sanabad) to being Susia, but the name goes better here, as does its being on the fastest highway to Ariana, whereas that one is buried in the chaotic valleys of Parthia.]
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 25 ===
. . . thence to the confines [edges] of Areia and to Susia, a city in that province, where Satibarzanes, the viceroy of the Areians, came to meet him.

108.5 (Ebou/To)smou[w]anassa 41.33
Ἐβουσμουάνασσα ἢ Τοσμουάνασσα
Ebousmou[w]anassa or Tosmou[w]anassa
Shown on maps as either:
Euusmi Regia = Euusmi capital
Eburu[w]i Regia = Eburu[w]i capital = Hebrew capital ??
Ebousmou[w]anassa = Elbursmi = Yelbarsly ?

Eucratidia

115 Eucratidia ? 42
Εὐκρατιδία
Eucratidia
Eucratidia = "Eucharist" = Sarabana (عشای ربانی)* = Sar-E Band ?
* In Persian

115 Eucratidia 42
Εὐκρατιδία
Eucratidia
Eucratidia = Uch-ha-tidji = Uch-Adzhi ?

115 Eucratidia ? 42
Εὐκρατιδία
Eucratidia = Jeucarath = Shakarak Bazar ??

116 Bactra Regia 41

116[?] Bactra Regia 41
Βάκτρα βασίλειον
Bactra Basileion
Bactra Regia
Bactra Capital
Bactra Regia = Merv ?
[This is where the greatest buildings are. If that's the case, then it's just drawn one tributary of the Oxus too far East, wrongly at the Artemis rive, rather than here at the Zariaspis river, for which it is named (See Appian, below), and hence Ptolemy gives it the wrong Longitude, too: 116, instead of 113.]
=== Wikipedia on Merv ===
Alexander the Great's visit to Merv is merely legendary, but the city was named Alexandria (Ἀλεξάνδρεια) after him for a time. After his death in 323 BC, it became the capital of the Province of Margiana of the Seleucid, Greco-Bactrian (256–125 BC), Parthian, and Sassanid states.[17]
The Seleucid ruler, Antiochus Soter (reigned 281–261 BC), renamed it to Antiochia Margiana; he rebuilt and expanded the city at the site presently known as Gyaur Gala fortress. Isidore of Charax wrote Antiochia was called the "unwatered" (Ἄνυδρος).
=== Cosmographia by Appian, Petrus ===
Bactria regia, olim Zariaſtes

116 Bactra Regia 41
Βάκτρα βασίλειον
Bactra Basileion
Bactra Regia
Bactra Capital
Bactra = Bactres = Balkh ?
=== Wikipedia on Balkh ===
Alexander the Great married Roxana of Bactria after killing the king of Balkh.[17] The city was the capital of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and was besieged for three years by the Seleucid Empire (208–206 BC).
=== Wikipedia on Bactria Map ===
Note on the map, "Bactres being in this area.
=== Cosmographia by Appian, Petrus ===
Bactria regia, olim Zariaſtes

116 Bactra Regia 41
Βάκτρα βασίλειον
Bactra Basileion
Bactra Regia
Bactra Capital
Bactra = Su Bakhtu ?
=== Wikipedia on Bactria Map ===
Note on the map, "Bactres being in this area.
=== Cosmographia by Appian, Petrus ===
Bactria regia, olim Zariaſtes

Estobara

Adur Burzen-Mihr
Top-level Fire Temple
Adur = "Holy Fire" in Persian;
Burzēn-Mihr = "Exalted is Mihr" in Persian
Εστόβαρα
Estobara
Ἑκατόμπυλον Βασίλειον
Hecatompylon Basileion
[For meaning, see Origin below.]
=== Origin ===
Hecatompylon (ἑκατομπυλός) = "100 Gated" in Greek; however,
Hecatomba (ἑκατόμβη) = "Sacrifice" in Greek.
This is key in identifying the capital ("Basileion"), which was famously Arsacia, wherever it is, as ALSO the location of the Fire Temple ("Hecatom(ba/pylon)"). But all the placenames below say that the fire-temple is here; therefore also the capital was here.
Adur Burzen-Mihr =
= Estobara (Ptolemy) =
= Hecatompylon Basileion (Ptolemaic editor) ?
= Arsacia ??
[It seems that this was probably the location of the Fire Temple and Capital Arsacia, before it was officially re-founded in the 3rd century by Shapur I. It's unclear exactly where the original fire temple was. Perhaps at the pin, near the grave of Omar Khayyam; perhaps at the edge of the mountain, where all the suburbs listed below are at. My best guess is somewhere in the vicinity of Hesar.]
=== Suburbs of Nishabur ===
Mt. Raēvant/Rēvand* = Rivand
Mihr = Mir Abad
Mihr = Mirabad ?
Burzen = Buzhan
Burzen = Basij Town
Burzen = Bashnij
Burzen = Barghān/Bozghān = Firuzeh
Burzen = Boshr Abad
Burzen = Baghshan-e Gach ?
Adur = Adjur = Ghar ?
Adur Burzen = Dar Behesht ?
Adur Burzen = Edjuh Burhuh = Estobara ?
* See Wikipedia below
** Suburb of Neyshabur
=== Alternative Possibility: ===
Shappur = Eshtabur = Estobara
Shappur = Nishapur
=== Wikipedia on Adur Burzen-Mihr ===
This Fire is described in Bundahishn. Its location is given as Mount Rēvand (in Avestan: Raēvant), probably a spur of the Nishapur mountains in the district formerly known as Rēvand in Khurasan.[Wrong] An element of the name is preserved in the name of the nearby village Borzinan may [Wrong again.]. Another identification is Mount Mehr, five miles from the village Mehr on the Shahrud–Sabzevar Highway [Wrong.]. Some identify it with the Fire of Asaak.
=== Wikipedia on Nishapur ===
History of Nishapur has been intermingled with myths and different historical narratives. According to different mythological and historical narratives, the city was founded 7500 years ago during the reign of mythical line of primordial kings known as the Pishdadian dynasty.[27][verification needed] According to Arthur Christensen, Nishapur was founded in the year 260 A.D[28][verification needed]. Nishapur was founded by the Sasanian emperor Shapur II (r. 309–379) during the last years of his rule, as demonstrated by new archaeological findings.

Estobara
Εστόβαρα
Estobara = Atabapha = Im. Atabaeva ?

Estobara ?
Εστόβαρα
Estobara = Estobali = Esbali = Espalki ?

Soobidas = Spet Xyon/Sveta-huna = Hephthalites = White Huns

112 Maracanda 39.25
Μαρακάνδα
Maracanda
Maracanda = Merv = Mary

Maracodra

Μαρακόδρα
Maracodra
Maracodra = Codaria = Chor Darya ?
Maracodra = Codaria = Chor Danya = Tor Dana ?

Μαρακόδρα
Maracodra
Maracodra = Nahechot = Nicho

Μαρακόδρα
Maracodra = Muricath = Murichaq

Maracodra = Merghab ?
[But it's on the wrong side of one Oxus tributary too far East.]
=== Wikipedia on Samarkand ===
The city was known as Maracanda by the Greeks.

Aspabotra
Aspabotra = Ashgabat ?

[W]Ouandabanda
μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Καυκάσου ὄρους καὶ τοῦ Ἰμίου Οὐανδάβανδα
Between both the Caucusus Mt and the Himilaya, is [W]Ouandabanda
Ouandabanda = Yuandaband = Ayuan = (D/T)ayuan ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Oudbahda = Uzbek ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Ohand = Kokand ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Huanobad = Khanabad ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Huanobad = Konibodom ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Huanobad = Chinobod ?

Sogdiana
Sogd = Asact = Kazakh

Sogdiana border
Northwest corner (Jaxartus & Inner Scythia): 110, 49.
Northeast corner (Inner Scythia's bend + Saca): 120, 48.5.
Eastern bend (Jaxartus headwaters): 125,43.
Southeast corner: 120, 38.5

Sogdiana
=== Presumable Origin of Ptolemaic placenames: ===
Sogdi = Saceti = Saces/Sacha
Saces = Sacha Region (Tajikistan)
Saces = Tectosaces
Saces = Auxacitis
Saces = Massagetai ?
Saces = Kazakhs ?
Saces = Serica Mts. = Serica region = Sera metropolis ??

Border points

ὸ δὲ ἄρκτῶν ὁμοίως μέρει Σκυϑίας παρὰ τῷ ἐντεῦϑεν τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου ποταμοῦ τμήματι μέχρι τοῦ τῆς ἐπιστροφῆς αὐτοῦ πέρατος,
but [Sogdiana is bordered] on the north similarly, by the part of Scythia next to the tract of the Jaxartus [river], from here until the end of its curve [presumably toward the Southeast], whose location is 120, 48.5.

ὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Σάκαις παρὰ τὴν ἐντεῦϑεν τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου μέχρι τῶν πηγῶν ἐπιστροφης, αἵτινες ἕπέχουσι μοίρας 125,43
but [Sogdiana is bordered] on the east by Saca next to the [region] of the Jaxartus [river] until the curve of the headwaters which have location 125,43.

καὶ τῇ ἀπὸ τούτων προφεμκβαλλομένῃ γραμμῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ ϑέσις ἐ ἐπέχει μοίρ
[Sogdiana is bordered on the East] also by the line extending from these [headwaters] until the end, whose location is 125, 38.5,
ὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν καὶ μεσημβρίας καὶ ἔτι δύσεως τῇ 1ϑ Βακτριανῇ παρὰ τὸ ἐκτεϑειμένον τοῦ Ὥξου 20 τμῆμα, καὶ τοῖς ἰδίως καλουμένοις Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι κατὰ τὴν ἐπιξευγνύουσαν γραμμὴν τό τὸ εἰρημένον πέρας καὶ τὰς τοῦ Ὥξου πηγάς.
but on the east and south, and still westwardly by Bactria, next to the extended region of the Oxus, and by those same so-called Caucasus Mountains, according to the aforesaid shared line until the end, and the headwaters of the Oxus.

Διατείνει δὲ ὄρὴ μεταξὺ τῶν δύο ποταμῶν καλούμενα Σύγδια, ὧν τὰ πέρατα
But there extended mountains between the 2 rivers, whose ends are 111, 47 and 122, 46.5.

Jaxartus river

Jastus river

100 Jastus river 47.5
Ιαστου
Ιαστου = Ἰαξάρτου
Jastus = Jaxartus
[Even though these are separate rivers, the Jastus is obviously just an old branch of the Jaxartus.]

Northern Part
[if this were to be thought of as part of either the Jastus, or Jaxartus, and should be, for the Jastus tribe is nearby, which should have no etymological connection to these 2 rivers' names, unless this northern section were thought of by that name.]
Jaxartus = Zharshagyl ?
Jaxartus = Zhenishkekum ?
Jaxartus = Zhelgyzagem ?
Jaxartus = Tshkhantam ?

Aral Portage

Jaxartus river
Ἰαξάρτου
Iaxartus = Jaxartus
Nigrinus* river (Peutinger) =
= Jaxartus river (Ptolemy) =
= Tanais river (Arrian)
Jaxartus = Xar = Kyzal = Kyzyl* = Kyzylkum desert
Jaxartus = Xar = Kyzal = Kyzyl* = [Many placenames around here, such as the city and region of Kyzylorda.]
* Means "black". This is obviously due to the color of the desert.
Jaxartus = Syr Darya river
Jaxartus = Aksu river (In Kyrgistan & China) ?
=== Cities at the NE Caspian shore ===
Jaxartus = Dzharchik
Jaxartus = Zhaksybaykair
Jaxartus = Axs = Kulakshi
=== Cities on the Portage ===
Jaxartus = Axalth = Axalch = Akshelek
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalch = Shalkar
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalch = Shilikty
Jaxartus = Xal = Xal = Zhalauly
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalgh = Zhelgyzagem
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xach = Karashokat
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xach = Saksaulskiy
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalich = Saryshiganak
Jaxartus = Axs = Akespe ??
Jaxartus = Xal = Shalkar (city)
Jaxartus = Jaxal = Kyzylorda (city & region)
Jaxartus = Jaxal = Kyzyl-Ordinskaya Oblast
Jaxartus = Janxal = Zhankel
Jaxartus = Zartus - Zar-Tash ?
Jaxartus = Zhetisay
Jaxartus = Zhily Su
Jaxartus = Koksaray
Jaxartus = Shardara (city & reservoir)
Jaxartus = Sharva
| Tributaries of the Jaxartus
Tributary: | Jaxartus | Demos | Bascatis
Junction with the Jaxartus | N/A | 123,37 | 121,47.5
* Longitude, then Latitude

Demos river
Δῆμος
Demos = Dzhana-Tleu
Demos = Zhaidma
Demos = Zhaiylma
Demos = Zhdanovo
Demos = Zhanaturmys
Demos = Zhanatas
Demos = Zhanaaryk
Demos = Zhanakush
Demos = Baidzhansai
Demos = Bayzhansay
[This is the middle of the 3 Rivers, between the Jaxartus & Bascatis, which latter 2 are reversed from how shown on the map.]
| Tributaries of the Jaxartus
Tributary: | Jaxartus | Demos | Bascatis
Junction with the Jaxartus | N/A | 123,37 | 121,47.5
* Longitude, then Latitude

Bascatis river
Βασκατὶς
Bascatis = Beysheke
Bascatis = Bishkek
Bascatis = Beshh-Terek
Bascatis = Bektobe
Bascatis = Issyk Kul (Lake) ?
Bascatis = Blagoveshchenka ??
[The coordinates are all screwed up for this. This should be the westernmost of the 3 Jaxartus-linked-rivers, but in fact it is clearly easternmost, based on derived placenames, east of both the Demos & Jaxartus.]
| Tributaries of the Jaxartus
Tributary: | Jaxartus | Demos | Bascatis
Junction with the Jaxartus | N/A | 123,37 | 121,47.5
* Longitude, then Latitude

Balkhash Portage

Oxus river

Amu Darya river
Ωξον ποταμὸν
Oxos river
Oxos = Vaksh river (S Kyrgystan) ?
Oxos = Osh, Kyrgystan (also a province) ?
Oxos = Ozgon, Kyrgystan ?
Oxos = Ichka, Tajikstan ?
Oxos = Okyh, Uzbekistan ?
Amu Darya, Kolcha Rivers

Dry modern bed

Oxea Lake
Oxea Lacus

Former Lake

Other shown lake
(Modern Aral sea)

111 Oxianan Lake 45
Ὡξειανὴν λίμνην;
Oxeianen Limnen

111 Oxeianen Lake 45
Ὡξειανὴν λίμνην;
Oxeianen Limnen
Oxeianen Lake

Sogdi Mts.

Sogdi Mts.
Διατείνει δὲ ορὴ μεταξὺ τῶν δύο ποταμῶν καλούμενα Σύγδια
But the so-called Sogdi Mts., extend between the 2 rivers.
Ends:

Διατείνει δὲ ορὴ μεταξὺ τῶν δύο ποταμῶν καλούμενα Σύγδια
But the so-called Sogdi Mts., extend between the 2 rivers.
Ends:

Caucusus Mts.
τοῖς ἰδίως καλουμένοις Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι
The equally so-called Caucusus Mts.

Pascai
Πάσκαι
Pascai = Baskara ?
Pascai = Kaskyrtau ?
[Perhaps means "Cave people." "Peshchera" means "cave" in Russian. ]

Jatioi
Ἰατιοῖι
Iatioi = Jatioi
Jatioi = Jaxartus river
Jatioi = Dzhana-Turmys
Jatioi = Dzhusaly = Josaly
Jatioi = Dzhalagash
Jatioi = Zhetykol
Jatioi = Iasy = Turkistan

Tachoroi
Τάχοροι
Tachoroi = Tocharian ?
Tachoroi = Tajik ?
Tachoroi = Chach = Tashkent ?
Tachoroi = Chirchiq river = Tajik ?
Tachoroi = Taikonur ?

Augaloi
Τάχοροι ὑπ'ους Αυγαλοΐ
Tachoroi, under whom [are] Augaloi
Augaloi = Aydahloi = Aydarly

Oxydragcai
Δρυβάκται
Oxy- = Oghuz = Uzes
Dry-bactai = (B/D)hacchai* = dragcai
* "(B/D)hacchai" would be the original eponym, from which both these 2 peoples came.
Oxy-dragcai = Brak = Balac = Balakarak ?
Oxy-dragcai = Dragstai = Daugyztau ?
Oxy-dragcai = Oxxy-dhak = Achchikkuduk ?
Oxy-dragcai = Ukhah-dhak = Uzunkuduk ?
Oxy-dragcai = Ukha-dhak = Uchkuduk (2 cities) ?
Oxy-dragca = Akh-trakula = Aktakyr ?
Oxy-dragca = Akz-Deraktai = Adzherekty/Azhyrykti ?
Oxy-dragca = Aykha-dhak = Ayakkuduk ?
Oxy-dragca = Oxy = Yangi = Yangikazgan ?
Oxy-dragca = Oxy = Aksay ?

Drybactai
Δρυβάκται
Dry-bactai = (B/D)hacchai* = Oxy-dragcai
* "(B/D)hacchai" would be the original eponym, from which both these 2 peoples came.
Trybactra = Deruchtarah = Balacharah = Balakarak ?
Trybactra = Drybagtaur = Dru-bijtau = Daugyztau ?
Drybagtai = Dju-hanchitai = Dzhankeldy ?
Drybactai = Dys-Brak = Tuzbulak ?
Drybactai = Dy-Brak = Tamdybulaq ?
Drybacta = Derah-katah = Terakkuduk ?
Drybactai = Brak = Bulak = Beshbulak ?
Drybactai = Brak = Bulak = Mingdulak ?
Drybactai = Barak = Bujak = Beshkak ?

Kandaroi
Κάνδαροι
Kandaroi = Kangju = Kangars
Kandaroi = Kenta = Kandos
Kandaroi = Kenta = Kentau
Kandaroi = Kentz = Kenes

Mardu[w]enoi
Μαρδυηνοΐ
Marduenoi = Mardu[w]enoi
Mardu[w]enoi = Murynkuduk ?
Mardu[w]enoi = Muruntau ?

Oxeianoi
παρὰ τὸν Ὥξον Ωξειανοί
and next to the Oxus, Oxeianoi
Oxeianoi = Oxus river
Oxeianoi = Oghuz = Uzes
[Located here, before the Oxus changed course and flowed further north]
=== Cities 160 miles to the West ===
Oxeianoi = Yaskha ?
Oxeianoi = Beuradzhi ?
Oxeianoi = Adzhykul ?

Chorasmioi
Χωράσμιοι
=== Similar Ethnonyms ===
Καράται = Κιῤῥᾶδαι (ἡ Κιῤῥοδεεῖς) = Χωράσμιοι
Caratai = Cirradai (or Kirrodeeis) = Chorasmioi/Chordsini* ?
*Seems to be a different pronunciation, perhaps influenced by actual knowledge of the Medieval mapmaker, thus perhaps a derived form of the name.
Chorasmioi = Khwarazmian empire
Chorasmioi = Chirlasmioi = Mirzachirla ?
[This ethnic group 1st popped up 170 miles north, at the Khwarazmian Empire's original capital, Gurganj (1077–1212), modern Konye-Urgench. In classical times, they probably were here, further south, and migrated north when the Oxus changed course.]
=== Wikipedia on Khwarazmian Empire ===
The title of Khwarazmshah was introduced in 305 AD by the founder of the Afrigid dynasty and existed until 995.

Drepsianoi
καὶ παρὰ τὸν Ὥξον Ωξειανοί, καὶ Χωράσμιοι,
δὲ τουτῶν ἀνατολικώτερα Δρεψιανοὶ
μὲν ἐπιζευγνύοντες ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς ποταμοὺς ________;
ἔτι δὲ τούτων ἀνατολικώτεροι ᾿Ανιέσεις
μὲν παρὰ τὸν Ἰαξάρτην,
Κιῤῥᾶδαι δὲ (ἡ Κιῤῥοδεεῖς) παρὰ τὸν Ὦξον
and next to the Oxus Oxeianoi and Chorasmioi,
but east of these Drepsianoi
now on the one hand straddling both the rivers ________*,
but still east of these Anieseis, on the one hand next to the Jaxartus,
but Cirradai (or Korrodeeis) the other hand, next to the Oxus.
* Is an ethnic group missing in the blank above, or do both hands refer to the Anieseis?
Drepsianoi = (D)Repsa Metropolis (See those first 2 pins, which determine this ethnic group's location.)

Anieseis
καὶ παρὰ τὸν Ὥξον Ωξειανοί, καὶ Χωράσμιοι,
δὲ τουτῶν ἀνατολικώτερα Δρεψιανοὶ
μὲν ἐπιζευγνύοντες ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς ποταμοὺς ________;
ἔτι δὲ τούτων ἀνατολικώτεροι ᾿Ανιέσεις
μὲν παρὰ τὸν Ἰαξάρτην,
Κιῤῥᾶδαι δὲ (ἡ Κιῤῥοδεεῖς) παρὰ τὸν Ὦξον
and next to the Oxus Oxeianoi and Chorasmioi,
but east of these Drepsianoi
now on the one hand straddling both the rivers ________*,
but still east of these Anieseis, on the one hand next to the Jaxartus,
but Cirradai (or Korrodeeis) the other hand, next to the Oxus.
* Is an ethnic group missing in the blank above, or do both hands refer to the Anieseis?
Anieseis = Janatsis = Jenis ?
Anieseis = Janatsis = Zhanatas ?
Anieseis = Janiatlap = Zhanatalap ?
Anieseis = Janiatla = Dzajna-Tleu ?
Anieseis = Janiashewa = Dzhana-Sharva ?
Anieseis = Jania = Zhanaaryk ?
Anieseis = Jania = Zhanakorgan ?
Anieseis = Jania = Zhambas ?
Anieseis = Jania = Jambyl Region ?
Anieseis = Ahnyazari = Ernazar ?
Anieseis = Ahnyah = Shayan ?
Aniesa = Alnetsa = Almatau = Almaty* ??
* 350mi. E, at headwaters.

Cirradai / Kirrodeeis
Κιῤῥᾶδαι δὲ (ἡ Κιῤῥοδεεῖς) παρὰ τὸν Ὦξον,
But Cirradai (or Kirrodeeis) next to the Oxus
=== Similar Ethnonyms ===
Cirradai (Ptolemy) = Scordai (Ptolemy) ?
Καράται = Κιῤῥᾶδαι (ἡ Κιῤῥοδεεῖς) = Χωράσμιοι
Caratai = Cirradai (or Kirrodeeis) = Chorasmioi/Chordsini* ?
*Seems to be a different pronunciation, perhaps influenced by actual knowledge of the Medieval mapmaker, thus perhaps a derived form of the name.
Cirradai = Cyreschata** (See pin) ?
Cirradai = Bukhara***
Cirradai = Chorzona
Cirradai = Karadzhan
Cirradai = Stantslya-Karakul****
Cirradai = Karaul'-Sain****
Cirradai = Shardara (city & lake) ?
Etc. etc.
=== Forms of "Chordsini" ===
Chordsini = Chorzona
Chordsini = Chardzhou
Chordsini = Khodzha-Kenepsi
Chordsini = Karakhodzha
** This would require Cyrus' name to have derived from this tribe.
*** See Wikipedia below
**** To the SW, next to the Oxus
=== Wikipedia on Bukhara ===
The exact name of the city of Bukhara in ancient times is unknown. The whole oasis was called Bukhara in ancient times, and probably only in the tenth century was it finally transferred to the city. . . . Bukhara is the original name and more known than all the other names. . . . Since the Middle Ages, the city has been known as Buḫārā / بخارا in Arabic and Persian sources.

Ouandabanda = Yuandaband = Ayuan = (D/T)ayuan ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Oudbahda = Uzbek ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Ohand = Kokand ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Huanobad = Khanabad ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Huanobad = Konibodom ?
[W]Ouandabanda = Huanobad = Chinobod ?
μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Καυκάσου ὄρους καὶ τοῦ Ἰμίου Οὐανδάβανδα
Between both the Caucusus Mt and the Himilaya, is [W]Ouandabanda

Cyreschata / Cyropolis

124 Cyreschata / Cyropolis 43.67
Ορειναὶ δέ εἰσι πόλεις τῶν Σογδιανῶν παρὰ τὸν Ἰαξάρτην αἵδε
Κυρεσχάτα
But thre are cities of the Sogdians, next to the Jaxartus, these:
Cyreschata
Κυρεσχάτα Cyreschata / Cyropolis
Cyropolis = Couh-kand = Kokand* ?
*Kand means "City" in Sogdian.

124 Cyreschata / Cyropolis ? 43.67
Κυρεσχάτα
Cyreschata
Cyreschata = Cyrus + Eschatus = "Final Cyrus" (See Wikipedia below)
Cyreschata = Cyrus + Jaxartus = Cyreschata (Very unlikely) ??
Cyreschata = Cyropolis*
Cyreschata = Curuscatha*
[Region selected, as being in-and-amongst the Aydar & Shardaralakes, which, though mostly modern, yet still obviously constitute the 3 'Fontes Jaxarti,' shown on the maps. Various maps show Cyreschata West (actually South) or mostly East (actually North) of those lakes, so being South of the Lakes here, is no problem. Then the town itself was identified by Linguistic similarity to the old name.]
*See Wikipedia below
Cyropolis = Galoboros = Gallaorol ?
[But the coordinates for this location say that it should be on the other side of ancient Alexandria Eschata, which is surely modern Khujand.]
=== Wikipedia on Cyropolis ===
Cyropolis (Old Persian: Kuruškaθa;[4][5] Ancient Greek: Kyroúpolis (Κυρούπολις and Κύρου πόλις,[6] literally "the city of Cyrus") was an ancient city founded by Cyrus the Great to mark the northeastern border of his Achaemenid Empire.

124 Cyreschata / Cyropolis 43.67
Κυρεσχάτα
Cyreschata
Cyreschata = Kyrgyzstan ?

Marouca

Μαροῦκα
Marouca
Marouca = Malouca = Amol* = Amul = Türkmenabat
* On 1679 Italian map.

Μαροῦκα
Marouca
Marouca = Mahrou = Machroy = Mukry*
* Marked on both sides of the river.

Μαροῦκα
Marouca = Maracanda = Samarkand ?
Relative to surrounding place names, Samarkand is far out of place to be correct Marouca. Nevertheless, we have . . .
=== Wikipedia on Samarkand ===
The city was known as Maracanda by the Greeks.

Cholbesina

121 Cholbesina ? 43
Χολβησίνα
Cholbesina
[This is the best location, by coordinates.]
Cholbesina = Shelabadza = Sherabad ?
Cholbesina = Caulbash = Kaubaj = Kaubag ?
Cholbesina = Caulbheh = Calcha + Abad = Xalqobod ?
Cholbesa = Cholhisa = Kuluksha ?

121 Cholbesina ? 43
Χολβησίνα
Cholbesina
[For this to be correct, Ptolemy's coordinates would have to be wrong, but this is a major junction, near other cities named "Chol-" or of the "Cirradai/Kirrodeeis/Chordsini" tribe.]
Cholbesina = Chordsini people (see map)
Cholbesina = Cirradai/Kirrodeeis people (see map) ?
Cholbesina = Chardeshon = Chardzhou ?
Cholbesina = Holb = Farbr*** = Farap ??
Cholbesina = Khyrbysha = Imeni Kuybysheva* (13 miles NW) ?
Cholbesina = Chaltut ?
Cholbesina = Karaul-Kuyu** ?
* This placename is more evolved, so maybe older than Chardzhou's.
** City to the SW, leading to Chardzhou. "Koy," and probably "Kuyu" too, means "village."
*** On 1679 Italian map.

Farbr
Farbr* = Farap
* On 1679 Italian map

121 Cholbesina ? 43
Χολβησίνα
Cholbesina = Chorzona ?

Cholbesina = Qarshi + Beshkent ??

Trybacta

Τρυβάκτρα
Trybactra
Trybactra = Drybactai people.
Bactra (Arrian) = Trybactra (Ptolemy) ?
Trybactra = Drybagtaur = Dru-bijtau = Daugyztau ?
Trybactra = Deruchtarah = Balacharah = Balakarak ?
Etc, etc.
(There are so many cities around here that could be the original Trybactra. Click on the nearby pins of either of the 2 bold peoples below, to see numerous examples.)
Dry-bactai = (B/D)hacchai* = Oxy-dragcai
* "(B/D)hacchai" would be the original eponym, from which both these 2 peoples came.

Τρυβάκτρα
Trybactra
Trybactra = Drybactai people.
Trybactra = Drybagtaur = Dru-bijtau = Daugyztau ?
Trybactra = Deruchtarah = Balacharah = Balakarak ?
Etc, etc.
(There are so many cities around here that could be the original Trybactra. Click on the nearby pins of either of the 2 bold peoples below, to see numerous examples.)
Dry-bactai = (B/D)hacchai* = Oxy-dragcai

Τρυβάκτρα
Trybacta
Trybacta = Drybactai people.
Trybacta = Turybica = Tursynbike ?
Trybacta = Thaboct = Tasboget ?
Trybacta = Tyube (43 miles NNW) ?
Trybacta = Terbenbes (35 miles NW) ?

Trybacta
Trybacta = Drybactai people.
Trybacta = Baba-Ishak ?

113 Alexandria Oxiana 44.33
Αλεξάνδρεια Ωξειανή
Alexandria Oxiana
Alexandria
+ Oxiana
=
Ksandtra
+ Hozzjana
Khasanth
+ Koshania*
Khasancha
+ Khodzha-Kurgan ?
Alexandria = Kusandtriah = Yusanchiar = Yangiyer ??
Alexandria-
Oxiana
Kusahthry-
Chyana
Yuhachry-
Chayah
Yukary-
Khayat ?
=== Counter-Possibility ===
Alexandria = Xanthia + kol = Sanchikul (33 miles E)** ?
* On 1787 Rumsey Historical Map
** This would make the other Oxiana be Alexandria Oxiana.

115 Indicomordana 44.33
Ινδικομορδάνα
Indicomordana
Indico = Dico = Dachi Urozhaynoye ?
Indico = Dehgco = Dungkishlak ?
Indico = Dehgcoh + Abad = Dekhkonobod ?
Mordana = Metan ?
Mordana = Mordzammeh = Mirzamumin ?
Mordana = Ar + Medjana = Armidzhan ?
Indicomordana = Bohdji-ce-nurdaha = Badgia-i-hurdak* = Karmana ??
=== Wikipedia on Karmana ===
There was a saying that the city of Kermine was called Badgia-i-hurdak ("pitcher")[3] in ancient times.

Ωξείανα
Oxiana
Oxiana = Hozzjana = Koshania* = Khodzha-Kurgan ?
Oxiana = Oxyh (30 miles E) ?
Oxiana = Uzzjana = Uzanon (13 miles W) ?
* On 1787 Rumsey Historical Map.

113 Alexandria Oxiana 44.33
Αλεξάνδρεια Ωξειανή
Alexandria Oxiana
[Huge Tell here. This site is also well-situated to look like the location on the Medieval maps, but its coordinates, while very good relative to (Ch/Z)ari(a)spa, are bad relative to those of Trybactra.]
Alexandria = Xanthra = Kahcha = Krach ?
Alexandria = Xanthra = Kandhah = Kandak ?
Oxiana = Uxi = Usty ?
Oxiana = Rox = Krach ?
Oxiana = Kheldzha = Khodzha-Kenepsi ?
Oxiana = Kheldzha = El'dzhik ?
Oxiana = Jaczi* ?
* On 1787 Rumsey Historical Map.

115 Indicomordana 44.33
Ινδικομορδάνα
Indicomordana
Indico = Dicoh = Bicor = Bukhara* ?
Indico = Decho = Decha ?
Indico = Dicotsi = Dekhodzhy ?
Indico = Dicotsi = Dekhodzhy = Xosa ?
Mordana = Murdjaha = Murgak ?
Mordana = Sar + Murdjaha = Samanchuka ?
Mordana = Hordzana = Chorzona ?
=== Wikipedia on Bukhara ===
But, the name Bukhara is the original name and more known than all the other names. In Khorasan, there is no other city with so many names.[17]

113 Alexandria Oxiana 44.33
Αλεξάνδρεια Ωξειανή
Alexandria Oxiana
Alexandria = Arxa + Khan + Kala* =Akchakhan-Kala * ?
Alexandria = Oxus + Sacand(er) =Akchakhan-Kala * ?
Alexandria = Halsander + khan = Kalandarkhana (7 miles N) ?
* A major Alexander-era fortification. "Kala" means "fortification".

115 Indicomordana 44.33
Ινδικομορδάνα
Indicomordana
Indicomordana = Inico = Inache ??

Ωξείανα
Oxiana
[This site is well-situated to look like the location on the Medieval maps, but its coordinates, while very good relative to (Ch/Z)ari(a)spa, are bad relative to those of Trybactra.]
Oxiana = Uxi = Usty ?
Oxiana = Rox = Krach ?
Oxiana = Kheldzha = Khodzha-Kenepsi ?
Oxiana = Kheldzha = El'dzhik ?
Oxiana = Jaczi* ?
* On 1787 Rumsey Historical Map.

Chach

Iasy / Shavgar

(D)Repsa

120 (D)Repsa metropolis ? 45
Δρέψα μητρόπολις (ἢ Ρέψα )
(D)Repsa metropolis
(D)Repsa (Ptolemy) = Drapsaca (Arrian)
Drepsa = Dzarap Shan = Zaravshan* Mts. ??
Drepsa = Dzarapsha = Zaravshan river (next to this city) ??
Drepsa = Dzarapsha = Zarafshan Sovkhoz (on the above river) ??
Drepsa = Dzarapsha = Zaravshan** ??
Drepsa = Dzarapsha = Zaravshan-2** ??
* Note that "Shan" means mountains, so the Zaravshan river must've gotten its name from the Zaravshan mountains, not vice versa.
** But these 2 cities are so deep into those Zaravshan mountains, that they couldn't possibly be described as a "metropolis".
Therefore, by process of elimination, we look to the biggest city in the area . . .
Drepsa = Afrasiab,** a 1-square-mile suburb of Samarkand ?
=== Supporting evidence: ===
Zeraf Shan = Drepshan = Drepsa
Zeraf Shan = Tcherah-Shan = Khaladzhan (25 miles NWW) ?
Zeraf = Zerabulak (50 miles NWW) ?
Repsa = Reba = Ravanak ?
** Here, the name of the city would be "Afrasiab", but it would be known as the "Drepsa Metropolis," owing to the Drepsianoi ethnic group which lives in the area.
=== Counter-theory ===
Arabkhana (city) = "Arab Mts." = Zaravshan ?
Arabkhana (city) = "Arab" = Afrasiab ?
=== Drepsianoi ===
καὶ παρὰ τὸν Ὥξον Ωξειανοί, καὶ Χωράσμιοι,
δὲ τουτῶν ἀνατολικώτερα Δρεψιανοὶ
μὲν ἐπιζευγνύοντες ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς ποταμοὺς ________;
ἔτι δὲ τούτων ἀνατολικώτεροι ᾿Ανιέσεις
μὲν παρὰ τὸν Ἰαξάρτην,
Κιῤῥᾶδαι δὲ (ἡ Κιῤῥοδεεῖς) παρὰ τὸν Ὦξον
and next to the Oxus Oxeianoi and Chorasmioi,
but east of these Drepsianoi
now on the one hand straddling both the rivers ________*,
but still east of these Anieseis, on the one hand next to the Jaxartus,
but Cirradai (or Korrodeeis) the other hand, next to the Oxus.
* Is an ethnic group missing in the blank above, or do both hands refer to the Anieseis?
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 18-19 ===
Bessus, accompanied by the Persians who had taken part with him in the seizure of Darius, and by 7,000 of the Bactrians themselves and the Daans who dwelt on this side the Tanais, was laying waste the country at the foot of Mount Caucasus, in order to prevent Alexander from marching any further, both by the desolation of the land between the enemy and himself and by the lack of provisions. But none the less did Alexander keep up the march, though with difficulty, both on account of the deep snow and from the want of necessaries; but yet he persevered in his journey. When Bessus was informed that Alexander was now not far off, he crossed the river Oxus, and having burnt the boats upon which he had crossed, he withdrew to Nautaca in the land of Sogdiana. . .
Alexander now arrived at Drapsaca, and having there given his army a rest, he marched to Aornus and Bactra, which are the largest cities in the land of the Bactrians.

120 (D)Repsa metropolis 45
Δρέψα μητρόπολις (ἢ Ρέψα )
(D)Repsa metropolis
(D)Repsa (Ptolemy) = Drapsaca (Arrian)
Drepsa = Drepsianoi (See pin & quote below) ??
Drepsa = Dzarapsha = Zarafshan* ??
* Note that this placename is attached to the river 100 miles to the south, and the mountain range 300 miles to the southeast, where the other-highly-likely pin is located. However, this location itself is best geographically relative to surrounding placenames, because it is . . .
north (perhaps should be West, owing to twisting on the map) of Alexandria Eschate,
East of the Chorasmioi, just as the Drepsianoi are described (See quote below),
but tending along a heading heading towards the Anieseis, who are next in the list.
Also, it is snug up against the Sogdi Mts, as shown on the medieval maps.
The problem with plotting Drepsa here however, is that this modern city of Zarafshan was supposedly only founded in 1965.
=== Drepsianoi ===
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 18-19 ===
Bessus, accompanied by the Persians who had taken part with him in the seizure of Darius, and by 7,000 of the Bactrians themselves and the Daans who dwelt on this side the Tanais, was laying waste the country at the foot of Mount Caucasus, in order to prevent Alexander from marching any further, both by the desolation of the land between the enemy and himself and by the lack of provisions. But none the less did Alexander keep up the march, though with difficulty, both on account of the deep snow and from the want of necessaries; but yet he persevered in his journey. When Bessus was informed that Alexander was now not far off, he crossed the river Oxus, and having burnt the boats upon which he had crossed, he withdrew to Nautaca in the land of Sogdiana. . .
Alexander now arrived at Drapsaca, and having there given his army a rest, he marched to Aornus and Bactra, which are the largest cities in the land of the Bactrians.

120 (D)Repsa metropolis 45
Δρέψα μητρόπολις (ἢ Ρέψα )
(D)Repsa metropolis
Repsa = Reptsach = Repetek ?
Repsa = Reptsach = Repetek Nature Reserve?
* Site of a famous, open-burning gas-crater.
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 18-19 ===
Bessus, accompanied by the Persians who had taken part with him in the seizure of Darius, and by 7,000 of the Bactrians themselves and the Daans who dwelt on this side the Tanais, was laying waste the country at the foot of Mount Caucasus, in order to prevent Alexander from marching any further, both by the desolation of the land between the enemy and himself and by the lack of provisions. But none the less did Alexander keep up the march, though with difficulty, both on account of the deep snow and from the want of necessaries; but yet he persevered in his journey. When Bessus was informed that Alexander was now not far off, he crossed the river Oxus, and having burnt the boats upon which he had crossed, he withdrew to Nautaca in the land of Sogdiana. . .
Alexander now arrived at Drapsaca, and having there given his army a rest, he marched to Aornus and Bactra, which are the largest cities in the land of the Bactrians.

120 (D)Repsa metropolis 45
Drepsa = Drabaza = Darvaza = Derweze* ?
* Site of a famous, open-burning gas-crater.

(D)Repsa (Ptolemy) = Drapsaca (Arrian)
Drepsa = Krupskaya ?
Drepsa = Taraz ?

122 Alexandria [Eschate] 41
Αλεξάνδρεια Εσχάτη
Alexandria Eschate (Greek) = Alexandria Ultima (Latin)
Alexandria = Xand = Khuzand = Khujand
Sogiana = Sogdiana civilization
Here located at Khujand, one of its 4 capitals:
Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Kesh
=== Wikipedia on Dayuan ===
The country of Dayuan is generally accepted as relating to the Ferghana Valley, controlled by the Hellenistic polis Alexandria Eschate (modern Khujand, Tajikistan), which can probably be understood as "Greco-Fergana city-state" in English language.
=== Peutinger Map: ===
20 (?) from Asbana
60 from Antioch

Sacha
Οἱ Σάκαι
The Sakai = Saka
Sacha = Tzocha = Scythians
Sacha = Tzocha = Sogdians
Sacha = Tzocha = Tocha(rian)* ??
Sacha = Tzocha = Tajok = Tajik ??
=== Wikipedia on Sacha ===
Early physical analyses have unanimously concluded that the Saka, even those far to the east (e.g. the Pazyryk region), possessed predominantly Europid features, although mixed Euro-Mongoloid phenotypes also occur, depending on site and period.[174]
The 2nd century BC Han Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described the Sai (Saka) as having yellow (probably meaning hazel or green), and blue eyes.[175] In Natural History, the 1st century AD Roman author Pliny the Elder characterises the Seres, sometimes identified as Saka or Tocharians, as red-haired and blue-eyed.[175][176]

Border

Sacha border
§. 1. Οἱ Σάκαι περιορίζονται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως 20 Σογδιανοῖς κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην αὐτῶν ἀνατολικὴν πλευράν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Σκυθίᾳ κατὰ παράλληλον γραμμὴν τῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου ποταμοῦ ἐπιστροφῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας 130, 49
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ὁμοίως Σκυθίᾳ παρὰ τὰς ἐντεῦθεν ἐκβαλλομένας γραμμάς, διά τε τοῦ ἐφεξῆς ὄρους, ὃ καλεῖται ᾿Ασκατάγκας μέχρι τοῦ κατὰ τὸ Ἴμαον ὄρος ὁρμητηρίου τῶν εἰς τὴν Σήραν ἐμπορευομένων, ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας 140, 43
καὶ διὰ τοῦ πρὸς ἄρκτους ανιόντος Ἰμάου ὄρους μέχρι πέρατος, ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας 143,35
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας αὐτῷ τῷ Ἰμάῳ ὄρει κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκκείμενα πέρατα γραμμήν.
The Sacae are surrounded, firstly on the west, by the Sogians, according to their extended eastern side;
but on the northern parts, by Scythia, along a parallel line by the wheeling about from the Jaxartus river to its end, which has location 130, 49.
but on the Eastern parts, likewise by Scythia, along the lines extending out from here, even through the continuous mountain, which is called, Ascatagcas, until the Hormeterion [port? base-of-"urged"-operations? "stimulant"?] of those entering into the Sera, which has location 140, 43.
and going up through the Himalaya mountain toward the northern regions, until the end, which has location 143, 35
on the south, by the same Himalaya mountain, along the line linking the outermost [corner-] points.
Sacae means nomads (?) or maybe "deer".
Sacae = Ka-Sacae = Kazakhs ?

Sacae, also ?
§. 1. Οἱ Σάκαι περιορίζονται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως 20 Σογδιανοῖς κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην αὐτῶν ἀνατολικὴν πλευράν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Σκυθίᾳ κατὰ παράλληλον γραμμὴν τῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου ποταμοῦ ἐπιστροφῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας 130, 49
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ὁμοίως Σκυθίᾳ παρὰ τὰς ἐντεῦθεν ἐκβαλλομένας γραμμάς, διά τε τοῦ ἐφεξῆς ὄρους, ὃ καλεῖται ᾿Ασκατάγκας μέχρι τοῦ κατὰ τὸ Ἴμαον ὄρος ὁρμητηρίου τῶν εἰς τὴν Σήραν ἐμπορευομένων, ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας 140, 43
καὶ διὰ τοῦ πρὸς ἄρκτους ανιόντος Ἰμάου ὄρους μέχρι πέρατος, ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας 143,35
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας αὐτῷ τῷ Ἰμάῳ ὄρει κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκκείμενα πέρατα γραμμήν.
The Sacae are surrounded, firstly on the west, by the Sogians, according to their extended eastern side;
but on the northern parts, by Scythia, along a parallel line by the wheeling about from the Jaxartus river to its end, which has location 130, 49.
but on the Eastern parts, likewise by Scythia, along the lines extending out from here, even through the continuous mountain, which is called, Ascatagcas, until the Hormeterion [port? base-of-"urged"-operations? "stimulant"?] of those entering into the Sera, which has location 140, 43.
and going up through the Himalaya mountain toward the northern regions, until the end, which has location 143, 35
on the south, by the same Himalaya mountain, along the line linking the outermost [corner-] points.
Sacae means nomads (?) or maybe "deer".
Sacae = Ka-Sacae = Kazakhs ?

Sacha
§. 1. Οἱ Σάκαι περιορίζονται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως 20 Σογδιανοῖς κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην αὐτῶν ἀνατολικὴν πλευράν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Σκυθίᾳ κατὰ παράλληλον γραμμὴν τῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου ποταμοῦ ἐπιστροφῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας 130, 49
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν ὁμοίως Σκυθίᾳ παρὰ τὰς ἐντεῦθεν ἐκβαλλομένας γραμμάς, διά τε τοῦ ἐφεξῆς ὄρους, ὃ καλεῖται ᾿Ασκατάγκας μέχρι τοῦ κατὰ τὸ Ἴμαον ὄρος ὁρμητηρίου τῶν εἰς τὴν Σήραν ἐμπορευομένων, ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας 140, 43
καὶ διὰ τοῦ πρὸς ἄρκτους ανιόντος Ἰμάου ὄρους μέχρι πέρατος, ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας 143,35
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας αὐτῷ τῷ Ἰμάῳ ὄρει κατὰ τὴν ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ ἐκκείμενα πέρατα γραμμήν.
The Sacae are surrounded, firstly on the west, by the Sogians, according to their extended eastern side;
but on the northern parts, by Scythia, along a parallel line by the wheeling about from the Jaxartus river to its end, which has location 130, 49.
but on the Eastern parts, likewise by Scythia, along the lines extending out from here, even through the continuous mountain, which is called, Ascatagcas, until the Hormeterion [port? base-of-"urged"-operations? "stimulant"?] of those entering into the Sera, which has location 140, 43.
and going up through the Himalaya mountain toward the northern regions, until the end, which has location 143, 35
on the south, by the same Himalaya mountain, along the line linking the outermost [corner-] points.
Sacae means nomads (?) or maybe "deer".
Sacae = Ka-Sacae = Kazakhs ?

Comedai Mts.

125 Comedai Mts. ? 43
Ἔστι δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς Σάκαις ἥ τε εἰρημένη τῶν Κωμηδῶν
ὀρεινὴ, ἧς ἡ μὲν ἀνάβασις ἀπὸ τῶν
Σογδιανῶν ἐπέχει μοίρας ρκε μη
But indeed, there is, in Saca, the aforesaid Comedai's
mountainous region, whose, on the one hand, ascent from Sogdiana has location 125, 43
Comedai Mts. (Ptolemy) = Comedai Pass (Ptolemy)
=== Here at the pin ===
Comedai = Chaman ?
Comedai = Kamdesh ?
Comedai = Kumrat Valley ?
Comedai = Chambargahai ?
=== Further North ===
Comedai = Chimtarga ?
Comedai = Komsomolabad ?
Comedai = Gumbezkol ?
Comedai = Deh Gholaman ??

125 Comedai Mts. 48
Ἔστι δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς Σάκαις ἥ τε εἰρημένη τῶν Κωμηδῶν
ὀρεινὴ, ἧς ἡ μὲν ἀνάβασις ἀπὸ τῶν
Σογδιανῶν ἐπέχει μοίρας ρκε μη
But indeed, there is, in Saca, the aforesaid Comedai's
mountainous region, whose, on the one hand, ascent from
Sogdiana has location 125, 48

125 Comedai Mts. 43
Ἔστι δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς Σάκαις ἥ τε εἰρημένη τῶν Κωμηδῶν
ὀρεινὴ, ἧς ἡ μὲν ἀνάβασις ἀπὸ τῶν
Σογδιανῶν ἐπέχει μοίρας ρκε μη
But indeed, there is, in Saca, the aforesaid Comedai's
mountainous region, whose, on the one hand, ascent from
Sogdiana has location 125, 43

130 Comedai Pass ? 39
τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ φάραγγι τῶν Κωμηδῶν μοίρας ρλ λθ
But the areas heading to the Pass of the Comedai is at 130, 39
Comedai = Xiaermazha ?
Comedai = Xiaer = Saer ?
Comedai = Xiaer = Sa'er ?
Comedai = Xiaer = Ke'er = Kalatieke Nengka Ke'er ?
Comedai = Xiaer = Ke'er = Kake'er ?
Comedai = Cong Metai = Qiongbayi Mate ??

Peoples
μὲν παρὰ τὸν Ἰαξάρτην Καράται , καὶ Κόμαροι,
οἱ δὲ ὑπὲρ τὴν ὀρεινὴν πᾶσαν Κωμῆδαι ,
οἱ δὲ παρὰ τὸν Ἀσκατάγκαν Μασσαγέται,
οἱ δὲ μεταξὺ Γυναῖοι Σκύθαι, καὶ Τούρναι,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς παρὰ τὸ Ἴμαον ὄρος Βῦλται.
No next to the Jaxartus [are] Caratai , and Comaroi,
but then atop the mountainous region [are] Comedai ,
but the ones next to the Ascatagca [Mts. are] Massagetai,
but the ones between [are] Grunaioi Scythai, and Tournai,
beneath which, next to the Himalaya mountain, [are] Bultai.

Caratai

Caratai
παρὰ τὸν Ἰαξάρτην Καράται
To the Jaxarta [Jaxartus river], Caratai
=== Similar Ethnonyms ===
Καράται = Κιῤῥᾶδαι (ἡ Κιῤῥοδεεῖς) = Χωράσμιοι
Caratai = Cirradai (or Kirrodeeis) = Chorasmioi/Chordsini* ?
*Seems to be a different pronunciation, perhaps influenced by actual knowledge of the Medieval mapmaker, thus perhaps a derived form of the name.
[Note that, because of portages, Lake Balkhash is considered part of the Jaxartus river-system.]
Caratai = Cumans ??
Carata = Koshkarata ?
Carata = Karasan ?
Carata = Korday ?
Carata = Kuraksu ?
Carata = Karashygan ?
Caratai = Ka'aday = Khuday-Kul' ?
Carata = Karasuan ??
Carata = Korzhin ??
Carata = Kara = Karakol' ??
Carata = Kara = Karakum ??
Carata = Kara = Karaguz ??
Carata = Kara = Karabulak ??
Carata = Kara = Karabas ??
Carata = Kara = Karaoy ??
=== Anieses region, 200mi. W ===
Caratai = Kara-Tau ?
Caratai = Karatau ?
Caratai = Karatepa ??
Caratai = Karashyk ??
Caratai = Koshkarata ?
Caratai = Kara-Bulak ?
Caratai = Karakemer ?
=== Karaganda region 400mi. NNE ===
Caratai = Karazhal
Caratai = Karaganda
Caratai = Karagaily
Caratai = Karagash
Caratai = Koryk
Caratai = Karaul

Comaroi
Κωμῆδαι
Coomedai
(S Sacha province)
Κόμαροι
(N Sacha province)
Κῶμοι
Coomoi
(SW Bactria province)
Χόμαροι
Chomaroi
Κομισηνή / Κωμισηνή
Co(o)misene
(E Parthia province)
Gomer (Bible) =
= Cimmarians (in Turkey & the Caucusus) =
= X(i)ūmì (Yuezhi tribe, in N Afghanistan)* =
= Comaroi (Ptolemy, in N Sacha)** =
= Cumans (11th century Hun raiders) ?
= Coomedai (Ptolemy, in S Sacha)** ?
= Chomaroi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)**
& Coomoi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)** =
= Co(o)misen(e/a) (Ptolemy & Arrian, in E Parthia)
* See video. These X(i)umi people are still in the exact same location, the Chüy Valley, 600 years later, as part of the disintegrating Xiongnu's Yueban confederation.
** These 4 Ptolemaic groups could either be separate branches of the original Xiumi, or some could be the same branch, just added later by an editor, after the name had evolved.
Comaroi = Kimeks*** ?
Comaroi = Xiūmì = Cumans ?
*** See map.
Comaroi = Kumkent ?
Comaroi = (Malye) Kamkaly ??
Comaroi = Taşkomur (200 miles S) ?

Comedai

οἱ δὲ ὑπὲρ τὴν ὀρεινὴν πᾶσαν Κωμῆδαι
But those over the whole mountainous region [are] Comedai
Comedai = Kaindy ?
Comedai = Camedj = Sarykamysh (75 miles SW) ?
Comedai = Kaindy = Kayyngdy (75 miles NNE) ?
Comedai = Kurmeti/Kurmenty (275 miles E) ?
=== Anieseis region, 200mi. NW ===
Comeda = Kojmuldah = Kozmoldak ?
Comedai = Kumozek ?
Comedai = Kumidj = Kumys* ?
Comedai = Kumidj = Sarykamys(h)* ??
Comedai = Kumidj = Maykamys* ??
* Many locations. See Wikipedia below
=== Website on Kumys ===
Kumys is ancient Turkic word, which means fermented drink made from mare's milk by special acidification.

placenames

Massagetae

Massagetae
Μασσαγέται
Massagetai
(Margiana, also Sogdiana)
Mesech* = Massagetai
Mesech* = Massagetai = Getae people = Goths ?
Mesech* = Mejek = Magog* ?
Mesech* = Mushki = Moscow (Russians) ?
Massagetae = Saragata ?
Massagetae = Sarsagut ?
Massagetae = Myrzatay ?
Massagetae = Bashkugandy ?
Massagetae = Beshtash ??

Massagetae
Μασσαγέται
Massagetai
(Margiana, also Sogdiana)
Mesech* = Massagetai
Mesech* = Massagetai = Getae people = Goths ?
Mesech* = Mejek = Magog* ?
Mesech* = Mushki = Moscow (Russians) ?
Massageti = Mazlgelti = Malgel'dy ?
Massageti = Mazlgelti = Ashalo ??*
Massageti = Masha'edi = Mashadana ?
Massageti = Madza'gesh = Moldayagash ?
=== Border with China ===
Massageti = Mahnshangisci = Makanchinskiy ?
Massageti = Mahnshangi = Makanchi ?
Massageti = Mahnshangi = Tacheng (city & prefecture) ?

Toornai

Toornai
Τοόρναι
[Perhaps the Nu [ν] should be a Gamma [γ], so that "Toornai" should be "Toorgai" = Turgay Plateau = Turks.]
Toor(n/g)ai = Turar ?
Toor(n/g)ai = Turaz ?
Toor(n/g)ai = Turaz = Talas ?
Toorgai = Toreyaryk ?
Toor(n/g)ai = Tortk(o/e)l ?
Toorgai = Staroikan ?
Toornai = Tonkeris ?
Toorgai = Tugel'say ?
Toorgai = Torkent ?
Toorgai = Ail-Torken ?

Toornai
Τοόρναι
[Perhaps the Nu [ν] should be a Gamma [γ], so that "Toornai" should be "Toorgai" = Turgay Plateau = Turks.]
Toorga = Tortoga = Toretogan ?
Toorga = Tortoga = Tartogay ?
Toorga = Tahtoga = Aktogay ?
Toorga = Tauhkah = Taukent ?
Toorga = Balaturgan ?
Toorna = Taurnah = Dauran-Supe ?
Toorna = Telnah = Telmak ?
Toorna = Ternah = Terenozek ?
Toorna = Tormah = Tomenaryk ?

Bultai

Bultai
Τοόργαι, ὑφ᾽ οὓς
παρὰ τὸ Ἴμαον ὄρος Βῦλται
Toornai, beneath whom,
next to the Himalaya mountain, [are] Bultai
Βωλῖται
Boolitai
(Paropanissus Region)
Βῦλται
(Sacae Region)
Αμβαῦται
Ambautai
Ambautai people (Ptolemy) =
= Bultai people (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Boolitai people (Ptolemaic editor) ?
=== Possible Origins ===
Ambautai = Bautai = Bultai    = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai = Bautai = Boolitai = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Ambautai                                   = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns ?
Based on the above, it seems that the white Huns, originated from here, before they turned up in Dzungaria (northern China), about 400 years later. Of course many or most of the Afghans weren't here yet, but seem to have been in Arya, and their migration to here, may, or may not, have been what drove the Huns out from here.
If this location of Bultai is correct, then it was probably put there by Ptolemy. If the other one is correct, then it was possibly added later by a Ptolemaic Editor, in view of the Bultai (White Huns) having recently migrated to there. Alternatively, perhaps the Phoneme "Bult" just migrated with the Huns, over there to the Lake Balkhash region, all on its own, i.e, with Ptolemy and his editor(s) notwithstanding and unaware. ==============================
Bultai = Gilgit-Baltistan province
Bultai = Balti people
Bultai = Bartz = Barsem ?
Bultai = Bartz = Baradzh ?
Bultai = Baht = Bartang ?
Bultai = Dart = Daroot-Korgon ?
Bultai = Balanchakir/Balandchakir ??

Bultai
Τοόργαι, ὑφ᾽ οὓς
παρὰ τὸ Ἴμαον ὄρος Βῦλται
Toornai, beneath whom,
next to the Himalaya mountain, [are] Bultai
Bultai = Eb'ulitai = Ep'tulitai = Hephthalitai (Ἐφθαλῖται) = White Huns
=== Bortala Prefecture ===
Bultai = Bole (city) = Bortala* Prefecture ?
=== Almaty Region, 250mi. SWW ===
Bultai = Baltabay ?
Bultai = Boralday ?
Bultai = Otegen Batyr ?
Bultai = Baiterek ?
Bultai = Baiterek = Baiserke ?
Bultai = Bereta = Bereke ?
Bultai = Butakovka ?
=== Lake Balkhash ===
Bultai = Bolhui = Bu(g/k/s)u* ?
Bultai = Bolhai = Yibohai* ?
Bultai = Lake Balkhash ?
Bultai = Burlyu-Tobe ?
Bultai = Ashchi-Bulak ??
Bultai = Kondzhiga-Bulak ??
Bultai = Kopbirlik ??
Bultai = Volna ??
Bultai = Bartshah = Baurzhan Momyshuly ??
Bultai = Baltchshiy = Rybachje ??
=== Wikipedia on Lake Balkhash ===
The present name of the lake originates from the word "balkas" of Tatar, Kazakh and Southern Altai languages which means "tussocks in a swamp".[6] From as early as 103 BC up until the 8th century, the Balkhash polity surrounding the lake, whose Chinese name was Yibohai 夷播海, was known to the Chinese as 布谷/布庫/布蘇 "Bugu/Buku/Busu."
=== Wikipedia on Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture===
"Bortala" comes from the Mongolian words boro tala, which mean "brown steppe".

Grunei

Grunei ?
Γρυναῖοι Σκύθαι
Grunaioi Scythai
Grunei = Gornaya ?
Grunei = Predgornoje ?
Grunei = Podgornoe ?
Grunei = Gremyachiy ?
Grunei = Gusinaya ?
== Alternative possibility ===
From "Ghor," meaning "mountain" ??

Grunei?
Γρυναῖοι Σκύθαι
Grunaioi Scythians
Grunaia = Grujnoya = Groznoye ?
Grunei = Gurumsaray (125 miles S) ?
Grunei = Grondi = Grodikovo ?
=== Near Lake Balkash ===
Grunaia = Grunara = Konyrat ?
Grunaiov = Grunarav = Qonarev ?
Grunaioi = Unaioi = Yuzhnyy ?
Grunaioi = Unaioi = Uzynaral ??
Grunaioi = Unaioi = Ozerneyy ??
== Alternative possibility ===
From "Ghor," meaning "mountain" ??

135 Turris Lapidea 43
Λίθινος Πύργος
Turris Lapidea
Stone Tower
=== Article about the Stone Tower ===
5 possible locations:
Tashkent in Uzbekistan
Sulaiman-Too, a mountain in Osh, Kyrgyzstan [here]
Daraut-Kurgan
Tashkurgan, in Xinjiang, China
Erkeshtam

Hormeterion

140 Hormeterion ? 43
§. 1. Οἱ Σάκαι περιορίζονται . . .
The Sacae are surrounded, . . . but on the Eastern parts, likewise by Scythia, along the lines extending out from here, even through the continuous mountain, which is called, Ascatagcas, until the Hormeterion [port? base-of-"urged"-operations? "stimulant"?] of those entering into the Sera [Metropolis, in NW Sichuan], which has location 140, 43.
ὁρμητηρίου
Hormeterion
Base-of-"urged"-operations / "stimulant"
[Unlikely, but could also mean "port."]
Hormeterion = Ta'erma Lesayi ?
Hormeterion = Ta'erma Lesazi ?
Hormeterion = A Yao'erma ??
Hormeterion = Toyun ??

140 Hormeterion ? 43
§. 1. Οἱ Σάκαι περιορίζονται . . .
The Sacae are surrounded, . . . but on the Eastern parts, likewise by Scythia, along the lines extending out from here, even through the continuous mountain, which is called, Ascatagcas, until the Hormeterion [port? base-of-"urged"-operations? "stimulant"?] of those entering into the Sera [Metropolis, in NW Sichuan], which has location 140, 43.
ὁρμητηρίου
Hormeterion
Base-of-"urged"-operations / "stimulant"
[Unlikely, but could also mean "port."]
[This seems like a logical pass that one would use in order to reach Sera Metropolis, in NW Sichuan.]

Inner Scythia

Inner Scythia
τὰ καλούμενα Ανάρεα ὄρη , ὧν
τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας ρλ νς καὶ ρλζ ν
μεθ᾽ ἅ ἐστιν ἡ πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους
ἀνατεταμένη τοῦ Ιμάου ἐπιστροφή . The so-called Anarea mountains,
whose and have location
with which is the toward-the-north-
-lifted-up-winding of the Himalayas.
[Note that on the maps, the Himalayas are shown as the western edge of the region of "Outer Scythia / Scythia beyond the Himalayas." However, Ptolemy admits/acknowledges that the Himalayas "wind" around sinusoidally, and so this region would be too winding, and thin, unless the Himalayas are permitted to wind around within it, rather than merely being on its western border. ]

Irtysh river

Ra river

Ra River = Volga river

Lake
Shown in the Hyperborean mts.

Rymmus river

91 Rymmus river 48.75
Ῥυμμὸς
Rymmus river
Erymmoi/Rummoi river (Ptolemy) = Rumi Scythae (Peutinger)

Ῥυμμὸς
Rymmus river
Erymmoi/Rummoi river (Ptolemy) = Rumi Scythae (Peutinger)

Daix river

94 Daix river 48.75
Δάϊκος / Δάϊξ
Daix river
Daix river = Jaik River* = Ural river
Daix river = Jaik* = Uralsk (city at its curve to the East)
* On 1794 Rumsey Historical map

Δάϊκος / Δάϊξ
Daix river
Daix river = Jaik River* = Ural river
Daix river = Jaik* = Uralsk (city at its curve to the East)
* On 1794 Rumsey Historical map

97 Jaxartus mouth 48
Ἰαξάρτου
Iaxartus = Jaxartus
Nigrinus* river (Peutinger) =
= Jaxartus river (Ptolemy) =
= Tanais river (Arrian)
Jaxartus = Xar = Kyzal = Kyzyl* = Kyzylkum desert
Jaxartus = Xar = Kyzal = Kyzyl* = [Many placenames around here, such as the city and region of Kyzylorda.]
* Means "black". This is obviously due to the color of the desert.
Jaxartus = Syr Darya river
Jaxartus = Aksu river (In Kyrgistan & China) ?
=== Cities at the NE Caspian shore ===
Jaxartus = Dzharchik
Jaxartus = Zhaksybaykair
Jaxartus = Axs = Kulakshi
=== Cities on the Portage ===
Jaxartus = Axalth = Axalch = Akshelek
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalch = Shalkar
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalch = Shilikty
Jaxartus = Xal = Xal = Zhalauly
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalgh = Zhelgyzagem
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xach = Karashokat
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xach = Saksaulskiy
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalich = Saryshiganak
Jaxartus = Axs = Akespe ??
Jaxartus = Xal = Shalkar (city)
Jaxartus = Jaxal = Kyzylorda (city & region)
Jaxartus = Jaxal = Kyzyl-Ordinskaya Oblast
Jaxartus = Janxal = Zhankel
Jaxartus = Zartus - Zar-Tash ?
Jaxartus = Zhetisay
Jaxartus = Zhily Su
Jaxartus = Koksaray
Jaxartus = Shardara (city & reservoir)
Jaxartus = Sharva

97 Jaxartus mouth 48
Ἰαξάρτου
Iaxartus = Jaxartus
[Only showing the mouth. See Sogdiana region for the rest of the river.]
Nigrinus* river (Peutinger) =
= Jaxartus river (Ptolemy) =
= Jastus river (Ptolemaic Editor) ? =
= Tanais river (Arrian)
Jaxartus = Xar = Kyzal = Kyzyl* = Kyzylkum desert
Jaxartus = Xar = Kyzal = Kyzyl* = [Many placenames around here, such as the city and region of Kyzylorda.]
* Means "black". This is obviously due to the color of the desert.
Jaxartus = Syr Darya river
Jaxartus = Aksu river (In Kyrgistan & China) ?
=== Cities at the NE Caspian shore ===
Jaxartus = Dzharchik
Jaxartus = Zhaksybaykair
Jaxartus = Axs = Kulakshi
=== Cities on the Portage ===
Jaxartus = Axalth = Axalch = Akshelek
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalch = Shalkar
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalch = Shilikty
Jaxartus = Xal = Xal = Zhalauly
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalgh = Zhelgyzagem
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xach = Karashokat
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xach = Saksaulskiy
Jaxartus = Xalth = Xalich = Saryshiganak
Jaxartus = Axs = Akespe ??
Jaxartus = Xal = Shalkar (city)
Jaxartus = Jaxal = Kyzylorda (city & region)
Jaxartus = Jaxal = Kyzyl-Ordinskaya Oblast
Jaxartus = Janxal = Zhankel
Jaxartus = Zartus - Zar-Tash ?
Jaxartus = Zhetisay
Jaxartus = Zhily Su
Jaxartus = Koksaray
Jaxartus = Shardara (city & reservoir)
Jaxartus = Sharva

100 Jastus river 47.5
Ιαστου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Jastus river
=== Possible other name for the Jaxartus ===
= Jastus river (Ptolemaic Editor) ? =
Jastus = Zatus = Zhetybay ?
Jastus = Zhathaba = Shetpe ?
Iastus = Yash = Ush = Ushtagan ?
Iastus = Yash = Ush = Uzen ?
Iastus = Yash = Ush = Ozen = Zhanaozen ?
Iastus = Yash = Ush = Say-Otes ??
Iastus = Yash = Ush = Say-Utes ??
Iastus = Yash = Ush = Tushchybek ?

C Kazakhstan Mts.

N Kazakhstan Mts.

Urals
Alana Mts. = Aryalan* Mts. ? = Ural Mts. ??
* Unlikely, since "Alan" means "Aryan".

Anarea Mts.

Anarea Mts.
τὰ καλούμενα Ανάρεα ὄρη , ὧν
τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας .
The so-called Anarea mountains,
whose and have location
[Notice the extreme hilly-ness east of the Yenisey River.]
Anarea = Kanarai ?
Anarea = Angara river ?
Anarea = Aidara ??
=== To the SW in the Khakasiya(a) Mts. ===
Anarea = Anhera = Anzhero-Sudzhensk ?
Anarea = Anairae = Anaya = Pisanaya ?
=== Lowness ===
Nash* = Nizhny ?
Nash* = Nah = Nahr = Anarea ?
Therefore . . .
Anarea = "Low" = Nizhny ??
* "Nash," seems to be the etymological source of . . .
"Nizhny," which means "Lower" in Russian, just like
Arabic "naẓīr," or
English "Nadir," or
"namɨhaχ" in Yakuts.
Regarding Anarea also maybe meaning "low", note below Ptolemy's emphasis of the "low"-ness, of the far-north Sueba Mts., to which mountains, these Anarea mountains connect.
Anarea = Nizhny Ingash ?
Anarea = Nizhnyaya Poima ?
Anarea = Nizhnyaya Zaimka ?
Anarea = Nizhneudinsk ?
Anarea = Snezhnogorsk (600 miles N) ? Anarea = Nazarovo ??
=== Ptolemy on the Sueba Mts. ===
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐν βάθει τῆς ποταμίας τά τε Σύηβα ὄρη ,ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας ρκᾶ νη καὶ ρλβ ξβ
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the lowland of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location 121,58, and 132,62.

Anarea Mts.
τὰ καλούμενα Ανάρεα ὄρη , ὧν
τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας ρλ νς καὶ ρλζ ν
μεθ᾽ ἅ ἐστιν ἡ πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους
ἀνατεταμένη τοῦ Ιμάου ἐπιστροφή . The so-called Anarea mountains,
whose and have location
with which is the toward-the-north-
-lifted-up-winding of the Himalayas.
[Notice the extreme hilly-ness east of the Yenisey River.]
Anarea = Kanarai ?
Anarea = Angara river ?
Anarea = Aidara ??
=== To the SW in the Khakasiya(a) Mts. ===
Anarea = Anhera = Anzhero-Sudzhensk ?
Anarea = Anairae = Anaya = Pisanaya ?
=== Lowness ===
Nash* = Nizhny ?
Nash* = Nah = Nahr = Anarea ?
Therefore . . .
Anarea = "Low" = Nizhny ??
* "Nash," seems to be the etymological source of . . .
"Nizhny," which means "Lower" in Russian, just like
Arabic "naẓīr," or
English "Nadir," or
"namɨhaχ" in Yakuts.
Regarding Anarea also maybe meaning "low", note below Ptolemy's emphasis of the "low"-ness, of the far-north Sueba Mts., to which mountains, these Anarea mountains connect.
Anarea = Nizhny Ingash ?
Anarea = Nizhnyaya Poima ?
Anarea = Nizhnyaya Zaimka ?
Anarea = Nizhneudinsk ?
Anarea = Snezhnogorsk (600 miles N) ? Anarea = Nazarovo ??
=== Ptolemy on the Sueba Mts. ===
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐν βάθει τῆς ποταμίας τά τε Σύηβα ὄρη ,ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας ρκᾶ νη καὶ ρλβ ξβ
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the lowland of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location 121,58, and 132,62.

Anarea Mts. ?
τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας .
The so-called Anarea mountains,
Anarea = Anhera = Anzhero-Sudzhensk ?
Anarea = Anairae = Anaya = Pisanaya ?

Anarea Mts. ?
τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας .
The so-called Anarea mountains,
[Doubtful. They don't extend far far enough north, and the only possible location of the Sueba Mts. requires that the true Anarea mountains should be extending towards them, i.e., the ridge further to the East the Yenisei river, not here.

Askatagka Mts.
τοῦ ᾿Ασκατάγκα ὄρους
ὑπέρκεινται οἱ ὁμώνυμοι Σκύθαι,
Above the Askatagka Mts.,
dwell the Scythians of the same name.

Askatagka Mt. ?
᾿Ασκατάγκα ὄρος
Ascatagca Mt.
Mons Catacus (Peutinger) = Ascatagca Mt. (Ptolemy)
᾿Ασκατάγκαι             = ᾿Ασκατάγκα ὄρος
Ascatagcai (people) = Acshatagca Mt.
[But it seems that it should be "Acshatagca."]
Acshatagca = Akzhar ?
Acshatagca = Akzhal (2x) ?
Acshatagca = Akshi(y) ?
Acshatagca = Ak-Shiy ?
Acshatagca = Ak-Zhaylyau ?
Acshatagca = Aksuat ?
Acshatagca = Akshoky ?
Acshatagca = Arkat (3x) ?
Acshatagca = Arkarly ?
Acshatagca = Arkalyk ?
Acshatagca = Arkalyskiy ?
Acshatagca = Ad'zhan-adyrskiy ?
Acshatagca = Urzhar ?
Acshatagca = Usharal ?
Acshatagca = Taskesken ?
Acshatagca = Lake Balkhash ??
Acshatagca = Aksu-Ayuly ?
Acshatagca = Aktogay ?
Acshatagca = Akshimanskiy ?
Acshatagca = Aksan ?
Acshatagca = Shadagi = Shalday ??
Acshatagi = Tagy = Taygyugen ??
Acshatagi = Tagy = Toy-Guly??
Ascatagca = Ashchekol ?
Ascatagca = Charskaya ??
=== Form of the word Jakartus ? === Compare:
Jaxartus = Axsi = Ashche-Sai* = Ashca- = Ascatagcas
Jaxartus = Axsi = Ashche-Sai* = Acsha- = Acshatagcas
* City at the south end of the marked Urala Mts., near to the mouth of the Jaxartus river. Other forms of the placename are Ashchiy and Tagalayashchi.

Askatagka Mt. ?
τοῦ ᾿Ασκατάγκα ὄρους
ὑπέρκεινται οἱ ὁμώνυμοι Σκύθαι,
Above the Askatagka Mts.,
dwell the Scythians of the same name.
Mons Catacus (Peutinger) = Ascatagca Mt. (Ptolemy)
[If this is correct, then Ptolemy just wrongly put it on the southern side of Sacha-construed-as-greater-Lake-Balkhash-region, rather than north of it.
However, if Sacha is construed as the Kyrgyzstan mountains, south of here, then it is correct.]
Ascatagca = Osh, Kyrgistan ?
Ascatagca = Akyrtobe ?
Ascatagca = Asa + Karatau (city & mts.) ?
[See more possibly derive placenames in the "Askatagkai" pin, in the "Peoples" subfolder.]
=== Form of the word Jakartus ? === Compare:
Jaxartus = Axsi = Ashche-Sai* = Ashca- = Ascatagcas
Jaxartus = Axsi = Ashche-Sai* = Acsha- = Acshatagcas
* City at the south end of the marked Urala Mts., near to the mouth of the Jaxartus river. Other forms of the placename are Ashchiy and Tagalayashchi.

Sueba Mts.

Sueba Mts.
Σύηβα ὄρη
Sueba Mts
Σύηβοι
Su[w]eboi
Σουοβηνοί
Sou[w]obenoi
Sueba Mts (Ptolemy) =
= Sueboi (Ptolemy) =
= Souobenoi (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Suo* = Sueba Mts. ?
Suo* = Sueboi ?
Suo* = Suobenoi ?
* See Wikipedia:
=== Wikipedia on Shors ===
An ancient Turkic legend recorded in the Chinese annal (Book of Zhou 周書, 636 CE) mentions the origin of the Göktürks' ancestors from a possession or state named Suǒ (索國; MC: *sak̚-kwək̚), located "north of the Xiongnu country" (which, in this case, apparently meant Mongolia).[3][4]
Sueba = Sueva = Severo-Sibirskaya lowland
Sueba = Syba = Severo-Sibirskaya lowland
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐν βάθει τῆς ποταμίας τά τε Σύηβα ὄρη ,ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας 121,58, and 132,62.
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the low land of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location 121,58, and 132,62.

Sueba Mts
Σύηβα ὄρη
Σύηβοι
Su[w]eboi
Σουοβηνοί
Sou[w]obenoi
Sueba Mts (Ptolemy) =
= Sueboi (Ptolemy) =
= Souobenoi (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Suo* = Sueba Mts. ?
Suo* = Sueboi ?
Suo* = Suobenoi ?
* See Wikipedia:
=== Wikipedia on Shors ===
An ancient Turkic legend recorded in the Chinese annal (Book of Zhou 周書, 636 CE) mentions the origin of the Göktürks' ancestors from a possession or state named Suǒ (索國; MC: *sak̚-kwək̚), located "north of the Xiongnu country" (which, in this case, apparently meant Mongolia).[3][4]
Sueba = Sueva = Severo-Sibirskaya lowland
Sueba = Syba = Severo-Sibirskaya lowland
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐν βάθει τῆς ποταμίας τά τε Σύηβα ὄρη ,ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας 121,58, and 132,62.
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the low land of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location 121,58, and 132,62.

πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐν βάθει τῆς ποταμίας τά τε Σύηβα ὄρη ,ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας ρκᾶ νη καὶ ρλβ ξβ
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the low land of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location 121,58, and 132,62.

Alanoi
᾿Αλανοὶ Σκύθαι
Alanoi Scythians
Aorsoi (Ptolemy) =
= Alanorsi (Ptolemy) =
= Yancai = Alans ?
Alanicoi = Eranichi ?
Alanoi = Olunnoi = Onino ?
Aliana = Erioma = Eryoma ?
Alana = Zalasna ??

Sou[w]obenoi
Σύηβα ὄρη
Sueba Mts
Σύηβοι
Su[w]eboi
Σουοβηνοί
Suo* = Sueba Mts. ?
Suo* = Sueboi ?
Suo* = Suobenoi ?
* See Wikipedia:
=== Wikipedia on Shors ===
An ancient Turkic legend recorded in the Chinese annal (Book of Zhou 周書, 636 CE) mentions the origin of the Göktürks' ancestors from a possession or state named Suǒ (索國; MC: *sak̚-kwək̚), located "north of the Xiongnu country" (which, in this case, apparently meant Mongolia).[3][4]
Sueba Mts (Ptolemy) =
= Sueboi (Ptolemy) =
= Souobenoi (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Sueba = Sueva = Severo-Sibirskaya lowland
Sueba = Syba = Severo-Sibirskaya lowland
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐν βάθει τῆς ποταμίας τά τε Σύηβα ὄρη ,ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . . . . ρκᾶ νη καὶ ρλβ ξβ
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the low land of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location . . . . . . . . 121,58, and 132,62.

Alanorsoi ??
᾿Αλανορσοί
Alanorsoi
=== Possible Origins ===
Aryan = Alan = Alanorsoi = "White Alans"
Aorsoi (Ptolemy) =
= Alanorsi (Ptolemy) =
= Yancai = Alans ?
Alanorsoi = Ilimskoi* ?
τῶν δὲ ᾿Αναρέων ὀρῶν καὶ τοῦ ᾿Ασκατάγκα ὄρους ὑπέρκεινται οἱ ὁμώνυμοι Σκύθαι Ανάρεοι, μὲν ὑπὸ τοὺς᾿Αλανορσούς, ᾿Ασκατάγκαι
But beneath the Anareon mountains and the Ascatagca mountain dwell the homonymous Anareoi Scythians, whereas beneath the Alanorsi dwell Ascatagcai.

Saitianoi
Σαιτιανοί
Saitia = Shaihta = Shakhta
Saitianoi = Shaihtnui = Shakhtnyi
Saitinsci = Sheihtinsci = Shukhtinsci = Shumikhinskii
Saitiaci = Shestaki
Saitiacia = Tiacha = Tikhaya
Saitia = Shata = Batashata ?

Massaioi
Μασσαῖοι
Massaioi = Mezen ??
Massaioi = Mezenskoi* ??

πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἐν βάθει τῆς ποταμίας τά τε Σύηβα ὄρη ,ὧν τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . . . . ρκᾶ νη καὶ ρλβ ξβ
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the low land of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location . . . . . . . . 121,58, and 132,62.

Tectosaces

Tectosaces ?
καὶ παρὰ τὸ Ἴμαον το ἐκτὸς Τεκτόσακες,
and next to the outer Himalayas, the Tectosaces
Tectosaces = T'chat + Saces* Ket people & language ?
Tectosaces = Thantuh + Saces* Hanti = Khanty people & language ?
[This is the best location, relative to the Anareoi people, who are supposed to be to the Tectosaces' south.
=== Presumable Origin of Ptolemaic placenames: ===
Sogdi = Saceti = Saces/Sacha
Saces = Sacha Region (Tajikistan)
Saces = Tectosaces
Saces = Auxacitis
Saces = Massagetai ?
Saces = Kazakhs ?
Saces = Serica Mts. = Serica region = Sera metropolis ??

Tectosaces ?
καὶ παρὰ τὸ Ἴμαον το ἐκτὸς Τεκτόσακες,
and next to the outer Himalayas, the Tectosaces
Tectosaces = Tash + Saces* Tashtyk culture ?
* See below:
Tectosaces = Tashtyk River ?
Tectosaces = Taskino ?
Tectosaces = Tes' ?
Tectosaces = Tasheba ?
Tectosaces = Tuyekta ?
Etc, etc.
=== Presumable Origin of Ptolemaic placenames: ===
Sogdi = Saceti = Saces/Sacha
Saces = Sacha Region (Tajikistan)
Saces = Tectosaces
Saces = Auxacitis
Saces = Massagetai ?
Saces = Kazakhs ?
Saces = Serica Mts. = Serica region = Sera metropolis ??
=== Wikipedia on Tashtyk culture ===
Teploukhov suggested that it [Tashtyk culture] had been initially Indo-European dominated, only to become overcome by the Yenisei Kirghiz around the 3rd century AD. Tashtyk settlements and hill-forts have been unearthed throughout the Yenisei region, particularly the Sayan canyon area [pin location].
. . . funerary masks showing Western Eurasian features,[9]
The Tashtyk culture[a] was Late Iron Age archaeological culture that flourished in the Yenisei valley in Siberia from the 1st century CE to the 4th century CE. Located in the Minusinsk Depression, environs of modern Krasnoyarsk, eastern part of Kemerovo Oblast, it was preceded by the Tagar culture.[5][6]

Tectosaces ??
Τεκτόσακες
Tectosaces
Tectos = Tahtahs = Tatars
[This is the best site, because, as shown on the medieval maps, it is northeast of the best candidate for the Anarea-Siebi Mts. chain.]
Tectosaces = Tahtahsak = Tatarsk ?
Tectosaces = Tahta = Ust'-Tarka ?
Tectosaces = Tacha = Takmyk ?
Tectosaces = Tahtah = Tatar = Tara ?
Tectosaces = Tectiani = Steklyannoe ?

Roboskoi

Roboskoi
Ῥόβοσκοι
Roboskoi = Lobohskoy = Slobodskoy !
Roboskoi = Re'hovoskay = Renevskaya (75 miles E) ?
Roboskoi = Rubhisch-chi = Rudnich-nhi = Rudnichnyi
=== Alternative Possibility: Russians ===
Ρωσία* = Roosia = Russians ?
Ρωσία* = Roosia = Rowosi = Roboskoi ?
Ruotsi** = Russkiy = Russians ?
Ruotsi** = Ruhotsci = Roboskoi ?
* Byzantine word for Russians
** Swedish word for Russians

Roboskoi ?
Ῥόβοσκοι
Roboskoi
Roboskoi = Privolzhskii ?
=== Alternative Possibility: Russians ===
Ρωσία* = Roosia = Russians ?
Ρωσία* = Roosia = Rowosi = Roboskoi ?
Ruotsi** = Russkiy = Russians ?
Ruotsi** = Ruhotsci = Roboskoi ?
* Byzantine word for Russians
** Swedish word for Russians

Roboskoi ?
Ῥόβοσκοι
Roboskoi = Ropeysk = Ropejos ?
Roboskoi = Ropeysk* ?
Roboskoi = Vorobyin* ?
* Location unknown
=== Alternative Possibility: Russians ===
Ρωσία* = Roosia = Russians ?
Ρωσία* = Roosia = Rowosi = Roboskoi ?
Ruotsi** = Russkiy = Russians ?
Ruotsi** = Ruhotsci = Roboskoi ?
* Byzantine word for Russians
** Swedish word for Russians

Rudnichnyi
Radimichi = Rudnichnyi

Asmanoi

Asmanoi
Ασμανοί
Asmanoi (But probably should be Amsanoi)
Asmanoi = Oghuz = Uzes ??
Amsanoi = Omsino
Amsaninsk = Omasninsk = Omutninsk
Amsano = Hemashano = Semushino ?
=== Alternative Possibility ===
Asmanoi = ʿOsmānīye = Ottomans ??

Asmanoi
Ασμανοί
Asmanoi = Ufimskoi* ?
Asmanoi = Iszimu* ?
=== Alternative Possibility ===
Asmanoi = ʿOsmānīye = Ottomans ??

Paniardoi
Πανίαρδοι
Paniardoi = Panziahndzi = Penzinskoi* = Penza* ?
Paniardoi = Pelymskoi* (700 miles NNE) ?
Paniardoi = Permian = Perm (450 miles NE) ?

Kanodipsas ?
Κανοδιψὰς
Kanodipsas
Kanodipsas = Kamdeshah = Kameshin ?
Kanodipsas = Kamdeshih = Kamysty ?
Kanodipsas = Kenzhebay ?

Coraxoi

Coraxoi
Κόραξοι
Coraxoi (Ptolemy) = Coraxi (Strabo)
=== Possible Origins ===
Indigenous Possibility:
Caucasus = Colchis
Caucasus = Corchis = Gorkhi = Georgia
Caucasus = Circassia(ns)
Caucasus = Circassia(ns) = Cherkessk
Caucasus = Circassia(ns) = (Ch/Sh)arhassi = Siraces
Caucasus = Circassia(ns) =            Carhassi = Coraxi
=== Wikipedia on Zorsines ===
Zorsines was a 1st-century King (rex Siracorum) of the Siraces mentioned in Tacitus' Annals of the Roman Empire (XII.15-19) around 50 AD, a people he reports as residing somewhere between the Caucasus Mountains and the Don river.[1]
Turkik & Mongolic possibilities:
Coraxi = Khwarazm = Khwarazmian empire ?
Coraxi = Car + Oghuz = Kyrgyz ?
Coraxi = Karluks ?
Coraxi = Colhucki = Calmucki = Kalmyks ??
Coraxoi = Kurdjukon* ?
Coraxoi = River Kura* ?
Coraxoi = Czeczorinskoi* ?
Coraxoi = Ikatazkoi* ?
* On 1794 From the Historical map

Coraxoi
Κόραξοι
Koraxoi
Coraxoi (Ptolemy) = Coraxi (Strabo)
Indigenous Possibility:
Caucasus = Colchis
Caucasus = Corchis = Gorkhi = Georgia
Caucasus = Circassia(ns)
Caucasus = Circassia(ns) = Cherkessk
Caucasus = Circassia(ns) = (Ch/Sh)arhassi = Siraces
Caucasus = Circassia(ns) =            Carhassi = Coraxi
=== Wikipedia on Zorsines ===
Zorsines was a 1st-century King (rex Siracorum) of the Siraces mentioned in Tacitus' Annals of the Roman Empire (XII.15-19) around 50 AD, a people he reports as residing somewhere between the Caucasus Mountains and the Don river.[1]
Turkik & Mongolic possibilities:
Coraxi = Khwarazm = Khwarazmian empire ?
Coraxi = Car + Oghuz = Kyrgyz ?
Coraxi = Karluks ?
Coraxi = Colhucki = Calmucki = Kalmyks ??
Koraxoi = Karasu ?
Koraxoi = Karakuduk ?
Koraxoi = Kumekshi ?
Koraxoi = Saral(s/z)hin ?

Orgasoi
Ὄργασοι
Orgasoi = Oghuz people* ?
* See map.
Orgasoi = Algahsiy = Alginskiy ?
Orgasoi = Argalshih = Saral(z/s)hin ?
Orgasoi = Gurashih = Grishin ?
Orgasoi = Gurnashi = Gormaki ?
Orgasoi = Gohshoch = Kokshat ?
Orgasoi = Goshaci = Kozhak ?
Orgasoi = Orhoshani = Oroshaemyi ?

Erymmoi
Ἐρύμμοι
Erymmoi/Rummoi river (Ptolemy) = Rumi Scythae (Peutinger)
Erymmoi = Nariman ?
Erymmoi = Ek-hymmici = Akhremkin ?
Erymmoi = Ek-hymmici = Akhremkin = Aymeken ?

Asiotai
Ασιῶται
Asiotai = Atsirot = Atyrau ?
Asiotai = Ashiutha = Achyushta = Akkystaua ?
Asiotai = Ashyutay = Aktogay ?
Asiotai = Ashia = Aksha ?
Asiotai = Ashia = Aksay ?
Asiotai = Ushia = (Khutor) Ushenino ?
Asiotai = Ushia = Ushkempir ?

Aorsoi
Αορσοι
Aorsoi (Ptolemy) =
= Alanorsi (Ptolemy) =
= Yancai = Alans ?
Aorsoi = Aulsay ?
Aorsoi = Archsei = Ashisay ?
Aorsoi = Archsei = Assay ?
Aorsoi = Archsei = Aksay ?
Aorsoi = Awursi = Beroshe = Berezovka ?
Aorsoi = Awursi = Bury = Barambay ?
Aorsoi = Awursani = Burani = Barannoe ?
Aorsoi = Awurtsi = Burtnshy = Burtinskii ?
Aorsoi = Awursi = Burnsy = Buranchi ?
Aorsoi = Awursi = Buljy = Belogorskiy ?
Aorsoi = Awurtsi = Buldty = Buld(u/y)rty ?
Aorsoi = Awurtsi = Buldty = Bratskii ?
Aorsoi = Yentsai ?
Aorsoi = Harshi = Hashtarkhan = Astrakhan ?

Jaxartai
Ἰαξάςται
Iaxartai = Jaxartai
Jaxartai = Jaxartus river = Jatioi*
*In Sogdiana
Jaxartai = Akshala ?
Jaxartai = Akchatau ?
Jaxartai = Dhzakpek ?
Jaxartai = Zhezkazgan ?
[See also the Jaxartus river, especially the cities listed under its "Portage."]

Mologenoi
Μολογηνοί
Melanchlaeni (Herodotus) = Mologenoi (Ptolemy)
Mologenoi = Murigino

Samnitai
Σαμνῖται
Sauromatians = Samnitai ??
Sauromatians = Zaratai* ??
* Nearby Ptolemaic people
Samnitai = Saame = Samoyad people ?
Samnitai = Znamenka !
Samnitai = Samozvanka !
Samnitai = Tsennitra = Tsentral'naya ?
Samnitai = Sumhitha = Shumikha ?
Samnitai = Sumhitha = Simonyata ?
Samnitai = Sumhitha = Bol'shoe Samelovo ?
Samnitai = Serenthey = Serzhonki ??

Sasones
Σάσονες
?
ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Μασσαίους
καὶ τὰ᾿Αλανὰ ὄρη . . . . . . . . . Ζαράται,
καὶ . . . . . . . . . Σάσονες,
καὶ ἀνατολικώτεροι μὲν τῶν Ῥυμμικῶν ὀρῶν Τυβιάκαι,
But under the Massaioi
and the Alana Mts. . . . . . . . . . Zaratai,
and . . . . . . . . . Sasones,
and east now of the Rymmici Mts., Tubiacai

Zaratai ?
Ζαράται
Zaratai
Perhaps means "Lake people," from Russian "Ozero," "Lake" ??
Zaratai = Sargat people ?
Zaratai = Jyrcae people ?
Zaratai = Sysert ?
Zaratai = Suerka ?
Zaratai = Zarechnyi ?
Zaratai = Sargatskoye ?
Zaratai = ?

Tubiacai
Τυβιάκαι
=== Origins ===
Root stock:
Subartu = "Wanderers"
Subartu = Sabirs = Siberia ?
Subartu = Tubaltu = Tubal* ?
Western Branch:
Tubal* = Tabari = Tabaristan (N. Iran)
Tubal* = Tabali = Tbilisi
Tubal* = Haval = Avar = Iberia
Tubal* = Talbah = Albania ?
Tubal = Tahwal = Azhwal = Azeri (??)
Eastern Branch:
Tubal (Bible*) = Tubary =
= Tapouri (Ptolemy, Margiana) =
= Tabireni = Tabienoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tuvans (& see map)
= Tapoureoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tupalah = Tofa(lar) (& see map)
= Tubiacai (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia) ?
= Tubiacai = Derbiccai (Ptolemy, Margiana) ?
* In the Bible (Genesis 10:2, 1 Chronicles 1:5, Ez. 38:1-3, 39:1)
** In Ptolemy
Tubiacai = Tiubuk
Mesech & Tubal* (?) = Machaitegoi & Tubiacai ?
Mesech & Tubal* (?) = Machaitegoi & Tapoureoi ?
* Genesis 10:2, Ezekiel 38:3

Tabienoi
Ταβιηνοί
Tubal (Bible) = Tabireni = Tabienoi ?
?
καὶ ἀνατολικώτεροι μὲν τῶν Ῥυμμικῶν ὀρῶν . . . . . . . . Τυβιάκαι,
μεθ᾽ οὓς ὑπὸ τοὺς Ζαράτας . . . . . . . . Ταβιηνοί
and east now of the Rymmici Mts., . . . . . . . . Tubiacai
with whom, under the Zaratas [are] Tabienoi

Jastai

Jastai ?
Ἰᾶσται
Iastai = Jastai
Jastai = Jastus/Jaxartus rivers
Jastai = Jasta = Zhetikara ?
Jastai = Jasta = Zhatakhana (225 miles SW) ?
Jastai = Jasthe = Jascha = Ashchebutak ?
Jastai = Asthe = Ascha = Ashisay ?
Jastai = Asthe = Ascha = Akzhar?
Jastai = Kashensay ?

Jastai ?
Ἰᾶσται
Iastai = Jastai
Jastai = Astana ?
Jastai = Zhaltyr ?
Jastai = Astrakhanka ?

Machaitegoi

Machaitegoi
Μαχαιτηγοὶ
Mesech & Tubal* (?) = Machaitegoi & Tubiacai ?
Mesech (?) = Massagetai (Herodotus) ?
* Genesis 10:2, Ezekiel 38:3
Machaitegoi = Magnitogorsk* (125 miles S) ?
Machaitegoi = Magnitka ?
Machaitegoi = Mauk ?
Machaitegoi = Miass ?
Machaitegoi = Mezhevoi ?
Machaitegoi = Mesyagutovo ?
Machaitegoi = Manchazh ?
Machaitegoi = Monetnyi ?
Machaitegoi = Moshkino ?
=== Wikipedia on Magnitogorsk ===
It was named after Mount Magnitnaya, a geological anomaly that once consisted almost completely of iron ore, around 55% to 60% iron.

Machaitegoi
Μαχαιτηγοὶ
Mesech & Tubal* (?) = Machaitegoi & Tubiacai ?
Mesech (?) = Massagetai (Herodotus) ?
* Genesis 10:2, Ezekiel 38:3
Machaitegoi = Kara + Mychts = Kalmaks*
Machaitegoi = Kar + Mychts = Kamyszlonka river*
Kar + Machaitegoi = Krochatenka river*
* On 1794 Rumsey Historical map,

Norosbeis

Norosbeis
Νοροσβεῖς
Norosbeis = Nusabos

Noros(s/be)i(s)
Νοροσβεῖς, καὶ Νόροσσοι
Norosbeis, and Norossoi
Noros(s/be)i(s) = Nor Illyk M.*
Noros(s/be)i(s) = Kamysch Nor or L.*

Norossoi
Νόροσσοι
Norossoi (Ptolemy) = Norosbeis (Ptolemy) ?
Norossoi = Nursay
Norossoi = Rossi = Russians ?

Kachagai Scythians

Kachagai Scythians ??
Καχάγαι Σκύθαι
Kachagai Scythians
Kachagai Scythians = Khaghass tribe (see map) = Kyrgyz ??
Kachagai Scythians = Kazakhs ??
Kachagai = Kaukey ??

Kachagai
οἱ Καχάγαι Σκύθαι
The Kachagai Scythians
Kachagai = Khaghass tribe (see map) = Kyrgyz ??
Kachagai Scythians = Kazakhs ??
Kachagai = Koschagyl ?
Kachagai = Kozhigaly ?
Kachagai = Nayzachagyl ?
Kachagai = Gogol'sky ?
Kachagai = Koshkar ?
Kachagai = Asgil Azgyl ??

Aspisiy

Aspisiy
Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν᾿Ασπισίων ὀρῶν δυσμικώτεροι
μὲν οἱ Ασπίσιοι Σκύθαι
But there are, west of the Aspisia Mts.,
firstly the Aspisioi Scythians
["Aspisu" the Medieval maps. It seems that this tribe has moved SW from their original location somewhere around the Irtysh river.]
Aspisici = Atbasarskiy (Chetvertyy/Tretiy) ?
Aspisa = Atbasa ?
Aspisa = Bisah = B(i/y)rsuat ?
Aspisa = Bisah = Bish = Baskol' ?
Ashpishi = Ash-dushy = Ashudasty ?
Ashpishi = Ash-dushy = Ashitasty ?
Ashpishi = Ashchudushy = Ashchitasty ?
Ashpishi = Bishy = Dyshty = Tasty(-Taldy) (3x) ?
Ashpishi = Bishy = Dyshty = Tastyadyr ?
Aspisa = Supisa = Sipe ?
Aspisa = Ashbitsa = Akbeit ?

Galactophagoi Scythai
Γαλακτοφάγοι Σκύθαι
Milk-eating Scythians
Tubal (Bible) = Tabireni = Tabienoi ?
?
Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν ᾿Ασπισίων ὀρῶν δυσμικώτεροι μὲν . . . . . . . . οἱ᾿Ασπίσιοι Σκύθαι
ἀνατολικώτεροι δὲ . . . . . . . . οἱ Γαλακτοφάγοι Σκύθαι
There are now West of the Aspisia Mountains, on the one hand . . . . . . . . the Aspisioi Scythians
but East [of those Mts.] . . . . . . . . the Milk-Eating Scythians

Tapoureoi

Tapoureoi
Ταπούρεοι
(Inner Scythia)
Τυβιάκαι
Tubiacai
Ταβιηνοί
Tabienoi
Τάπουροι
Tapouroi
(Margiana)
Ταπούροι ὄρη
Tapouroi Mts.
=== Origins ===
Ταπούρεοι = ὄρη Τάπουρα
Tapoureoi = Tapoura Mts.
Tapoureoi = Taqurei = Turks ??
Tapoureoi = Tabul'dy ?
Tapoureoi = Talap (2X - Here, and 140 miles N) ?
Tapoura Mts. = Tahula = Tau-Uluh = Ulutau Mts (60 miles NNW) ?
[Apparently they were once much farther south:]
Alexander now took the soldiers who had been left behind in his pursuit and advanced into Hyrcania, which is the country lying on the left of the road leading to Bactra. On one side it is bounded by lofty mountains densely covered with wood, and on the other it is a plain stretching as far as the Great Sea in this part of the world. He led his army by this route, because he ascertained that the Grecian mercenaries serving under Darius had succeeded in escaping by it into the mountains of Tapuria; at the same time he resolved to subdue the Tapurians themselves. Having divided his army into three parts, he himself led the way by the shortest and most difficult route, at the head of the most numerous and at the same time the lightest division of his 188forces. He despatched Craterus at the head of his own brigade and that of Amyntas, some of the archers, and a few of the cavalry against the Tapurians; and he ordered Erigyius to take the Grecian mercenaries and the rest of the cavalry, and lead the way by the public thoroughfare, though it was longer, conducting the waggons, the baggage, and the crowd of camp-followers. After crossing the first mountains, and encamping there, he took the shield-bearing guards together with the lightest men in the Macedonian phalanx and some of the archers, and went along a road difficult and hard to travel upon, leaving guards for the roads wherever he thought there was any peril, so that the barbarians who held the mountains might not at those points fall upon the men who were following. Having passed through the defiles with his archers, he encamped in the plain near a small river; and while he was here, Nabarzanes, the commander of Darius’s cavalry, Phrataphernes, the viceroy of Hyrcania and Parthia, and the other most distinguished of the Persians in attendance on Darius, arrived and surrendered themselves. After waiting four days in the camp, he took up those who had been left behind on the march, all of them advancing in safety except the Agrianians, who, while guarding the rear, were attacked by the barbarian mountaineers. But these soon drew off when they got the worst of it in the skirmish. Starting from this place, he advanced into Hyrcania as far as Zadracarta, the capital of the Hyrcanians. In this place he was rejoined by Craterus, who had not succeeded in falling in with the Grecian mercenaries of Darius; but he had thoroughly traversed the whole country, gaining over part of it by force and the other part by the voluntary capitulation of the inhabitants.

Tapoureoi ??
Ταπούρεοι
(Inner Scythia)
Τάπουροι
Tapouri
(Margiana)
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν μὲν Ταπούρων ὀρῶν καὶ τῶν Συή- 20 βων Σκυθῶν ἀνατολικώτεροι κατανέμονται Ταπούρεοι.
But similarly, also, east of the Tapourean mountains and the Sueboi Scythians, dwell the Tapoureoi.
Tapoureoi = Tabary ?
Tapoureoi = Tubal ?
Tapoureoi = Tabary tribe ?
Tapoureoi = Topol'noea ?
Tapoureoi = Topuchaya ?
[Apparently they were once much farther south:]
Alexander now took the soldiers who had been left behind in his pursuit and advanced into Hyrcania, which is the country lying on the left of the road leading to Bactra. On one side it is bounded by lofty mountains densely covered with wood, and on the other it is a plain stretching as far as the Great Sea in this part of the world. He led his army by this route, because he ascertained that the Grecian mercenaries serving under Darius had succeeded in escaping by it into the mountains of Tapuria; at the same time he resolved to subdue the Tapurians themselves. Having divided his army into three parts, he himself led the way by the shortest and most difficult route, at the head of the most numerous and at the same time the lightest division of his 188forces. He despatched Craterus at the head of his own brigade and that of Amyntas, some of the archers, and a few of the cavalry against the Tapurians; and he ordered Erigyius to take the Grecian mercenaries and the rest of the cavalry, and lead the way by the public thoroughfare, though it was longer, conducting the waggons, the baggage, and the crowd of camp-followers. After crossing the first mountains, and encamping there, he took the shield-bearing guards together with the lightest men in the Macedonian phalanx and some of the archers, and went along a road difficult and hard to travel upon, leaving guards for the roads wherever he thought there was any peril, so that the barbarians who held the mountains might not at those points fall upon the men who were following. Having passed through the defiles with his archers, he encamped in the plain near a small river; and while he was here, Nabarzanes, the commander of Darius’s cavalry, Phrataphernes, the viceroy of Hyrcania and Parthia, and the other most distinguished of the Persians in attendance on Darius, arrived and surrendered themselves. After waiting four days in the camp, he took up those who had been left behind on the march, all of them advancing in safety except the Agrianians, who, while guarding the rear, were attacked by the barbarian mountaineers. But these soon drew off when they got the worst of it in the skirmish. Starting from this place, he advanced into Hyrcania as far as Zadracarta, the capital of the Hyrcanians. In this place he was rejoined by Craterus, who had not succeeded in falling in with the Grecian mercenaries of Darius; but he had thoroughly traversed the whole country, gaining over part of it by force and the other part by the voluntary capitulation of the inhabitants.

Tapoureoi ??
Tapouri
Tubal = Tobolskoi province* = Zabolotnie Tatars ?
*On 1794 Rumsey Historical map,
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν μὲν Ταπούρων ὀρῶν καὶ τῶν Συή- 20 βων Σκυθῶν ἀνατολικώτεροι κατανέμονται Ταπούρεοι.
But similarly, also, east of the Tapourean mountains and the Sueboi Scythians, dwell the Tapoureoi.
[Apparently they were once much farther south:]
Alexander now took the soldiers who had been left behind in his pursuit and advanced into Hyrcania, which is the country lying on the left of the road leading to Bactra. On one side it is bounded by lofty mountains densely covered with wood, and on the other it is a plain stretching as far as the Great Sea in this part of the world. He led his army by this route, because he ascertained that the Grecian mercenaries serving under Darius had succeeded in escaping by it into the mountains of Tapuria; at the same time he resolved to subdue the Tapurians themselves. Having divided his army into three parts, he himself led the way by the shortest and most difficult route, at the head of the most numerous and at the same time the lightest division of his 188forces. He despatched Craterus at the head of his own brigade and that of Amyntas, some of the archers, and a few of the cavalry against the Tapurians; and he ordered Erigyius to take the Grecian mercenaries and the rest of the cavalry, and lead the way by the public thoroughfare, though it was longer, conducting the waggons, the baggage, and the crowd of camp-followers. After crossing the first mountains, and encamping there, he took the shield-bearing guards together with the lightest men in the Macedonian phalanx and some of the archers, and went along a road difficult and hard to travel upon, leaving guards for the roads wherever he thought there was any peril, so that the barbarians who held the mountains might not at those points fall upon the men who were following. Having passed through the defiles with his archers, he encamped in the plain near a small river; and while he was here, Nabarzanes, the commander of Darius’s cavalry, Phrataphernes, the viceroy of Hyrcania and Parthia, and the other most distinguished of the Persians in attendance on Darius, arrived and surrendered themselves. After waiting four days in the camp, he took up those who had been left behind on the march, all of them advancing in safety except the Agrianians, who, while guarding the rear, were attacked by the barbarian mountaineers. But these soon drew off when they got the worst of it in the skirmish. Starting from this place, he advanced into Hyrcania as far as Zadracarta, the capital of the Hyrcanians. In this place he was rejoined by Craterus, who had not succeeded in falling in with the Grecian mercenaries of Darius; but he had thoroughly traversed the whole country, gaining over part of it by force and the other part by the voluntary capitulation of the inhabitants.

Anareoi

Anareoi
[See surrounding mountains. Notice too, the extreme hilly-ness east of the Yenisey River.]
Anarea = Kanarai ?
Anarea = Angara river ?
Anarea = Aidara ??
=== To the SW in the Khakasiya(a) Mts. ===
=== Lowness ===
Nash* = Nizhny ?
Nash* = Nah = Nahr = Anarea ?
Therefore . . .
Anarea = "Low" = Nizhny ??
* "Nash," seems to be the etymological source of . . .
"Nizhny," which means "Lower" in Russian, just like
Arabic "naẓīr," or
English "Nadir," or
"namɨhaχ" in Yakuts.
Regarding Anarea also maybe meaning "low", note below Ptolemy's emphasis of the "low"-ness, of the far-north Sueba Mts., to which mountains, these Anarea mountains connect.
Anarea = Nizhny Ingash ?
Anarea = Nizhnyaya Poima ?
Anarea = Nizhnyaya Zaimka ?
Anarea = Nizhneudinsk ?
Anarea = Snezhnogorsk (600 miles N) ? Anarea = Nazarovo ??
=== Ptolemy on the Sueba Mts. ===
But to these [Tapoura Mts, or the tributary-rivers from them to the Jaxartus ?], in the lowland of the river, are also the Sueba Mts, whose ends have location 121,58, and 132,62.

placenames
Nizhny means "Lower" in Russian, or namɨhaχ in "Yakuts"

Anareoi ?
Ανάρεοι
Anareoi
Anareoi = Janara = Zhairem ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhana-Zhalat ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhanabas ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhanaaul ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhanatagan ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhanteke ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhantatilek ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhantaturmys ?
Anareoi = Janah = Zhamshi ?
Anareoi = Janah = Astana ?
Anareoi = Anah = Bayanaul ?

Askatagkai

Askatagkai ?
᾿Ασκατάγκαι
Askatagkai
Ashca Turks* ?
* Both Uzbeks & Kyrgyz, who inhabit Osh, and even Kazakhs are all classified as Turks.
Askatagkai = Ak-Tash ?
Askatagkai = Scorth-tharkh = Ortoterek ?
Askatagkai = Orthakh = Chukurchak ??
Askatagkai = Kantak = Chanach ??
Askatagkai = Akkoltyk ?
Askatagkai = Akchulak ?
Askatagkai = Akyrtobe ?
Askatagkai = Aktokan ?
Askatagkai = Ashculdatch = Asylbash ?
Askatagkai = Ashculdatch = Askaly ?
Askatagkai = Akterek ?
Askatagkai = Asaka ??
Askatagkai = Altyaryk ??
Askatagkai = Bashkugandy ??

Askatagkai ?
᾿Ασκατάγκαι
Askatagkai
[For derived placenames, see Ascatagcai Mt., just south of here.]
᾿Ασκατάγκαι             = ᾿Ασκατάγκα ὄρος
Ascatagcai (people) = Acshatagca Mt.
[But it seems that it should be "Acshatagca."]
=== Other possibilities ===
Aksatagkai = Kokshetau (300 miles NW) ??

Ascatagcai

Ariacai

Ariacai ?
᾿Αριάκαι
Ariacai
Ariacai = Auliai = Dzhana-Aul'ye ?
Ariacai = Aulianca = Ulanak ?
Ariai     = Aulia     =     Uali ?
Ariaspa = Aulisaspa = Ulyzespe ??

Ariacai ?
᾿Αριάκαι
Ariacai
Ariacai = Aucai = Kaukey ?
Ariacai = Aulianca = Ulanak ?
Ariai     = Aulia     =     Uali ?
Ariaspa = Aulisaspa = Ulyzespe ??

Namastai
Ναμάσται
Namastai = Munaysh(i/y) ?
Namastai = Mangystau (near coast) ?

Sagaraucai

Sagaraucai
Σαγαραῦκαι
Sagaraucai = Tsugarauc-cha = Tugarakchan
Sagaraucai = Sahrauca = Sarykamys
Sagaraucai = Sahrauca = Dzharkomys
Sagaraucai = A'tsughrau = Atyrau city & region ?

Sagaraucai ?
Σαγαραῦκαι
Sagaraucai
Sagaraucai = Sakakuduk?
Sagaraucai = Saura ?
Sagaraucai = Sarytagan ?
Sagaraucai = Shayyr ?
Sagaraucai = Aqshuqyr ?
Sagaraucai = A'tsughrau = Atyrau city & region ?

Sagaraucai ?
Σαγαραῦκαι
Sagaraucai = Shacaly = Chagyl ?
Sagaraucai = Dzacaly = Dakhly ?
Sagaraucai = Dzacarly = Dzharla ?
Sagaraucai = Dzacaly = Shorkozakhly ?
Sagaraucai = Dzacaly = Shagatly ?
Sagaraucai = Sag + Arauci = Ancient Ariaca (See pin) ?

Ribioi
Ῥίβιοι
Ribioi = Bioy = Boydag ?
Ribioi = Bioy = Oboy (2x - Here, & 60 miles E) ?
Ribioi = Ribicoi = Derbiccai (Margiana People, see nearby pin) ?
Ribicoi = Bicoi = Bki ?
=== Uzbek possibility ===
Derbiccai = Ubyk (80 miles NNE)? Derbiccai = Ubyk = Uzbek ?
=== Turkish possibility ===
Ribicoi = Ru + "Mountain" = Ri-Balkan* ??
*Balkan means "mountain", in the Turkish language, so maybe Ribicoi signifies the people who dwell around the mountains here? Thus . . .
Ribicoi = Bicoi = Uly Balkan Gershi ??
Ribicoi = Bicoi = Balkanabat ??
Ribicoi = Bicoi = Imeni 26 Bakinskikh Komissarov ??
Ribicoi = Bigoi = Bugdayly ??

Untitled Placemark
=== Form of the word Jakartus ? ===
Compare:
Jaxartus = Axsi = Ashche-Sai* = Ashca- = Ascatagcas
Jaxartus = Axsi = Ashche-Sai* = Acsha- = Acshatagcas
* City at the south end of the marked Urala Mts., near to the mouth of the Jaxartus river. Other forms of the placename are Ashchiy and Tagalayashchi.

Da(w/n)aba

Δαύαβα
Da(w/n)aba
Danaba = Djanahpa = Dzhanaarpa

Da(w/u/n)aba
Dauaba = Karaduan ?

Da(w/u/n)aba
Dauaba = Dauwuh = Dauvl ?

Δαύαβα
Da(w/n)aba
Danaba = Danapa = Danata ?

Δαύαβα
Dauaba = Tuwer ?

Outer Scythia

Outer Scythia
τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας ρλ νς καὶ ρλζ ν
μεθ᾽ ἅ ἐστιν ἡ πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους
ἀνατεταμένη τοῦ Ιμάου ἐπιστροφή . The so-called Anarea mountains,
with which is the toward-the-north-
-lifted-up-winding of the Himalayas.
[Note that on the maps, the Himalayas are shown as the western edge of the region of "Outer Scythia / Scythia beyond the Himalayas." However, Ptolemy admits/acknowledges that the Himalayas "wind" around sinusoidally, and so this region would be too winding, and thin, unless the Himalayas are permitted to wind around within it, rather than merely being on its western border. ]

N end of division from Serica

S end of division from Serica

Himalaya Mts.

Himalayas
Ιμάου
Imaou
Imaou = Himalayas.
[Note that the Himalayas include the entire western edge of China, nearly from Pacific Ocean to Pacific Ocean. They entirely include the Ottorocor(r/d)as and Serica Mts, and parts of the Kasia, Asmiraia, and Auxaciorum Mts, although this overlap is not shown on the Medieval maps.]
=== Winding, toward the north ===
[Note that on the maps, the Himalayas are shown as the western edge of the region of "Outer Scythia / Scythia beyond the Himalayas." However, Ptolemy admits/acknowledges below that the Himalayas "wind" around sinusoidally, as they head towards the north, and so the Outer Scythia region would be too winding, and thin, unless the Himalayas were permitted to wind around within it, rather than merely being on its western border. Therefore, we must conclude that, at their northern end, the Himalayas no longer form just the western border of Outer Scythia, but wind around within it.]

Himalaya Mts.
Ιμάου
Imaou
Imaou = Himalayas.
[Note that the Himalayas include the entire western edge of China, nearly from Pacific Ocean to Pacific Ocean. They entirely include the Ottorocor(r/d)as and Serica Mts, and parts of the Kasia, Asmiraia, and Auxaciorum Mts, although this overlap is not shown on the Medieval maps.]
=== Winding, toward the north ===
[Note that on the maps, the Himalayas are shown as the western edge of the region of "Outer Scythia / Scythia beyond the Himalayas." However, Ptolemy admits/acknowledges below that the Himalayas "wind" around sinusoidally, as they head towards the north, and so the Outer Scythia region would be too winding, and thin, unless the Himalayas were permitted to wind around within it, rather than merely being on its western border. Therefore, we must conclude that, at their northern end, the Himalayas no longer form just the western border of Outer Scythia, but wind around within it.]

Sericon Mts.

Serica Mts. ?
τῶν ᾿Ιμωδῶν καὶ Σηρικῶν καλουμένων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος
The eastern part of the so-called Serica [Mts.] and of the Himalayas
Σηρικῶν = Σηρικὴς = Σήμα μητρόπολις
Serica Mts. = Serica region = Sera metrapolis
Serica = "Silk"* ??
Qilian Mts. = Cerian = Sera Mts.?
=== Presumable Origin: ===
=== Wikipedia on Serica ===
The Latin forms Serica and Seres derive from the Greek Sērikḗ (Σηρική) and Sḗres (Σῆρες).[5] This seems to derive from their words for silk (Greek: σηρικός, sērikós; Latin: sericum), which since Klaproth[6] has often been linked to the Chinese 絲,[7] whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as /*[s]ə/.[8][a] . . . Some classicists have argued that it was extremely improbable that a nation would be named after an insect.

Actual Serica Mts. ?
τῶν ᾿Ιμωδῶν καὶ Σηρικῶν καλουμένων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος
The eastern part of the so-called Serica [Mts.] and of the Himalayas
Σηρικῶν = Σηρικὴς = Σήμα μητρόπολις
Serica Mts. = Serica region = Sera metrapolis
Serica = "Silk"* ??
Qilian Mts. = Cerian = Sera Mts.?
=== Presumable Origin: ===
=== Wikipedia on Serica ===
The Latin forms Serica and Seres derive from the Greek Sērikḗ (Σηρική) and Sḗres (Σῆρες).[5] This seems to derive from their words for silk (Greek: σηρικός, sērikós; Latin: sericum), which since Klaproth[6] has often been linked to the Chinese 絲,[7] whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as /*[s]ə/.[8][a] . . . Some classicists have argued that it was extremely improbable that a nation would be named after an insect.

Serica Mts. ?
τῶν ᾿Ιμωδῶν καὶ Σηρικῶν καλουμένων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος
The eastern part of the so-called Serica [Mts.] and of the Himalayas
Σηρικῶν = Σηρικὴς = Σήμα μητρόπολις
Serica Mts. = Serica region = Sera metrapolis
Serica = "Silk"* ??
Qilian Mts. = Cerian = Sera Mts. ??
=== Presumable Origin: ===
=== Wikipedia on Serica ===
The Latin forms Serica and Seres derive from the Greek Sērikḗ (Σηρική) and Sḗres (Σῆρες).[5] This seems to derive from their words for silk (Greek: σηρικός, sērikós; Latin: sericum), which since Klaproth[6] has often been linked to the Chinese 絲,[7] whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as /*[s]ə/.[8][a] . . . Some classicists have argued that it was extremely improbable that a nation would be named after an insect.

The eastern part of the so-called Serican [Mts.] of the Himalayas

Ottorocor(r/d)as Mts.

Ottorocor(r/d)as Mts.
τὸ καλούμενον Οττοροκόύδας,
The so-called Ottorocor(r/d)as Mts.
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Terkiri Lake* = Tengri Nor ?
* See 1787 Rumsey Historical map.
[This is a mountain, but most of the eponymous toponyms are far to the West, near to . . .]
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Uttarkhand province* ?
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Ottichahr = Altishahr Mts.** ??
* In India
** Far to the North, next to the Tarim basin. Perhaps means "Six Cities/Castles" in Turkic, see Wikipedia below.
=== Conjectured Relationships ===
Ottocorra = O'Thocharia = Tocharians ?
Ottocorra = Ottoro + Caurani ?
Ottocorra = O'Thogora / O'Thagouron Mt. ?
=== Wikipedia on Altishahr Mts. ===
The name Altishahr is derived from the Turkic word alti ('six') and Persian word shahr ('city').[10]
=== Wikipedia on Karakorum ===
The name Karakorum or "Kharkhorin" literally translates to 'black-twenty'. But linguists argue that the 'khorin' might have been a diversion of the word 'khurem', which means "castle" in Mongolian. Other translations vary.
=== Wikipedia on Uttarakhand ===
Uttarakhand's name is derived from the Sanskrit words uttara (उत्तर) meaning 'north', and khaṇḍa (खण्ड) meaning 'land', altogether simply meaning 'Northern Land'. The name finds mention in early Hindu scriptures as the combined region of "Kedarkhand" (present day Garhwal) and "Manaskhand" (present day Kumaon). Uttarakhand was also the ancient Puranic term for the central stretch of the Indian Himalayas.[28]

Actual Ottorocor(r/d)as Mts.
τὸ καλούμενον Οττοροκόύδας,
The so-called Ottorocor(r/d)as Mts.
[This is a mountain, but the eponymous people & city are far to the West, near to . . .]
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Uttarkhand province* ?
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Ottichahr = Altishahr Mts.** ??
* In India
** Far to the North, next to the Tarim basin. Perhaps means "Six Cities/Castles" in Turkic, see Wikipedia below.
=== Wikipedia on Altishahr Mts. ===
The name Altishahr is derived from the Turkic word alti ('six') and Persian word shahr ('city').[10]
=== Wikipedia on Karakorum ===
The name Karakorum or "Kharkhorin" literally translates to 'black-twenty'. But linguists argue that the 'khorin' might have been a diversion of the word 'khurem', which means "castle" in Mongolian. Other translations vary.
=== Wikipedia on Uttarakhand ===
Uttarakhand's name is derived from the Sanskrit words uttara (उत्तर) meaning 'north', and khaṇḍa (खण्ड) meaning 'land', altogether simply meaning 'Northern Land'. The name finds mention in early Hindu scriptures as the combined region of "Kedarkhand" (present day Garhwal) and "Manaskhand" (present day Kumaon). Uttarakhand was also the ancient Puranic term for the central stretch of the Indian Himalayas.[28]

Ottorocor(r/d)as Mts.
τὸ καλούμενον Οττοροκόύδας,
The so-called Ottorocor(r/d)as Mts.
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Terkiri Lake* = Tengri Nor ?
* See 1787 Rumsey Historical map.
[This is a mountain, but most of the eponymous toponyms are far to the West, near to . . .]
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Uttar* + Cirrebe** = "North Sherpa" ?
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Uttarkhand province* ?
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Karakorum Mts. ?
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Ottichahr = Altishahr Mts.*** ??
* Uttar means "North," see Wikipedia below. E.g, Uttarkhand is in northern India.
** On the Peutinger map. *** Far to the North, next to the Tarim basin. Perhaps means "Six Cities/Castles" in Turkic, see Wikipedia below.
=== Conjectured Relationships ===
Ottocorra = O'Thocharia = Tocharians ?
Ottocorra = Ottoro + Caurani ?
Ottocorra = O'Thogora / O'Thagouron Mt. ?
=== Wikipedia on Altishahr Mts. ===
The name Altishahr is derived from the Turkic word alti ('six') and Persian word shahr ('city').[10]
=== Wikipedia on Karakorum ===
The name Karakorum or "Kharkhorin" literally translates to 'black-twenty'. But linguists argue that the 'khorin' might have been a diversion of the word 'khurem', which means "castle" in Mongolian. Other translations vary.
=== Wikipedia on Uttarakhand ===
Uttarakhand's name is derived from the Sanskrit words uttara (उत्तर) meaning 'north', and khaṇḍa (खण्ड) meaning 'land', altogether simply meaning 'Northern Land'. The name finds mention in early Hindu scriptures as the combined region of "Kedarkhand" (present day Garhwal) and "Manaskhand" (present day Kumaon). Uttarakhand was also the ancient Puranic term for the central stretch of the Indian Himalayas.[28]

καὶ τὸ καλούμενον Οττοροκόρδας, οὗ τὰ πέρατα . . .
The western part of the so-called Ottorocordas [Mts.] of the Himalayas

καὶ τὸ καλούμενον Οττοροκόρδας, οὗ τὰ πέρατα . . .
The eastern part of the so-called Ottorocordas [Mts.] of the Himalayas

ALL E ASIA Mts.

Yenisei river

Kasia Mts.

Kasia Mts.
τὰ Κάσια ὄρη
The Kasia Mts.
τὰ καλούμενα Ασμίραια ὄρη, . . . τῶν Κασίων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος,
The so-called Asmiraia Mts.' eastern part [which is] of the Kasiones.
Kasia Mts. = Kakshaal Range ?

Western end of:
τῶν Κασίων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος
The eastern part of the Kasia Mts.

Eastern end of:
τῶν Κασίων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος
The eastern part of the Kasia Mts.

Abioi Scythians

Abioi Scythians
Ἄβιοι Σκύθαι
Abioi (Ptolemy) = Abyoscythae (Peutinger)
Abioi = Eben = Even people.
Abioi = Ewenki = Evenki people.

Abioi Scythians
Ἄβιοι Σκύθαι
Abioi = Abaroi = Pannonian Avars
Abioi = Abakan ?
Abioi = Bele ?
Abioi = Belycha ?
Abioi = Biyka ?
Abioi = Biysk ?
Abioi = Bystryi ?
Abioi = Beryozovka ?
Abioi = Bystryanka ?
Abioi = Verkh-Biysk ?
Abioi = Kordon Bangazan ?
=== Wikipedia on Pannonian Avars ===
The Pannonian Avars (/ˈævɑːrz/) were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.[8][9][10][11][12][13] The peoples were also known as the Obri in chronicles of Rus, the Abaroi or Varchonitai[14] (Greek: Βαρχονίτες, romanized: Varchonítes), or Pseudo-Avars[15] in Byzantine sources, and the Apar (Old Turkic: 𐰯𐰺) to the Göktürks (Kultegin Inscription: Apar – Avars were called "Apar"). . . .
The name Pannonian Avars (after the area in which they settled) is used to distinguish them from the Avars of the Caucasus, a separate people with whom the Pannonian Avars may or may not have had links. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid-5th century, the Pannonian Avars entered the historical scene in the mid-6th century,[17] on the Pontic–Caspian steppe as a people who wished to escape the rule of the Göktürks.

Auxacitis

Auxacitis
ἡ Αὐξακῖτις
The Auxacitis
Auxacitis* = Hoh'Sacits = Khakas = Khakassia* ?
* Today, these constitute numerous cities in southeastern Mongolia (See other pin), to where, besides Kyrgyztan, they probably migrated (See Wikipedia below).
=== Wikipedia on Khakassia ===
The territory of modern Khakassia formed the core of the Yenisei Kirghiz state from the 6th century AD In the 13th century, following defeat by the Mongols, the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest to Central Asia to the area of present-day Kyrgyzstan. Modern Khakas people regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained in Siberia.

Auxacitis
ἡ Αὐξακῖτις
The Auxacitis
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogt* ?
* See other pin, North-Northwest of Mongolia, where they probably were, in Ptolemy's time. Today, these constitute numerous cities here in southeastern Mongolia, to where, besides Kyrgyzstan, they probably migrated, after the Mongols drove them out.
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogettsetsii ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogtsol Sume ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogt-Ovoo ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsagaan-Ovoo?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Hanairin Tsagan Subargan Hirid ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Sayntsagaan ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Delgertsogt ?
etc, etc.

Horse-eater Scythians
Ἱπποφάγοι Σκύθαι ,
Horse-eater Scythians = Tsong-nu = Huns

Kasia Regio
Κατέχουσι δὲ ταύτης τῆς Σκυθίας
τὰ μὲν ἀρκτικὰ Ἄβιοι Σκύθαι ,
τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ τούτους Ἱπποφάγοι Σκύθαι ,
μεθ᾽ οὓς ἡ Αὐξακῖτις ἐκτέταται χώρα,
καὶ ὑπὸ ταύτην ἔτι παρὰ τὸ εἰρημένον ὁρμητήριον
ἡ Κασία χώρα
But there inhabit the northern most parts of this Scythia
on the one hand the Abioi Scythians,
but on the other hand beneath these the Horse-eater Scythians,
with whom the Auxacitis region extended,
and still beneath them, next to the aforesaid station,
is the Casia region.
Kushan empire = Kasia
Kushan empire = Kucha (city & region)
Kasia = Kasia Mts.
Kasia = Kashgar ?
Kasia = Kaskelen ?
Kasia = Karakeche ?
Kasia = Kosh-Dobo ?
=== Similar Regions ===
Ἀχάσα = Χάται = Κασία
Achasa = Chatai = Kasia

Chatai Scythians
Χάται Σκύθαι
The Chatai Scythians
Chatai (Ptolemy) = Xatis (Peutinger)
Chatai = Kucha ?
Chatai = Chot-Nura ?
Chatai = Kaindy ?
Chatai = Kochkor ?
Chatai = (K)Hotan* ?
* Unlikely: Far to the south
=== Similar Regions ===
Ἀχάσα = Χάται = Κασία
Achasa = Chatai = Kasia

Achasa region
ἡ Ἀχάσα χώρα
The Achasa region
=== Similar Regions ===
Ἀχάσα = Χάται = Κασία
Achasa = Chatai = Kasia
=== Derived Placenames ===
Achasa = Kashgar ?
Achasa = Aksu* ?
Achasa = Shache = Yarkand?
* The footprint of modern derived placenames extends 350 miles north from ancient Aksu, up into the lake Balkhash region, e.g, . . .
Aksu (modern), Arasan, Akshi, Ashchi-Bulak Ashinakha

Charaunaioi Scythains

Charaunaioi Scythains
Χαραυναῖοι Σκύθαι
Charauna (city) = Charaunaioi Scythians (people)
[This town is undiscovered, so it is plotted here, as a shared guess, see map.
Charauna = Qarqan = Cherchen = Quiemo* (140 miles SE)?
Charauna = Niya* (240 miles W) ?
Rong = Xirong = Charaunaioi = Krorain state = Loulan* (200 miles NE) ?
Rong = Xirong = Charaunaioi = Khotan state = Hotan (415 miles W) ??
* See Wikipedia below.
=== Wikpiedia on Qiemo Town===
Although the town is described in documents from the 1st century BCE to the 9th century CE, the ancient site has not yet been discovered, even though four major expeditions have searched for it.[6]
=== Wikpiedia on Loulan Kingdom===
Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina (simplified Chinese: 楼兰; traditional Chinese: 樓蘭; pinyin: Lóulán < Eastern Han Chinese lo-lɑn < Old Chinese rô-rân;[1] Uyghur: كروران, romanized: Kroran, USY: Кроран), was an ancient kingdom based around an important oasis city along the Silk Road already known in the 2nd century BCE on the northeastern edge of the Lop Desert.[2] The term Loulan is the Chinese transcription of the native name Krorän and is used to refer to the city near Lop Nur as well as the kingdom.

Charaunaioi Scythains
Χαραυναῖοι Σκύθαι
Rong = Xirong = Charaunaioi = Krorain state = Loulan ?
Rong = Xirong = Charaunaioi = Khotan state ?
See map.
=== Wikpiedia on Loulan Kingdom===
Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina (simplified Chinese: 楼兰; traditional Chinese: 樓蘭; pinyin: Lóulán < Eastern Han Chinese lo-lɑn < Old Chinese rô-rân;[1] Uyghur: كروران, romanized: Kroran, USY: Кроран), was an ancient kingdom based around an important oasis city along the Silk Road already known in the 2nd century BCE on the northeastern edge of the Lop Desert.[2] The term Loulan is the Chinese transcription of the native name Krorän and is used to refer to the city near Lop Nur as well as the kingdom.

Αυξακία
Auxacia
[Really, it could be one of any number of cities, but the 1st 1 year seems to have an older, pre-Hosachtia (thence to "Kazakh") course of evolution.]
Auxacia = Auk'thiah = Aktash ?
Auxacia = Hosachtia = Kosh-Agach ?
Auxacia = Hosachtia = Tsagaannuur ?
Auxacia = Hosachtia = Tsagaantunge ?
Auxacia = Hosachtia = Tosontsengel ?

Issedones Scythia

150 Issedon Scythica ? 48.5
Ἰσσηδὼν Σκυθικὴ
Issedon Scythica
Issedon = Wusun
Scythica = Esik ?
=== Wikipedia on Issyk Kurgan ===
Note that the famous Saka ruler, or "Golden Man" was found at Issyk Kurgan, 8 miles east of here.

150 Issedon Scythia ? 48.5
Ἰσσηδόνες
Issedones
Issedones = Yisheti = (J/G)ushi* = Jimasa ??
=== Competing theory ===
Wusan = Issyk-Huns = Issedones** ?
Wusan = Issyk-Kul (Lake) ?
* See Wikipedia below. Issedones being the Jushi would enable the "North & South Jushi" mentioned therein, to respectively be Ptolemy's 2 cities of "Issedon Scythia," and "Issedona Secira."
** It's generally well accepted that the Wusan are the Issedones.
=== Wikipedia on Jushi ===
In or about 60 BC, the Han—ruled at the time by Emperor Xuan—defeated Xiongnu forces at the Battle of Jushi, during the Han–Xiongnu War. Afterwards the main part of the Jushi lands was divided into two states: a southern area controlled by the Han, who referred to it as “Nearer Jushi” (or "Anterior Jushi"), and a northern area known to the Han as “Further Jushi" (or "Posterior Jushi") that was dominated by the Xiongnu. Nearer Jushi was administered by the Han from a capital at Jiaohe (16 kilometres west of the site of modern Turpan). The capital of Further Jushi appears to have been called Yuli or Yulai, and was located about 10 km north of Jimasa, 200 km north of Jiaohe.[6] The Jushi never regained their independence.
=== Wikipedia on Wusan ===
Canadian Sinologist Edwin Pulleyblank reconstructed the pronunciation of 烏孫' Wūsūn as in Middle Chinese as ou-suən, from Old Chinese aĥ-smən and linked the Wusun to the Άσμίραιοι Asmiraioi, who inhabited modern Issyk-Kul and Semirechiye and were mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography (VI.16.3).[6][7] Another theory links them to the Issedones.[8]

Charauna

Χαύρανα
Charauna
Charauna = Charaunaioi Scythians (See them)
Charauna = Qarqan = Cherchen = Quiemo ?
Charauna = Qarqan = Cherchen = Quiemo = Qimantag* ?
Charauna = Cherchen = Quiemo = Qarqan = Xorkol (80 miles NW)* = Yusupu Aleke ?
* Quiemo is definitely plotted here, owing to (1) 2 possibly derived placenames, both the Qimantag city, and the entire Qiman Tag mountain range, anywhere around which the ancient city could be; and (2) relative opposite distances from ancient Quiemo to Niya (westward), and Chang'an (eastward, see Wikipedia, below). As you can see in Wikipedia below, Quiemo is still undiscovered, and they are hunting for it northwest of here, in the Tarim basin. Few seem to have considered that perhaps the Silk Road veered southward here into Tibet, along what is now called the Qinghaia route, which is in fact a more direct route between Niya, and Chang'an. Additionally, it would make sense if Quiemo was here, because (See Wikipedia below), the city was defeated by the Tuyuhun, centered around giant Qinghai Lake, 550 miles E, also in Tibet.
A further question is whether Quiemo is the same as Charauna. This is unlikely; it's more likely that its placename comes from the widespread nation of the Charaunaioi Scythians, than that this is the actual main city of Charauna itself.
=== Wikpiedia on Qiemo Town===
Although the town is described in documents from the 1st century BCE to the 9th century CE, the ancient site has not yet been discovered, even though four major expeditions have searched for it.[6] . . .
Qiemo existed as an independent kingdom during the Former Han dynasty (123 BCE to 23 CE). It was described in the Hanshu, chapter 96A thus:
The seat of the government is the town of Ch'ieh-mo, and it is distant by 6820 li [1137 miles] from Chang'an. There are 230 households, 1610 individuals with 320 persons able to bear arms. [There are the following officials:] the noble of Fu-kuo (support of the state), the leaders of the left and the right and one interpreter-in-chief ... There are grapes and various types of fruit. To the west there is communication with Ching-chüeh [Jingue, i.e, Niya] at a distance of 2000 li [333 miles]."
Song Yun passed through around 519, and wrote that the country had just been defeated by the Tuyuhun [centered around giant Qinghai Lake, 550 miles E.].
=== Wikpiedia on Loulan Kingdom===
Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina (simplified Chinese: 楼兰; traditional Chinese: 樓蘭; pinyin: Lóulán < Eastern Han Chinese lo-lɑn < Old Chinese rô-rân;[1] Uyghur: كروران, romanized: Kroran, USY: Кроран), was an ancient kingdom based around an important oasis city along the Silk Road already known in the 2nd century BCE on the northeastern edge of the Lop Desert.[2] The term Loulan is the Chinese transcription of the native name Krorän and is used to refer to the city near Lop Nur as well as the kingdom.

Χαύρανα
Charauna
Charauna = Charaunaioi Scythians (See them)
Charauna = Krorain state = Loulan* ?
* However, it's more likely that its placename comes from the widespread nation of the Charaunaioi Scythians, than that this is the actual main city of Charauna itself.

Χαύρανα
Charauna = Charaunaioi Scythians (See them)
[This town is undiscovered, so it is plotted here, as a shared guess, see map. However, it's more likely that its placename comes from the widespread nation of the Charaunaioi Scythians, than that this is the actual main city of Charauna itself.]
Charauna = Khotan state = Hotan ??
=== Wikpiedia on Qiemo Town===
Although the town is described in documents from the 1st century BCE to the 9th century CE, the ancient site has not yet been discovered, even though four major expeditions have searched for it.[6]

Σοῖτα
Soita
Soita = Suoju = Yarkand ?
Soita = Shache* = Yarkand ?
Soita = Shotah = (K)Hotan (175 miles SE) ?
* See also Han map here.

Serica

Lena river

Serica
[Note that on the maps, the Himalayas are shown as the western edge of the region of "Outer Scythia / Scythia beyond the Himalayas." However, Ptolemy admits/acknowledges that the Himalayas "wind" around sinusoidally, and so this region would be too winding, and thin, unless the Himalayas are permitted to wind around within it, rather than merely being on its western border. ]

NE corner of Serica

SE corner of Serica

SE corner of Serica &
NE corner of India Extra-Ganges

Anniba Mts.

Anniba Mts.
Αννίβα
[Notice that, due to distortion, the mountains have been wrongly rotated 120° counter-clockwise, on the Ptolemaic maps.]
Anniba = Xianbei = Khingan Mts.*
Anniboi** = Xianbei
** See that pin.
171,56
=== Wikipedia on the Greater Khingan Mts. ===
The Greater Khingan Range or Da Hinggan Range (simplified Chinese: 大兴安岭; traditional Chinese: 大興安嶺; pinyin: Dà Xīng'ān Lǐng; IPA: [tâ ɕíŋ.án.lìŋ]), is a 1,200-kilometer (750 mi)-long volcanic mountain range in the Inner Mongolia region of Northeast China.[1] It was originally called the Xianbei Mountains, which later became the name of the northern branch of the Donghu, the Xianbei.[2][3][4]

Anniba Mts.
Αννίβα
[Notice that, due to distortion, the mountains have been wrongly rotated 120° counter-clockwise, on the Ptolemaic maps.]
Anniba = Xianbei = Khingan Mts.*
Anniboi** = Xianbei
** See that pin.
=== Endpoints ===
171,56
=== Wikipedia on the Greater Khingan Mts. ===
The Greater Khingan Range or Da Hinggan Range (simplified Chinese: 大兴安岭; traditional Chinese: 大興安嶺; pinyin: Dà Xīng'ān Lǐng; IPA: [tâ ɕíŋ.án.lìŋ]), is a 1,200-kilometer (750 mi)-long volcanic mountain range in the Inner Mongolia region of Northeast China.[1] It was originally called the Xianbei Mountains, which later became the name of the northern branch of the Donghu, the Xianbei.[2][3][4]

[Notice that, due to distortion, the mountains have been wrongly rotated 120° counter-clockwise, on the Ptolemaic maps.]

Auxaciorum Mts.

Auxaciorum Mts.
Αὐξακίων ὀρῶν
Auxacion Mts.
Auxacion = A'Ksahga = Modern Khangai Mountains
Auxacion = Modern Altai Mountains ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogt* ?
* Today, these constitute numerous cities in southeastern Mongolia, to where they probably migrated. Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogettsetsii ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogtsol Sume ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogt-Ovoo ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsagaan-Ovoo?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Hanairin Tsagan Subargan Hirid ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Sayntsagaan ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Delgertsogt ?
etc, etc.

Auxaciorum Mts.
Αὐξακίων ὀρῶν
Auxacion Mts.
Auxacitis = Modern Altai Mountains
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogt* ?
* Today, these constitute numerous cities in southeastern Mongolia, to where they probably migrated. Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogettsetsii ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogtsol Sume ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsogt-Ovoo ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Tsagaan-Ovoo?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Hanairin Tsagan Subargan Hirid ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Sayntsagaan ?
Auxacitis = Hoh'Sacits = Tosagts = Delgertsogt ?
etc, etc.

Κεῖται δὲ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ τμήματι τό τε τῶν
Αὐξακίων ὀρῶν δυτικὸν μέρος , οὗ
πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας .
But there lies in this region [Scythia outside the Himalayas], also the western part of the Auxaciorum mountains, whose ends have location
W end of the Auxaciorum Mts.

καὶ τῶν Αὐξακίων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος , οὗ τὸ πέρας ἐπέχει μοίρας 165, 54.
Κεῖται δὲ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ τμήματι τό τε τῶν
Αὐξακίων ὀρῶν δυτικὸν μέρος , οὗ
πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας .
But there lies in this region [Scythia outside the Himalayas], also the western part of the Auxaciorum mountains, whose ends have location
τῶν Αὐξακίων τὸ ἀνατολικὸν μέρος
The eastern part of the Auxacion Mts.

Asmiraia Mts, etc.

Asmiraia Mts.
τὰ καλούμενα Ασμίραια ὄρη ,
The so-called Asmiraia Mts.
Asmiraia Mts. & Region (Ptolemy) = Caspyre Mts. (Peutinger) ?
Asmiraia = Tsemira = Tenir* = Tien Shan Mts. ?
*Kyrghuz name for the mountains.

Western end of:
Ασμίραια ὄρη
Asmiraia Mts.

Eastern end of:
Ασμίραια ὄρη
Asmiraia Mts.

170 Thagouron Mt. 43
Θάγουρον ὄρος
Thagouron Mt.
Thagouron = Tocharian ?
Thagouron = Gouruh-Thag = Kuruktag Mts. ?

170 Thagouron Mt. 43
Θάγουρον ὄρος
Thagouron Mt.
Thagouron = Tocharian ?
Thagouron = Dhahgouluh = Dangla Mts. ?
Thagouron = Thahguh = Chang Tang Plateau ?
Thagouron = Thochardan = Xiaochaidan Hu lake

170 Thagouron Mt. 43
Θάγουρον ὄρος
Thagouron Mt.
Thagouron = Ithagouroi people
Thagouron = Thogora city
Thagouron = Tocharian ?
[See more derived placenames by clicking the Thogora pin, at the southeast corner of Qinghai Lake.]

[W]Oichardes river

[W]Oichardes river
ὅ Οἰχάρδης ,
The [W]Oichardes
ὅ Οἰχάρδης = Οἰχάρδαι
The [W]Oichardes river = Oichardai people
Oichardes = Uighur river
Oichardes = Modern Amur river
=== Wikipedia on Amur River ===
the Mongolian names "Amar mörön" (Cyrillic: Амар мөрөн) originates from the name "Amar" meaning to rest . . .

Portage

[W]Oichardes, Part 2
[Not a real river, but an imagined river-system, needed to reach the Auxaciorum Mts.]

ἡ δὲ πρὸς τοῖς ᾿Ασμιραίοις ὄρεσιν ἐπέχει μοίρας
But the part reaches to the Asmiraioi mountains

[W]Oichardes, Part 3
[Not a real river, but an imagined river-system, needed to reach the Casia Mts.]
Note that the river passes west of the Auxaciorum Mts, not east of them, as it's wrongly drawn on the maps. If it did, then it would CERTAINLY be a part instead of the Yellow-river-system, not the Amur-river-system.

ἡ δὲ ὡς ἐπὶ τὰ Κάσια ὄρη ἐκτροπὴ
But the bend, as it were upon/above the Kasia Mts.
"The bend" = Lake Baikal.

ἣ δὲ ἐν τούτοις πηγή
But the headwaters/springs in these [Kasia Mts.]

Bautisus river

Bautisus river
Βαύτισος ποταμὸς
Bautisos river
Bautisos = Baghutish = Bagra(t)sch-kul/köl* ?
Bautisos = Bautsen = Bositeng = Bosten Hu* ?
* Lake to which the Bautisus river connects.

Bautisus river ?
Bautisus = Bosten (Bagrax) river
Bautisus river = Bohu (Bagrax)

Yellow River
Βαύτισος ποταμὸς
Bautisus river
Bautisus river = Batai (Βᾶται) = Tibetans* ?
*Note how this river flows out of Tibet.
Bautisus river = Modern Yellow river

ὁ καλούμενος Βαύτισος ποταμὸς, οὗ καὶ αὐτοῦ ἡ
μὲν πρὸς τοῖς Κασίοις ὄρεσι πηγὴ
The so-called Bautisos river, of which, both on the one hand its spring toward the Kasia Mts.
[The Ptolemaic longitude of 16 means that the cartographer clearly thought that this headwaters was further east, more at the longitude of Issyk Kul.]

ἡ [πηγὴ] δὲ πρὸς τῷ Οττοροκόῤῥᾳ μοίρας
The [Spring's] place at the Ottorocorras [Mts.]

ἡ δὲ πρὸς τὰ Ημωδὰ ἐκτροπή
The bend/fork toward the Himalaya [Mts.]

ἡ [πηγὴ] δὲ ἐν τούτοις [Ημωδὰ] πηγή
The [Spring's] place in these [Himalaya Mts.]

Cannibal Nations ?
ἔθνη ἀνθρωποφάγων ὑφ᾽ οὓς ῎Αννιβοι ἔθνος
Cannibal Nationsbeneath which [are the] Anniboi nation
[Sheer guess, based on geographic relation to other groups.]

Anniboi

Anniboi
ἔθνη ἀνθρωποφάγων ὑφ᾽ οὓς ῎Αννιβοι ἔθνος
Cannibal Nationsbeneath which [are the] Anniboi nation
Anniba = Xianbei
=== Map of the giant Xianbei Empire: ===

Anniboi
ἔθνη ἀνθρωποφάγων ὑφ᾽ οὓς ῎Αννιβοι ἔθνος
Cannibal Nationsbeneath which [are the] Anniboi nation
Anniboi = Xianbei state
=== Wikipedia on Xianbei state ===
They originated from the Donghu people who splintered into the Wuhuan and Xianbei when they were defeated by the Xiongnu at the end of the third century BC.
=== Wikipedia on Wuhuan ===
After the Donghu "Eastern Barbarians" were defeated by the Xiongnu around 209 BC, they split into two groups. The northern Donghu became the Xianbei while the southern Donghu living around modern Liaoning became the Wuhuan.

Sizyges

Sizyges ?
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀρκτικώτατα τῆς Σηρικῆς κατανέμονται
ἔθνη ἀνθρωποφάγων ,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς ῎Αννιβοι ἔθνος ὑπέρκεινται τῶν ὁμωνύμων ὀρῶν,
μεταξὺ δὲ τούτων καὶ τῶν Αὐξακίων Σίζυγες ἔθνος ,
There inhabit the most northern parts of Serica
cannibal nations,
beneath which the Annibi nation overshadowed by the mountains of the same name,
but between these and the Auxacion [Mts.], [is the] Sizyges nation.
Szakhats = Sizyges ?
Szakhats = Sakha* ?
Szakhats = Yakuts* ?
=== Wikipedia on Yakuts ===
Yakuts or Sakha (саха, saxa; plural: сахалар, saxalar) . . . The Yakuts call themselves Sakha, or Urangai Sakha (Yakut: Уран Саха, Uran Sakha)

Sizyges ?
Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀρκτικώτατα τῆς Σηρικῆς κατανέμονται
ἔθνη ἀνθρωποφάγων ,
ὑφ᾽ οὓς ῎Αννιβοι ἔθνος ὑπέρκεινται τῶν ὁμωνύμων ὀρῶν,
μεταξὺ δὲ τούτων καὶ τῶν Αὐξακίων Σίζυγες ἔθνος ,
There inhabit the most northern parts of Serica
cannibal nations,
beneath which the Annibi nation overshadowed by the mountains of the same name,
but between these and the Auxacion [Mts.], [is the] Sizyges nation.
Sizyges = Sijuhghen = Jurchen = Nurchen = Manchu ?
=== Wikipedia on Jurchen people ===
The initial Khitan form of the name was said to be Lüzhen. The variant Nrjo-tsyin (now Chinese: 女真 Nüzhen, whence English Nurchen)

Damnai

Damnai
Δᾶμναι
Damnai = Dhanha = Hunha = Huns ?
Damnai = Zdumnuh = Xiongnu/Tsung-Nu ?
Damna = Dhanhah = Hunhata-Ortoo?
Damna = Dhamnuh = Umnogovi ?
Damna = Zdumnuh = Zuungovi ?
Damna = Thunha = Tsagaantunge ?

Damnai ?
Δᾶμναι
Damnai
Damnai = Tamar river ?
Damnai = I(k)h(-)tamir ?
Damnai = Zaamar ?
Damnai = Erdenet ??

Pialai / Piaddai
μέχρι τοῦ Οἰχάρδου ποταμοῦ,
Πιάλαι( ἢ Πιάδδαι)
[Southward] until the Uighur river,
[dwell] Pialai (or Piaddai).
(Biel)Dai = Pialaia = Tiele = Gaoju Turks ?
(Biel)dai = Di = Beidi = Piaddai ?
=== Wikipedia on Tiele ===
The Tiele,[a][b] also named Gaoche or Gaoju,[3][4][5][c] were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins[6] living to the north of China proper and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the confederacy of the Xiongnu.[7] Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling.[8][9][10][d] . . .
The Gaoche are probably remnants of the ancient Red Di. Initially they had been called Dili. Northerners take them as Chile. Chinese take them as Gaoche Dingling. Their language, in brief, and Xiongnu [language] are the same yet occasionally there are small differences. Or one may say that they [Gaoche] are the junior relatives[20] of the Xiongnu in former times.

Oichardai
Οἰχάρδαι
Οἰχάρδαι = ὅ Οἰχάρδης ,
Oichardai = The [W]Oichardes (modern Amur) river
Oichardai = Uighurs
[In modern times, they are further west, on both sides (NE & SW) of the Tien Shan mountains.]

Garinaioi
Γαριναῖοι
Garinaioi = Guryaio = Goguryeo = Korea
Garinaioi = Guryaio = Jurchen* = Nüzhen* = Manchus
=== Wikipedia on Goguryeo ===
At its peak of power, Goguryeo controlled most of the Korean Peninsula, large parts of Manchuria and parts of eastern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia as well as Russia.
=== Wikipedia on Jurchen people ===
The initial Khitan form of the name was said to be Lüzhen. The variant Nrjo-tsyin (now Chinese: 女真 Nüzhen, whence English Nurchen)

Rabannai or Rabbanaioi
Ῥαβάνναι ἢ Ραββαναῖοι ,
Rabbanai = Wa'bwan = Wa'hoan = Wuhuan ?
Rabbanai = Rawwan = Raw-Wuhuan = Wuhuan ?
Rabbanai = Rawwan = Rouran = Rouran Khaganate ?
Rabbanai = Barranai = Baruun-Urt ?
Rabbanai = Barranai = Bor-Undur ?
Rabbanai = Barranai = Buren ? Rabbanai = Barranai = Buyant-Ovoo ?
Rabbanai = Barranai = Bayan-Undur ?
Rabbanai = Barranai = Bayaannuuur ?
Rabbanai = Barranai = Dzuunbayan ?
[Compare the Wikipedia articles below that both the Wuhuan & Rouran were of Donghu origins.]
=== Wikipedia on Wuhuan ===
After the Donghu "Eastern Barbarians" were defeated by the Xiongnu around 209 BC, they split into two groups. The northern Donghu became the Xianbei while the southern Donghu living around modern Liaoning became the Wuhuan. According to the Book of Later Han, “the language and culture of the Xianbei are the same as the Wuhuan”.[5] Until 121 BC, the Wuhuan was a tributary of the Xiongnu empire. . . . Their remnants became known as the Kumo Xi, or the Tatabi, who were finally absorbed by the Khitans in the 10th century.
=== Wikipedia on Tuoba ===
According to Hyacinth (Bichurin), an early 20th-century scholar, the Tuoba and their Rouran enemies descended from common ancestors.[13] The Weishu stated that the Rourans were of Donghu origins[14][15]

Asmiraia region
ἡ Ἀσμιραία χώρα
The Asmiraia region
Asmiraia Mts. & Region (Ptolemy) = Caspyre Mts. (Peutinger) ?
Asmiraia = Amur River* ?
Asmiraia = Sibe tribe = Siberia** ??
* Light blue on map.
** Compare both Wikipedia articles, below:
=== Wikipedia on Amur River ===
the Mongolian names "Amar mörön" (Cyrillic: Амар мөрөн) originates from the name "Amar" meaning to rest . . .
=== Wikipedia on Siberia ===
Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from the Siberian Tatar word for "sleeping land" (Sib ir). A further variant claims that the region was named after the Sibe people.[11]

Issedones
Ἰσσηδόνες
Issedones (Ptolemy) =* Essedones Scythae (Peutinger)
* Note that on the Peutinger map, the Essedones appear far west of here, on the Oxus river, in Western Bactria, which supports the general hypothesis that they migrated westward, in the 3rd century.
The Yuezhi and Wusan are thought of as different, unrelated groups, what with the expanding Han Dynasty, driving the Wusan westward, who were in turn driving the Yuezhi westward. However I note the similarity of their names here, and even if they are different, it seems that 1 of the Yuezhi's 5 nations in the Mts.--the Guìshuāng (貴霜)--were Wusan people. (Another of those 5 nations may've scattered and become numerous tribes--the X(i)umi--scattered throughout Bactria and Parthia, all beginning with the letters "Com-").
Yishi = Yuezhi (160 B.C. - 40 A.D.) = Guìshuāng (貴霜) = Kushan empire (40 - 240 A.D.) = Issedones** ?
Yishi = Yuezhi (160 B.C. - 40 A.D.) = Guìshuāng (貴霜) = Wusan = Issyk-Huns = Issedones**** ?
Yishi = Yuezhi (160 B.C. - 40 A.D.) = Guìshuāng (貴霜) = Wusan = Issyk-Kul (Lake) = Issedones**** ?
Yishi = (J/G)ushi = Issedones*** ?
** From 160-120 B.C., the Yuezhi migrated far West to Bactria, where they are correctly shown on the Peutinger map, as "Essedones." A 2nd migration may have occurred in 60 B.C., after the battle of Jushi (See Wikipedia below), if that word is also a cognate of "Yuezhi." If Ptolemy's Issedones are indeed these departed Yuezhi, then this would either mean that Ptolemy placed the Issedones too far eastward, or that his Issedones are either a splinter group left behind from the main body of the Yuezhi, as they migrated westward, or, what is more likely, that they are a restoration of the--no longer "Yuezhi," but now--their descendents the Kushans, returning after 120 A.D. in conquest of their homeland. A final possibility is that the Issedones/Yuezhi were present from here to there, the whole time, and never left here.
*** See Wikipedia below. Issedones being the Jushi would enable the "North & South Jushi" mentioned therein, to respectively be Ptolemy's 2 cities of "Issedon Scythia," and "Issedona Secira."
**** It's generally well accepted that the Wusan are the Issedones.
ὑπὸ δὲ ταῦτα [Ἀσμιραία χώρα & ὁμώνυμα ὄρη ,] μέχρι τῶν Κασίων Ἰσσηδόνες μέγα ἔθνος ,
But under these [the Asmiraia region and homonymous mountains] until the Casia Mts., [dwell the] Issedones, a great nation.
=== Wikipedia on Wusan ===
Canadian Sinologist Edwin Pulleyblank reconstructed the pronunciation of 烏孫' Wūsūn as in Middle Chinese as ou-suən, from Old Chinese aĥ-smən and linked the Wusun to the Άσμίραιοι Asmiraioi, who inhabited modern Issyk-Kul and Semirechiye and were mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography (VI.16.3).[6][7] Another theory links them to the Issedones.[8]
=== Wikipedia on Jushi ===
In or about 60 BC, the Han—ruled at the time by Emperor Xuan—defeated Xiongnu forces at the Battle of Jushi, during the Han–Xiongnu War. Afterwards the main part of the Jushi lands was divided into two states: a southern area controlled by the Han, who referred to it as “Nearer Jushi” (or "Anterior Jushi"), and a northern area known to the Han as “Further Jushi" (or "Posterior Jushi") that was dominated by the Xiongnu. Nearer Jushi was administered by the Han from a capital at Jiaohe (16 kilometres west of the site of modern Turpan). The capital of Further Jushi appears to have been called Yuli or Yulai, and was located about 10 km north of Jimasa, 200 km north of Jiaohe.[6] The Jushi never regained their independence.

Throanoi ?
Ἰσσηδόνες, μέγα ἔθνος ,
καὶ ἀνατολικώτεροι αὐτῶν Θρόανοι
εἶτα ὑπὸ μὲν τούτους, οἱ Ἰθάγουροι,
Issedones, a great nation,
and East of them the Throanoi,
then beneath these, the Ithagouroi, . . .
Throanoi = Tuyuhun ?
=== Wikipedia on Tuyuhun ===
After the disintegration of the Xianbei state, nomadic groups were led by their khagan, Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾), to the rich pasture lands around Qinghai Lake about the middle of the 3rd century AD. . . .
The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284[6] by subjugating the native peoples referred to as the Qiang, including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority.

Ithragouroi

Ithagouroi
οἱ Ἰθάγουροι, ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν τοῦ ὁμωνύμου ὄρους ,
the Ithragouroi, from [next to] the mountains of the same name.
οἱ Ἰθάγουροι = τὸ Θάγουρον ὄρος = Θογάρα
The Ithagouroi = Thagurus Mtn. = Thogara city
οἱ Ἰθάγουροι = Ιθάγουρος ?
The Ithagouroi here = Ithagouros city in N Pakistan ?
Ithagouroi = Tocharians ??
Thagurus = Tangut people = Tangut people (Located in this area) ?
Ithagouroi = Oyu Tolgoi ?
=== Wikipedia on Tangut people ===
In the early 8th century, increasing pressure from the Tibetan Empire had forced the Tanguts to migrate north from their homelands in northeastern Tibet to the eastern Ordos region [the 3-sided box made by the Yellow River]. By the time of the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), the Tanguts were the predominant local power in what is now eastern Gansu, Ningxia, and northern Shaanxi.[10]
=== Wikipedia on Tuoba ===
The Tuoba (Chinese) or Tabgatch (Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲, Tabγač), also known by other names, was an influential Xianbei clan in early imperial China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms after the fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms, the Tuoba established and ruled the state of Dai in northern China. The dynasty ruled from 310 to 376 and then restored it in 386.
By the 8th century,[1] the Old Turkic form of the name was Tabγač (𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲), usually anglicized as Tabgatch[2][3][4] or Tabgach.[5] The name appears in other Central Asian accounts as Tabghāj and Taugash[6] and in Byzantine Greek sources like Theophylact Simocatta's History as Taugas (Greek: Ταυγάς) and Taugast (Ταυγάστ).[7]
Tuoba is the atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese 拓跋 (Tuòbá), whose pronunciation at the time of its transcription into Middle Chinese has been reconstructed as *tʰak-bɛt[citation needed] or *Thak-bat.[9] The same name also appears with the first character transcribed as 托 or 㩉[10] and with the second character transcribed as 拔;[citation needed] it has also been anglicized as T'o-pa[5] and as Toba.[2][3] The name is also attested as Tufa (禿髮, Tūfà or Tūfǎ),[11] whose Middle Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *tʰuwk-pjot,[citation needed] *T'ak-bwat, or *T'ak-buat.[12] The name is also sometimes clarified as the Tuoba Xianbei (拓跋鮮卑, Tuòbá Xiānbēi).[3][4]

Ithragouroi
οἱ Ἰθάγουροι, ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν τοῦ ὁμωνύμου ὄρους ,
the Ithragouroi, from [next to] the mountains of the same name.
οἱ Ἰθάγουροι = τὸ Θάγουρον ὄρος = Θογάρα
The Ithragouroi = Thagurus Mtn. = Thogara city
Ithagouroi = Tocharians ??
Thagurus = Thagursh = Tabgatch (Located in this area) ?
Ithragouroi = Oyu Tolgoi ?
=== Wikipedia on Tangut people ===
In the early 8th century, increasing pressure from the Tibetan Empire had forced the Tanguts to migrate north from their homelands in northeastern Tibet to the eastern Ordos region [the 3-sided box made by the Yellow River]. By the time of the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), the Tanguts were the predominant local power in what is now eastern Gansu, Ningxia, and northern Shaanxi.[10]
=== Wikipedia on Tuoba ===
The Tuoba (Chinese) or Tabgatch (Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲, Tabγač), also known by other names, was an influential Xianbei clan in early imperial China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms after the fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms, the Tuoba established and ruled the state of Dai in northern China. The dynasty ruled from 310 to 376 and then restored it in 386.
By the 8th century,[1] the Old Turkic form of the name was Tabγač (𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲), usually anglicized as Tabgatch[2][3][4] or Tabgach.[5] The name appears in other Central Asian accounts as Tabghāj and Taugash[6] and in Byzantine Greek sources like Theophylact Simocatta's History as Taugas (Greek: Ταυγάς) and Taugast (Ταυγάστ).[7]
Tuoba is the atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese 拓跋 (Tuòbá), whose pronunciation at the time of its transcription into Middle Chinese has been reconstructed as *tʰak-bɛt[citation needed] or *Thak-bat.[9] The same name also appears with the first character transcribed as 托 or 㩉[10] and with the second character transcribed as 拔;[citation needed] it has also been anglicized as T'o-pa[5] and as Toba.[2][3] The name is also attested as Tufa (禿髮, Tūfà or Tūfǎ),[11] whose Middle Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *tʰuwk-pjot,[citation needed] *T'ak-bwat, or *T'ak-buat.[12] The name is also sometimes clarified as the Tuoba Xianbei (拓跋鮮卑, Tuòbá Xiānbēi).[3][4]
=== Sum Pronunciation: ===
"Tau(g/b/p)huastch" from . . .
Tabgach
Taugast
Tuòbá
Toba
Tufa
T'ak-buat

Aspacarai ?
ὑπὸ τοὺς Ἰσσηδόνας Ασπακᾶραι
καὶ ἔτι ὑπὸ τούτους Βᾶται
καὶ μεσημβρινώτατοι παρὰ τὰ
Ἠμωδὰ καὶ Σηρικὰ ὄρη Οττοροκόῤῥαι
but under the Issedones, Aspacarai,
and still under these, Batai,
and furthest South next to the
Himalayas and Serica mountains, Ottorocorrai . . .
Aspacarai = ??
Aspacarai = Bachu ?

Batai
Βᾶται
Batai = Bautisus river (Βαύτισος ποταμὸς)
Batai = Tibetans ?

Ottorocorrai ?
ὑπὸ τοὺς Ἰσσηδόνας Ασπακᾶραι
καὶ ἔτι ὑπὸ τούτους Βᾶται
καὶ μεσημβρινώτατοι παρὰ τὰ
Ἠμωδὰ καὶ Σηρικὰ ὄρη Οττοροκόῤῥαι
but under the Issedones, Aspacarai,
and still under these, Batai,
and furthest South next to the
Himalayas and Serica mountains, Ottorocorrai . . .
Ottorocorrai Mts. are east of the homonymous city & people.
Ottorocorrai = Uttar* + Cirrebe** = "North Sherpa" ?
Ottorocorrai = Uttarkhand province* ?
Ottorocorrai = Karakorum Mts. ?
Ottorocor(r/d)as = Ottichahr = Altishahr Mts.*** ??
* Uttar means "North," see Wikipedia below. E.g, Uttarkhand is in northern India.
** On the Peutinger map. *** Far to the North, next to the Tarim basin. Perhaps means "Six Cities/Castles" in Turkic, see Wikipedia below.

Other cities

Niya

Miran

Altin Tag Passes

Qiemo
Charauna = Qarqan = Cherchen = Quiemo = Qimantag* ?
Charauna = Cherchen = Quiemo = Qarqan = Xorkol (80 miles NW)* = Yusupu Aleke ?
* This site is plotted here, owing to (1) 2 possibly derived placenames, both the city, and the entire mountain range, anywhere around which the ancient city could be; and (2) relative opposite distances to Niya, and Chang'an (See Wikipedia, below). As you can see in Wikipedia below, this town is still undiscovered, and they are hunting for it northwest of here, in the Tarim basin. Few seem to have considered that perhaps the Silk Road veered southward here into Tibet, along what is now called the Qinghaia route, which is in fact a more direct route between Niya, and Chang'an. Additionally, it would make sense if Qiemo was here, because (See Wikipedia below), the city was defeated by the Tuyuhun, centered around giant Qinghai Lake, 550 miles E, also in Tibet.
Although the town is described in documents from the 1st century BCE to the 9th century CE, the ancient site has not yet been discovered, even though four major expeditions have searched for it.[6] . . .
Qiemo existed as an independent kingdom during the Former Han dynasty (123 BCE to 23 CE). It was described in the Hanshu, chapter 96A thus:
The seat of the government is the town of Ch'ieh-mo, and it is distant by 6820 li [1137 miles] from Chang'an. There are 230 households, 1610 individuals with 320 persons able to bear arms. [There are the following officials:] the noble of Fu-kuo (support of the state), the leaders of the left and the right and one interpreter-in-chief ... There are grapes and various types of fruit. To the west there is communication with Ching-chüeh [Jingue, i.e, Niya] at a distance of 2000 li [333 miles]."
Song Yun passed through around 519, and wrote that the country had just been defeated by the Tuyuhun [centered around giant Qinghai Lake, 550 miles E.].

Gaochan
Gaochan, capital of the Gaoche
Jushi = Gushi = Kang-chü = Kao-che = Kao-chü = Gaoche = Ting-ling.
Jushi = Kuči = Kuchiya = Tocharian
=== Wikipedia on Kang-chü ===
[Gaoche Name derived from their fame for wheeled "carts".]
A section of the Gaoche is also said to have settled along the Orkhon River under the name of Bayeqi (拔也稽) until it was subdued by the Rouran in the early 5th century.
=== Wikipedia on Tocharians ===
Their actual ethnic name is unknown, although they may have referred to themselves as Agni, Kuči, and Krorän, or Agniya, Kuchiya as known from Sanskrit texts

Chang'An / Xi'an
Terracotta Army

Luoyang
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang
In 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty
For several centuries, Luoyang was the focal point of China.
Luoyang has had several names over the centuries, including Luoyi (洛邑) and Luozhou (洛州), but Luoyang has been its primary name. It has also been called Dongdu (東都; 'eastern capital') during the Tang dynasty, Xijing (西京; 'western capital') during the Song dynasty, or Jingluo (Chinese: 京洛; lit. 'capital Luo').

Kaifeng
=== Wikipedia on Kaifeng ===
Historically it has also been known as:
Dàliáng (Chinese: 大梁)
Biànliáng (汴梁)
Biànzhōu (汴州)
Nánjīng (南京), from its status as the Jurchen Jin's southern capital and not to be confused with modern-day Nanjing
Dōngjīng (東京)
Biànjīng (汴京)
The area was named "Kaifeng" after the Qin's conquest of China in the second century BC. The name literally means "opening the border" and figuratively "hidden" and "vengeance".[8] Its name was originally Qifeng (Chinese: 啓封), but the syllable qi (Baxter-Sagart: /*kʰˤijʔ/) was changed to the essentially synonymous kai (/*Nə-[k]ʰˤəj/, /*[k]ʰˤəj/) to avoid the naming taboo of Liu Qi (Emperor Jing of Han).

Lanzhou
In 81 BC, under the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220), it was taken from the Huns' Huandi Chanyu and made the seat of Jincheng commandery (jùn), and later of the Jincheng (Golden City) county (xiàn), later renamed Yunwu. From at least the first millennium BC it was a major link on the ancient Northern Silk Road,[9][10] and also an important historic Yellow River crossing site. To protect the city, the Great Wall of China was extended as far as Yumen. Parts of the Great Wall still exist within the built-up area.[11]

Taiyuan

Damna

Δάμνα
Damna
Damna = Dhanha = Hunha = Huns ?
Damnai = Zdumnuh = Xiongnu/Tsung-Nu ?
Damna = Dhanhah = Hunhata-Ortoo?
Damna = Dhamnuh = Umnogovi ?
Damna = Zdumnuh = Zuungovi ?
Damna = Thunha = Tsagaantunge ?

Δᾶμνα
Damna
Damna area = Telmena lake ?
Damna = Telmen ?
Damna = Ara Teeliin Daugang ?

Δᾶμνα
Damna area = Tamar river ?
Damna = I(k)h(-)tamir ?
Damna = Zaamar ?
Damna = Erdenet ??

Throana

Θροάνα
Throana
Throana = Djruana = Juyan = Ga Shunnao'er ?
=== Wikipedia on Juyan ===
"This territory, called Juyan by the Han Chinese, was maintained and garrisoned by the empire from the time of Emperor Wu until the last century of Later Han. Militarily, the outpost of the Great Wall was important for two reasons: as a supply point for the garrisons in the northwest and, perhaps more significant, as a means to deny this prosperous region to the northern nomads. Left undefended, Juyan would have provided an ideal route for attack against the Chinese commanderies of the corridor itself.

Θροάνα
Throana
Throana = Dunuang ?
Throana = Yùmén ("Jade Gate," 45 miles NWW) ?
=== Wikipedia on Dunhuang ===
Dunhuang commands a strategic position at the crossroads of the ancient Southern Silk Route and the main road leading from India via Lhasa to Mongolia and Southern Siberia,[4] and also controls the entrance to the narrow Hexi Corridor, which leads straight to the heart of the north Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of Chang'an (today known as Xi'an) and Luoyang.[5]
7. Mair 1977, Ptolemy's c. 150 Geography refers to Dunhuang as Greek Θροανα (Throana), possibly from Iranian Druvana meaning something like "fortress for tax collecting."
=== Wikipedia on Yumen Pass ===
Travellers to 'The Western Regions' (西域, Xiyu) left China through the famous Yumenguan 玉門關, or 'Jade Gate Frontier-post,' named for the many jade caravans that passed through it. The original Jade Gate was erected by Emperor Wudi (Emperor Wu of Han) soon after 121 BCE and its ruins may still be seen about 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the northwest of Dunhuang which was, until the 6th century, the final outpost of Chinese territory for caravans on their long caravan journeys to India, Parthia, and the Roman Empire.[4]

Θροάνα
Throana = Thrwana = Turbana = Tur(p/f)an Basin ?
Note that some Medieval maps wrongly show the Bautisos river passing here, while others correctly show it staying far south, and exiting Eastwardly.

Throana = Tongwan = Tongwancheng ?
Tongwancheng = "Tongwan City"
[But this is the wrong side of the Bautisus river.]
=== Wikipedia on Tongwancheng ===
Tongwancheng (Chinese: 統萬城; pinyin: Tǒngwànchéng; Wade–Giles: Tʻung-wan-chʻêng) was the capital of the Xiongnu-led Hu Xia dynasty in northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period in the early 5th century. The city is at the southern edge of the Maowusu Sands of the Ordos Desert, on what was formerly a strategic site in the center of the Ordos Plateau. Tongwancheng, which means the "city ruling ten thousand", is the largest urban center of the Southern Xiongnu that has ever been found. . . .
The city was built by around 100,000 Xiongnu of the Hu Xia dynasty under the command of Helian Bobo (Emperor Wulie) in 419.

Issedones Serica

162 Issedones Serica ? 45
Ἰσσηδόνες
Issedones
Issedones = Yisheti = (J/G)ushi* = Jiaohe (here) ??
=== Competing theory ===
Wusan = Issyk-Huns = Issedones** ?
Wusan = Issyk-Kul (Lake) ?
* See Wikipedia below. Issedones being the Jushi would enable the "North & South Jushi" mentioned therein, to respectively be Ptolemy's 2 cities of "Issedon Scythia," and "Issedona Secira."
** It's generally well accepted that the Wusan are the Issedones.
=== Wikipedia on Jushi ===
In or about 60 BC, the Han—ruled at the time by Emperor Xuan—defeated Xiongnu forces at the Battle of Jushi, during the Han–Xiongnu War. Afterwards the main part of the Jushi lands was divided into two states: a southern area controlled by the Han, who referred to it as “Nearer Jushi” (or "Anterior Jushi"), and a northern area known to the Han as “Further Jushi" (or "Posterior Jushi") that was dominated by the Xiongnu. Nearer Jushi was administered by the Han from a capital at Jiaohe (16 kilometres west of the site of modern Turpan). The capital of Further Jushi appears to have been called Yuli or Yulai, and was located about 10 km north of Jimasa, 200 km north of Jiaohe.[6] The Jushi never regained their independence.
=== Wikipedia on Wusan ===
Canadian Sinologist Edwin Pulleyblank reconstructed the pronunciation of 烏孫' Wūsūn as in Middle Chinese as ou-suən, from Old Chinese aĥ-smən and linked the Wusun to the Άσμίραιοι Asmiraioi, who inhabited modern Issyk-Kul and Semirechiye and were mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography (VI.16.3).[6][7] Another theory links them to the Issedones.[8]

162 Issedones Serica ? 45
Ἰσσηδὼν Σηρική
Issedon Serica
Issedon = Wusun
Serica = Karakol ?
=== Wikipedia on Issyk Kurgan ===
Note that the famous Saka ruler, or "Golden Man" was found at Issyk Kurgan, 8 miles east of here.

Aspaca(i/r)a

᾿Ασπακάρα ( ἢ Ασπακαία )
Aspacara or Aspacaia
Aspacara = Carra = Korla ?

Aspacarai = Piqan = Shanshan ?

Drosacha ?
Drosacha = Dong Da Shan Kou ?

Palliana

Παλιάνα
Paliana
Paliana = Loulan ?

Παλιάνα
Paliana
Paliana = Palliana = P'o-lo-k'o-nu = Borohoro Shan Mts. ?

Παλιάνα
Paliana
Paliana = Halik Shan Mts. ?

Abragana

Abragana = Erbeng Shan Mts. ?

᾿Αβραγάνα
Abragana
Abragana = Habah + Ganga = Dabin* + Gongcha* ?
* In many city names around here.

Togora

Θογάρα
Thogora
Thogora = Thagouron Mt.
Thogora = Ithagouroi people
Thogora = Tang-
Thogora = Daotanghezhen ?
Thogora = Daotang river ?
Thogora = Tangga Rideng?
Thogora = Tanggazhe ?
Thogora = Denglongtang ?
Thogora = A'Er Dengtang ?
Thogora = Qiejitang ?
Thogora = Nahe Tangbu ?
Thogora = Wolu Wotang ?
Thogora = Naguori ?

Θογάρα
Togora
Togora = Dunuang ?
=== Wikipedia on Dunuang ===
Dunhuang commands a strategic position at the crossroads of the ancient Southern Silk Route and the main road leading from India via Lhasa to Mongolia and Southern Siberia,[4] and also controls the entrance to the narrow Hexi Corridor, which leads straight to the heart of the north Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of Chang'an (today known as Xi'an) and Luoyang.[5]
7. Mair 1977, Ptolemy's c. 150 Geography refers to Dunhuang as Greek Θροανα (Throana), possibly from Iranian Druvana meaning something like "fortress for tax collecting."

Θογάρα
Togora
Togora = Toksu = Xinhe ?

Daxata

Δαξάτα
Daxata
Daxata = Dingxi

Daxata = Anxi = Guazhou ?
Daxata = Gduzhawa = Guazhou ?

Daxata = Da Xihaizi

Daxata = Hoxud = Weixu ?

Orosana

Ὀροσάνα
Orosana
Orosana = Orosaniya = Orosha + Niya (here) ?
Kharosthi script = Horosha = Orosana ?
Ad Horosha Kröran = Ottorocorra ?
Uttar* + Kröran = Ottorocorra ?
Ad To(r)charia = Ottorocorra ?
=== Kröran Empire cities ===
Kroraina empire = Horasina = Orosana Kröran empire = Rouran = Loulan Kröran empire = Qarqan = Cherchen = Quiemo
* Uttar means north in Hindi and many other Indian languages.

Ὀροσάνα
Orosana
Orosana = Wahr'Hazen = Huahaizi ?
Orosana = Wahr'Hazeng = Qilike Wozeng ?
Orosana = 'Rasunga = 'Hadzuhce = Huduke ?
Orosana = Hordouzian = Shahdoujiang = Sadoujiang Kuola = Sugan* ?
Orosana = Horandzanga = Ao'erta Baorandeke ?
* Common toponym used around here.

Ὀροσάνα
Orosana = Ohodzan =Huodan (豁旦) = Hotan ?

162 Orosana 37.5
Orosana = Horoshan Mts.
Orosana = Agni = Karashahr = Yanqi

162 Orosana 37.5
Orosana = Yao + zhen ("town") = Yaozhanzi(ziang) ?
Orosana = Agni = Karashahr = Yanqi

Ottrocorra

165 Ottorocorra ? 37.25
Οττοροκόῤῥα
Ottocorra
Ottocorra = Qarhan = Cha'erhan Yan lake ?
Ottocorra = Tocharta = Tchaytum river* ?
Ottocorra = Docharda = Da Qaidam (75 miles N)?
Ottocorra = Thocharta = Xiaochaidan Hu lake ?
Ottocorra = Kourong'ou Zouri (100 miles W)?
Ottocorra = Golmud (a modern city) ??
=== Conjectured Relationships ===
Ottocorra = O'Thocharia = Tocharians ?
Ottocorra = Ottoro + Caurani ?
Ottocorra = O'Thogora / O'Thagouron Mt. ?

165 Ottrocorra ? 37.25
Οττοροκόῤῥα
Ottrocorra
Ottrocorra = Cherchen ?

165 Ottrocorra ? 37.25
Οττοροκόῤῥα
Ottrocorra
Ottrocorra = Kroraina = Loulan ?
Ottocorra = O'Thocharia = Tocharians ? Ottocorra = Ottoro + Caurani ? Ottocorra = O'Thogora / O'Thagouron Mt. ?
=== Wikipedia on Loulan Kingdom ===
Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina . . . The term Loulan is the Chinese transcription of the native name Krorän and is used to refer to the city near Lop Nur as well as the kingdom.
=== See also "Silk Road I:" Episode 5 ===
In Search of the Kingdom of Lou-Lan

165 Ottrocorra ? 37.25
Ottorokorras = Korla ?

Solana

Σολάνα
Solana
Solana = Dulan ?
Solana = Ulan (50 miles NE) ?
Solana = Shaliu river (50 miles NE)* ?
Solana = Shaliu river (131 miles NE)* ?
Solana = Kunlun Mts. ??
* Note that this river-name appears on both sides (SW & N) of Qinghai Lake, so the original Solana could be on either side of this lake. However the site seems best, owing to archaeological discoveries:
=== Website on The Qinghai [Silk] Route ===
However, recent excavations have unearthed more and more ruins indicating a vibrant east-west trade that existed along the route. In particular, excavations of the ancient Tubo tombs at Dulan (Map of Qinghai Region(18)), to the south of the Qaidam Basin, have been attracting much attention since the 1980s.
At Dulan, more than 1,000 Tubo tombs have been found, which shows that this area served as an important relay point on the Qinghai route. The tomb of Xuewei M1 is a large-size tomb with flat-topped quadrangular mound similar to other royal tombs of the Tubo. It is situated facing the south, is 33 meters high, 55 meters across, and 37 meters long. Inside the tomb, more than 700 horses, cows, and sheep were also interred. Researchers have unearthed leather shoes, Tibetan wooden manuscripts, painted or wooden-carved animals, grains, and a large number of silk products. The tomb is also surrounded by dozens of small accompanied tombs. Around this area, gold coins of the Eastern Roman Empire, silver coins of the Persian Sassanian Empire, and over 350 silk products were found as well. Many of these silks have peal roundel designs which originated in the Sassanian Empire.

Solana = Kroraina = Loulan ?

176 Sera metropolis ? 38.58
Σήμα μητρόπολις
Sera metropolis
Sera = Surman* = Ser + Shu*** =Sêrxü** ?
Sera = Tsusirkana R[iver]* (23 miles NE) ?
Sera = Shila = Shilong (27 miles N) ?
Sera = Zhera = Zhareku (28 miles N) ?
Sera = SulaM Shamton* (133 miles S) = Chamdo ?
Sera = Seri somton* (river, 150 miles SW) ?
Sera = Sari concla M[ts].* (160 miles SW) ?
Sera = Sershul** (15 miles NW) ?
Sera = Ser + Tar*** = Sêrtar** (139 miles E) ?
Sera = Chuānxiá Sìlù = Sichuan province ?
* On 1787 Rumsey Historical map.
** Contains a Buddhist monastery.
*** Seems to be a a widely-used local toponym, as can be confirmed from its reappearance and surrounding cities.
[Note that the Ptolemaic coordinates work out nicely, relative to surrounding places. If this identification is correct, then this should be a major silk-producing area, as Serica means "silk."]
=== Wikipedia on Sêrtar County ===
Sêrtar, which means "golden freedom" in Tibetan, lies in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau and in the historical region of Kham.

Sinai

The Sinai
Οἱ Σῖναι
The Sinai = The Chinese

Great Wall of China

Yangtze River