iran 1-2

Ptolemy

Carmania Deserta

Landforms

Borders

Carmanian Desert
Carmania = Kerman
Carmania = Kermanshah
ἩἜρημος Καρμανία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Περσίδος μέρει παρὰ τὸν Βαγράδαν ποταμὸν, τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Παρχοάθρα ὄρους μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 94, 31
ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Παρθίᾳ [wrong] κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Παρχοάθρα ὄρους, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνα - τολῶν μέρει τῆς ᾿Αρείας [wrong] κατὰ τὴν προςεκβαλλομένην τῇ εἰρημένῃ γραμμῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας ....... 101, 29.83
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῇ λοιπῇ Καρμανίᾳ παρὰ τὴν 20 ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ εἰρημένα πέρατα πλευράν.
The Carmanian Desert is surrounded, first on the west, by the part of Persia next to the Bagradas river, which [part] is from the Parchoathra Mt., until the end, which has location . . . 94, 31 ;
but on the north, by Parthia [wrong], along the extended line, which is through the Parchoathra Mt.; but on the east, by the part of Areia [wrong], according to the [line] jutting out [with respect] to the aforesaid line, to its end, which has location . . . 101, 29.83
but on the south, by the remainder of Carmania, along the[ir] aforesaid straddling frontiers-side.

Carmanian Desert
Carmania = Kerman
Carmania = Kermanshah
ἩἜρημος Καρμανία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Περσίδος μέρει παρὰ τὸν Βαγράδαν ποτα- μὸν, τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Παρχοάθρα ὄρους μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 94, 31
ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Παρθίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Παρχοάθρα ὄρους, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνα - τολῶν μέρει τῆς ᾿Αρείας [wrong] κατὰ τὴν προςεκβαλλομένην τῇ εἰρημένῃ γραμμῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας ....... 101, 29.83
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῇ λοιπῇ Καρμανίᾳ παρὰ τὴν 20 ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ εἰρημένα πέρατα πλευράν.
The Carmanian Desert is surrounded, first on the west, by the part of Persia next to the Bagradas river, which [part] is from the Parchoathra Mt., until the end, which has location . . . 94, 31 ;
but on the north, by Parthia, along the extended line, which is through the Parchoathra Mt.; but on the east, by the part of Areia [wrong], according to the [line] jutting out [with respect] to the aforesaid line, to its end, which has location . . . 101, 29.83
but on the south, by the remainder of Carmania, along the[ir] aforesaid straddling frontiers-side.

ἩἜρημος Καρμανία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν δύσεως Περσίδος μέρει παρὰ τὸν Βαγράδαν ποτα- μὸν, τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Παρχοάθρα ὄρους μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . 94, 31
ἀπὸ δὲ ἄρκτων Παρθίᾳ κατὰ τὴν ἐκτεθειμένην γραμμὴν διὰ τοῦ Παρχοάθρα ὄρους, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνα - τολῶν μέρει τῆς ᾿Αρείας κατὰ τὴν προςεκβαλλομένην τῇ εἰρημένῃ γραμμῇ μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας ....... 101, 29.83
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῇ λοιπῇ Καρμανίᾳ παρὰ τὴν 20 ἐπιζευγνύουσαν τὰ εἰρημένα πέρατα πλευράν.
The Carmanian Desert is surrounded, first on the west, by the part of Persia next to the Bagradas river, which [part] is from the Parchoathra Mt., until the end, which has location . . . 94, 31 ;
but on the north, by Parthia, along the extended line, which is through the Parchoathra Mt.; but on the east, by the part of Areia, according to the [line] jutting out [with respect] to the aforesaid line, to its end, which has location . . . 101, 29.83
but on the south, by the remainder of Carmania, along the[ir] aforesaid straddling frontiers-side.

Rivers

West River

South River

Rts.

West Route ?

Northwest Route

North route

Northeast Route

Peoples

Isatichai
Ἰσατίχαι
Isatichai (Ptolemy) = Tatcene (Ptolemy) ?
Asatice = Isatichai (Ptolemy) ?
Asatice = Modomastice (Ptolemy) ?
[It seems that they've since moved further East or South]
Isatichai = Ishakzai tribe ?
Isatichai = Sarhadi language ?
Isatichai = Lashari language ?
Isatichai = Bashakerd ?
Isatichai = Zahidan ?
Isatichai = Orzueeyeh ?
Isatichai = Yazd ??
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ἐρήμου τὰ μὲν μεσημβρινὰ Ἰσατίχαι
But there inhabit the south of the desert Isatichai

Chouthoi
Χοῦθοι
[It seems that they've since moved further East or South]
Chouthoi = Kurds ?
Chouthoi = Bashakerd ?
Chouthoi = Katirs (now in NE Afghanistan)?
Chouthoi = Keshit ?
Chouthoi = Kahuri Daras ?
Chouthoi = Kuhiri ??
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ἐρήμου τὰ μὲν μεσημβρινὰ Ἰσατίχαι καὶ Χοῦθοι
But there inhabit the south of the desert Isatichai and Chouthoi

Gadanopydres
Γαδανώπυδρες
Γαβαῖοι
Gabaioi
Gabaioi = (Ptolemy) = Gadani = Gadanopydres (Ptolemy) ?
[They seem to've since moved much further NE.]
Gadanopydres = Ghazni(chi) tribe = Hazara ?
Gadanopydres = Kuhbanan ?
Gadanopydres = Golzar ??

Modomastice ??
Μοδομαστική
Modomastice
=== Origin ===
Medha + Mazda* = Modomastice ?
Medes + Hazara = Modomastice ?
Odomuz = Ahuramazda ?
Odomuz = Hormuz strait ?
Odomuz = Modomastice ?
* See Wikipedia below.
Modomastice = Hazara ?
Modomastice = Azdace = Uzbeks ??
Modomastice = Mazandorani ??
=== Wikipedia on Ahura Mazda ===
Both medhā́ (in Vedic) and Mazda (in Avestan) mean "Wisdom"
ἡ δὲ πρὸς ἄρκτους καὶ ἀνατολὰς πλευρὰ καλεῖται Μοδομαστική
But the [regions] toward the north and east sides, is called Modomastice

Iasonion Mt.

Carmania

Border

Carmania
Ἥ Καρμανία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ὰ ρἌτωῶν τῇ ἐκτεϑειμένῃ μεσημβοινῇ πλευρᾷ τῆς Ἐρήμου Καρμανίας,
δ. 2. ἀπὸ δὲ ἂν ατολῶν Γεδρωσίᾳ παρὰ Περσικὰ θρὴ κατὰ τὴν δι αὐτῶν ἐπιξευγνυμένην μεσημβριγὴν γθαμμὴν, ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τῇ Ἐρήμῳ πέρατος μέχρι τοῦ Ινδικοῦ πελάγους κατὰ ϑέσιν ἐπέχουσα» μοίρα δ θοὴν τς Τοηβος πρὸ κ᾿
ὃ. 8. ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως τῷ μέρει τῆς τε Περσίδος τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τῇ Ερήμῳ Καρμανίᾳ πέρατος μέχρι τῶν τοῦ Βαγρᾶδα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν καὶ τῷ ἐγτεῦϑεν τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου μέρει καλουμένῳ καὶ αὐτῷ Καρμανικῷ χόλπῳ κατὰ περιγραφὴν τοιαύτην"
Carmania is surrounded on the north by the extended southern side of the Carmanian desert;
but on the east by good Gedrosia next to the Persican Mts., along their shared southern line, from the end next to the desert, until the Indic Sea at a place having location . . . 104, 20;
but on the west, indeed, by the part of Persia, from the end next to the Carmanian desert, until the outflows of the Bagradas river, and by the Gulf's part so-called [as the] same Carmanian Gulf, according to this survey:

Cities

Coast

Dara river

Δάρα ποταμοῦ ἐχβολαί
Dara river
Dara = Sar Rig ?
Dara = Sarband ?
Dara = Sarzeh Shamil ?
Dara = Tirur ?
Dara = Dar Tujan ?
Dara = Dehou ?

Cathrapos river

95.5 Cathrapos river 27.67
Κάθραπος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαΐ
Cathrapos river
Modern Minab river
Cathrapos = Kolahi ?
Cathrapos = Koh Thros = Konar Torush ?
Cathrapos = Thaba = Tiab ?
Cathrapos = Hashta = Hashtbandi ?

95.5 Cathrapos river 27.67
Κάθραπος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαΐ
Cathrapos river
Cathrapos = Kolahi ?
Cathrapos = Thaba = Tiab ?

Corios river

96 Corios river 26
Κορίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Corios river
[Khor (خور) meanss "Inlet" in Persian]
Corios = Khor Jumhald (خور جومحلد )
Corios = Kariyan
Corios = Kariyan = Kalaliyan
Corios = Kariyan = Garaman ?
Corios = Garu ?

Untitled Path

A(chi)ndan(a/ios) river

᾿Ανδάνιος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Andanios river
96,25
᾿Αχινδάνα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Achindana river
96.67, 26.17
Andanios river (Ptolemy) = Achindana river (Ptolemaic editor)
Achindana = Chinda = Kandal
Achindana = Chinaha = Konarju ?
Andanios = Hamanios = Bemani(-ye-gachine) ?
Achindana = Chuhtsaca = Kuhestak ??

Sarganos river

95.67 Sarganos river 24.5
Σαγανοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Saganos river
Typo. Should be:
Σαργανοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Sarganos river
=== Origin ===
Probably refers to the red gemstone Sardonyx*, or maybe instead to the blue gemstone Sapphire (See Jafiri, below).
* Nearby is mentioned the similarly red city of:
Σάγδανα, ἐν ᾗ Μίλτος
Sagdana, in which [is] Miltos
Sagdana, in which [is] Ochre (red earth)
Sarganos = Sarc = Sarkhur Tahruyi**
Sarganos = Tsar = Sarkhur Tahruyi**
Sarganos = Tsar = Tahrui
Sarganos = Sarc = Sirik
Sarganos = Sardz = Sarzeh
Sarganos = Sardz = Sarderang
Sarganos = Sahdz = Shamjou ?
Sarganos = Cardz = Kardar ?
Sarganos = Sarc = Carc = Geruk ?
[A gem] = Sapphire = Jifiri
** A hyphenated name of 2 separate evolved pronunciations.

94 Armouzon acron 23.67
Αρμοζον ἄκρον
Armouzon acron
Armouzon hieghts
Armouzon = Hormuz straits*
Armouzon = Hormozgan province
Armouzon = Hamoudseh = Namordi** = Gownamordi
* This is the eastern side of the narrowest point on the waterway.

Αρμουζα πόλις
Armouza polis
Armouza = Hamoudseh = Namordi* = Gownamordi
Armouza = Hormozgan province
Armouza = Hormuz straits
Armouza = Sarhuza = Sarzeh ??
* On 1902 map.

94 Carpelas Acra 22.5
Καρπέλας ἄκρα
Carpelas Acra
Carpelas promontory
Carpelas = Qahbera = Mogh-e Qanbareh-ye Kuh Mobarak
=== Change in Coastal Direction: ===
Καρπέλας ἄκρα . . . 94, 22.5
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας μέρει τοῦ Ἰνδικοῦ πελάγους τῷ μέχρι τοῦ εἰρημένου πέρατος, οὗ ἡ περι- γραφὴ ἔχει οὕτως:
ἐν μὲν τῷ Περσικῷ κόλπῳ, [but these 2 cities are actually inland, thus suggesting that they're additions of an editor.]
Σάγδανα, ἐν ᾗ Μίλτος . . . 95, 27.75
ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰνδικῷ πελάγει
Πάλλα ἢ Πόλλα . . . 98, 19
Κάρμιννα . . . 92, 18
Λίβα νῆσος . . . 94, 19
Carpelas promontory . . . 94, 22.5
But from the part of the south[-facing] of the Indian Ocean, even until the aforesaid end, of this, the catalog has in this way:
First on the Persian Gulf: [but these 2 cities are actually inland, thus suggesting that they're additions of an editor.]
Sagdana, in which is Miltos . . . 95, 27.75
But on the Indian Ocean:
Palla or Polla . . . 98, 19
Carminna . . . 92, 18
Liba island . . . 94, 19

102 Carminna ? 18
Κάρμιννα
Carminna
Carminna = Carmania province
Carminna = Karap ?
Carminna = Himan* ??
* Too far north

Liba Island

104 Liba Island ? 19
Λίβα νῆσος
Liba Island
Liba = Himah = Himan ?
Liba = Himah = Himan = Houn ??
[The furthest possible island NE. All the derived placenames below are 70 miles East, but the islands are here.]
Liba = Lihda = Lirda ?
Liba = Hibda = Habd(-e-qadim) ?
Liba = Hihda = Hehta = Gouhert ?

104 Liba Island ? 19
Λίβα νῆσος
Liba Island
Liba = Lihda = Lirda ?
Liba = Hibda = Habd(-e-qadim) ?
Liba = Hihda = Hehta = Gouhert ?

98 Palla or Polla 19
Πάλλα ἢ Πόλλα
Palla or Polla
Palla = Bahl
Palla = Koik-e-Bala (8 miles NNW) ?
Palla = Koik-e-Bala = Koveyk (8 miles NNW) ?

Inland

Sagdana, in which [is] ochre

95 Sagdana, in which [is] ochre ?? 27.75
Σάγδανα, ἐν ᾗ Μίλτος
Sagdana, in which [is] Miltos
Sagdana, in which [is] Ochre (red earth)
[The site is best, both because of the number of derived placenames, and also because of it being relatively northeast of one of the candidates of Ou[w]orochtha]
Sagdana = Sangi ?
Sagdana = Sarjuiyeh ?
Sagdana = Sardang ?
Sagdana = Sekal ?
Miltos = Komiz Castle ?
* There is a major archaeological site, which, from the descriptions, seems to be right here at the main candidate for Sagdana. See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Rudan region ===
The presence of pictorial hieroglyphs and inscribed rock art in the Bd Afshan Rudn region points to the existence of Rudn's ancient civilization, which experts from the Cultural Heritage Organization believe predates the Elamite and Assyrian eras.
The region that is now known as Tabarakun was once home to a naturally occurring, relatively high dam that prevented the Armoz plain from being flooded. This dam existed before the Sasanian kings. Engineers and workers destroyed this dam during the reign of King Hormuz, a Sasanian dynasty ruler of Iran.
The later-constructed plain gained notoriety as Hermuz. Stone houses and ancient tombs are remnants of a past life away from the mountains center. The discovery of priceless artifacts, like a surgically altered skull from three thousand years before the Common Era, in a location called Tam Marv also points to the region's ancient past.
=== Change in Coastal Direction: ===
Καρπέλας ἄκρα . . . 94, 22.5
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας μέρει τοῦ Ἰνδικοῦ πελάγους τῷ μέχρι τοῦ εἰρημένου πέρατος, οὗ ἡ περι- γραφὴ ἔχει οὕτως:
ἐν μὲν τῷ Περσικῷ κόλπῳ, [but these 2 cities are actually inland, thus suggesting that they're additions of an editor.]
Σάγδανα, ἐν ᾗ Μίλτος . . . 95, 27.75
ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰνδικῷ πελάγει
Πάλλα ἢ Πόλλα . . . 98, 19
Κάρμιννα . . . 92, 18
Λίβα νῆσος . . . 94, 19
Carpelas promontory . . . 94, 22.5
But from the part of the south[-facing] of the Indian Ocean, even until the aforesaid end, of this, the catalog has in this way:
First on the Persian Gulf: [but these 2 cities are actually inland, thus suggesting that they're additions of an editor.]
Sagdana, in which is Miltos . . . 95, 27.75
But on the Indian Ocean:
Palla or Polla . . . 98, 19
Carminna . . . 92, 18
Liba island . . . 94, 19

95 Sagdana, in which [is] ochre ?? 27.75
Σάγδανα, ἐν ᾗ Μίλτος
Sagdana, in which [is] Miltos
Sagdana, in which [is] Ochre (red earth)
Sagdana = Sahctun = Sarkhung ?
[On the wrong side of the Bagrada river (the border); the side is Persia, not Carmania.]
=== Change in Coastal Direction: ===
Καρπέλας ἄκρα . . . 94, 22.5
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας μέρει τοῦ Ἰνδικοῦ πελάγους τῷ μέχρι τοῦ εἰρημένου πέρατος, οὗ ἡ περι- γραφὴ ἔχει οὕτως:
ἐν μὲν τῷ Περσικῷ κόλπῳ, [but these 2 cities are actually inland, thus suggesting that they're additions of an editor.]
Σάγδανα, ἐν ᾗ Μίλτος . . . 95, 27.75
ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰνδικῷ πελάγει
Πάλλα ἢ Πόλλα . . . 98, 19
Κάρμιννα . . . 92, 18
Λίβα νῆσος . . . 94, 19
Carpelas promontory . . . 94, 22.5
But from the part of the south[-facing] of the Indian Ocean, even until the aforesaid end, of this, the catalog has in this way:
First on the Persian Gulf: [but these 2 cities are actually inland, thus suggesting that they're additions of an editor.]
Sagdana, in which is Miltos . . . 95, 27.75
But on the Indian Ocean:
Palla or Polla . . . 98, 19
Carminna . . . 92, 18
Liba island . . . 94, 19

95 Sagdana, in which [is] ochre 27.75
[Must be a Ptolemaic editor, because (1) the coordinates are so bad, relative to surrounding sites' coordinates; and also because (2) it's not technically on the coast, as the list says.]
Sagdana = Sarderang ?
Sagdana = Sagarkan (50 miles ESE) ?
Sagdana = Sardasht* (40 miles E) ??
Miltos = Molkan (50 miles ENE) ??
* Typically refers to Zoroaster

Ou[w]orachtha

95.33 Ou[w]orachtha 25.5
Οὐορόχθα
Ou[w]orachtha
Ouorachtha = Horach = Cheraghabad ?
Worachtha = Wo'Ratzha = Rowzeh-ye Eram* ?
Worachtha = Wo'Rudtha = R(o)udan* ?
* There is a major archaeological site near here, which, from the descriptions, seems to be 18 miles NNW, at the main candidate for Sagdana. See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Rudan region ===
The presence of pictorial hieroglyphs and inscribed rock art in the Bd Afshan Rudn region points to the existence of Rudn's ancient civilization, which experts from the Cultural Heritage Organization believe predates the Elamite and Assyrian eras.
The region that is now known as Tabarakun was once home to a naturally occurring, relatively high dam that prevented the Armoz plain from being flooded. This dam existed before the Sasanian kings. Engineers and workers destroyed this dam during the reign of King Hormuz, a Sasanian dynasty ruler of Iran.
The later-constructed plain gained notoriety as Hermuz. Stone houses and ancient tombs are remnants of a past life away from the mountains center. The discovery of priceless artifacts, like a surgically altered skull from three thousand years before the Common Era, in a location called Tam Marv also points to the region's ancient past.

95.33 Ou[w]orachtha 25.5
Οὐορόχθα
Ou[w]orachtha
Worachtha = Holatch = Village Goleshvar ?
Ouorachtha = Hochthuh = Hakami?
Ouorachtha = Jor'hohtzuh = Zor'thozeh = Zartoji ??
Ouorachtha = Jor'hoch'uh = Zohocheh = Zohooki ?

Parthia

Mihr's Mountain

Parthia
Πάρσιοι
Parsioi
(In Paropanisos)
Παρσυῆται
Parsuetai
(In Paropanisos & Arachosia)
Πάραυτοι,
Parautoi
(in Areia)
ἢ Παραυτικηνή,
The Parauticene
(in Parthia)
Apauarcticena
(Isidore of Charax)
Apavortene
(Pliny)
=== Possibile Origins ===
Persian origin
Far ("Horseman") =
= Farsi
= Persia =
= Parsioi
= Parsuetai
= Parthia
= Parash (פרש) ("Horseman") OR Firozkohi ("Persian-ish") = ?
= Parautoi ?
= Parauticene ?
= Apauarcticena / Apavortene
Pashtun Alternative possibility:
Pahak ("Pure"?) =
Pak ("Pure"*) =
= Pakhtuns
= Pakistan
= Paharati (?) =     Parautoi (Ptolemy, in Aria)
= Paharakti (?) = Apauarcticena (Arrian)
= Aristophyloi ("Best nation") ?
* In Persian and Pashto

The Parauticene
Πάρσιοι
Parsioi
(In Paropanisos)
Παρσυῆται
Parsuetai
(In Paropanisos & Arachosia)
Πάραυτοι,
Parautoi
(in Areia)
ἢ Παραυτικηνή,
(in Parthia)
Apauarcticena
(Isidore of Charax)
Apavortene
(Pliny)
=== Possibile Origins ===
Persian origin
Far ("Horseman") =
= Farsi
= Persia =
= Parsioi
= Parsuetai
= Parthia
= Parash (פרש) ("Horseman") OR Firozkohi ("Persian-ish") = ?
= Parautoi ?
= Parauticene ?
= Apauarcticena / Apavortene
Pashtun Alternative possibility:
Pahak ("Pure"?) =
Pak ("Pure"*) =
= Pakhtuns
= Pakistan
= Paharati (?) =     Parautoi (Ptolemy, in Aria)
= Paharakti (?) = Apauarcticena (Arrian)
= Aristophyloi ("Best nation") ?
* In Persian and Pashto
Parauticene = Pirautzicuhi = Firozkohi people ?
Parautoi = Balautch = Baluch(i) people ?
Parauticene = ?
καλεῖται δὲ τῆς Παρθίας
ἢ μὲν παρὰ τὴν “Ὑρκανίαν . . . Κομισηνή;
ἢ δὲ ὑπὸ ταύτην . . . Παρθυηνή,
εἶτα . . . ἢ Χοαρηνή:
μεθ'ἣν παρὰ τὴν Καρμανία . . . ἢ Ταβικηνή,
παρακειμενους ἔχουσα . . . τοὺς Σωβἰδας.
But of Parthia, there is called,
firstly the [region] next to Hyrcania . . . Comisene;
but the [region] underneath of that, . . . Parthene,
then . . . the [region of] Choarene:
with which, next to Carmania . . . [is] the [region of] Tabicene,
having, abutting it, . . . the Soobidas [region].

Comisene
Κωμῆδαι
Coomedai
(S Sacha province)
Κόμαροι
Comaroi
(N Sacha province)
Κῶμοι
Coomoi
(SW Bactria province)
Χόμαροι
Chomaroi
Κομισηνή / Κωμισηνή
Co(o)misene
(E Parthia province)
Gomer (Bible) =
= Cimmarians (in Turkey & the Caucusus) =
= X(i)ūmì (Yuezhi tribe, in N Afghanistan)* =
= Comaroi (Ptolemy, in N Sacha)** =
= Cumans (11th century Hun raiders) ?
= Coomedai (Ptolemy, in S Sacha)** ?
= Chomaroi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)**
& Coomoi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)** =
= Co(o)misen(e/a) (Ptolemy & Arrian, in E Parthia)
* See video. These X(i)umi people are still in the exact same location, the Chüy Valley, 600 years later, as part of the disintegrating Xiongnu's Yueban confederation.
** These 4 Ptolemaic groups could either be separate branches of the original Xiumi, or some could be the same branch, just added later by an editor, after the name had evolved.
Coomisene (Ptolemy) = Comisena (Arrian)
Comisene = X(i)umi Huns ?
Comisene = Komesh*** = Qumis region ?
*** See Wikipedia below.
καλεῖται δὲ τῆς Παρθίας
ἢ μὲν παρὰ τὴν “Ὑρκανίαν . . . Κομισηνή;
ἢ δὲ ὑπὸ ταύτην . . . Παρθυηνή,
εἶτα . . . ἢ Χοαρηνή:
μεθ'ἣν παρὰ τὴν Καρμανία . . . ἢ Ταβικηνή,
παρακειμενους ἔχουσα . . . τοὺς Σωβἰδας.
But of Parthia, there is called,
firstly the [region] next to Hyrcania . . . Comisene;
but the [region] underneath of that, . . . Parthene,
then . . . the [region of] Choarene:
with which, next to Carmania . . . [is] the [region of] Tabicene,
having, abutting it, . . . the Soobidas [region]
=== Wikipedia on Semnan ===
After the invasion of Alexander the Great, which resulted in the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, and the establishment of the Seleucid Empire, the region which hosts the city of Semnan became known as Komesh. .

Choarene
ἢ Χοαρηνή
The Choarene
(Parthia province)
Κωμῆδαι
Coomedai
(S Sacha province)
Κόμαροι
Comaroi
(N Sacha province)
Κῶμοι
Coomoi
(SW Bactria province)
Χόμαροι
Chomaroi
Κομισηνή / Κωμισηνή
Co(o)misene
(E Parthia province)
Gomer (Bible) =
= Cimmarians (in Turkey & the Caucusus) =
= X(i)ūmì (Yuezhi tribe, in N Afghanistan)* =
= Comaroi (Ptolemy, in N Sacha)** =
= Cumans (11th century Hun raiders) ?
= Coomedai (Ptolemy, in S Sacha)** ?
= Chomaroi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)**
& Coomoi (Ptolemy, in SW Bactria)** =
= Co(o)misen(e/a) (Ptolemy & Arrian, in E Parthia)
* See video. These X(i)umi people are still in the exact same location, the Chüy Valley, 600 years later, as part of the disintegrating Xiongnu's Yueban confederation.
** These 4 Ptolemaic groups could either be separate branches of the original Xiumi, or some could be the same branch, just added later by an editor, after the name had evolved.
Coomisene (Ptolemy) = Comisena (Arrian)
Comisene
Comisene = X(i)umi Huns ?
Comisene = Qumis region ? ἢ Χοαρηνή
Choarena (Arrian) =
= Choarene (Ptolemy)
= Choara (Ptolemy)
=== Isidore of Charax ===
7. From that place Media, ___ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates. [Here an editor confused Charax near Rhagae (here), with Charax near the Caspian gates, and therefore wrongly assumed that the Caspian Gates are here, BEFORE Hyrcania. Therefore, he wrongly moved the Hyrcania paragraph several paragraphs down, to after the Caspian Gates, when in fact Hyrcania is BEFORE the Caspian Gates.]
8. Beyond that place, for those passing through the Caspian Gates there is a narrow valley, and the district of Choarena ______; in which is the city of Apamia, after 4 schoeni; and there are 4 villages in which there are stations.
Beyond is Comisena, 58 schoeni, in which there are 8 villages in which there are stations, but there is no city.
10. Beyond is Hyrcania [False. This paragraph should certainly be above, where the red discussion is.], 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.
=== Location ===
Because Ptolemy's map of Parthia is twisted 110 degrees clockwise, Apameia isn't in the Southwest, but actually in the northwest corner of Parthia (construed as all of North Khorasan, and all but the southern strip of Razavi Khorasan). (It could also be in the southwest corner, since nearby Aria has 2 groups of cities, one of which is twisted 110° clockwise, and the other, probably added by an editor, isn't, so maybe some things in Parthia aren't twisted, as well.)
The possibility that it could be in the Northeast or (if twisted) southeast corner, as shown on the Medieval maps, should be discounted, because it is clearly placed by both Ptolemy and Isidore of Charax near Apameia & Choara, whose coordinates put them in the northwest (or if not twisted southwest) corner.
καλεῖται δὲ τῆς Παρθίας
ἢ μὲν παρὰ τὴν “Ὑρκανίαν . . . Κομισηνή;
ἢ δὲ ὑπὸ ταύτην . . . Παρθυηνή,
εἶτα . . . ἢ Χοαρηνή:
μεθ'ἣν παρὰ τὴν Καρμανία . . . ἢ Ταβικηνή,
παρακειμενους ἔχουσα . . . τοὺς Σωβἰδας.
But of Parthia, there is called,
firstly the [region] next to Hyrcania . . . Comisene;
but the [region] underneath of that, . . . Parthene,
then . . . the [region of] Choarene:
with which, next to Carmania . . . [is] the [region of] Tabicene,
having, abutting it, . . . the Soobidas [region].

Tabicene
Ταβικηνή
(Parthia province)
Τατακηνή
Tatacene
(Drangiana province)
Ἰσατίχαι
Isatichai
(In the Carmania Desert)
Ταπούρ(ε)οι
Tapour(e)oi
(Margiana & Inner Scythia provinces)
Tabicene (Ptolemy) =
= Tapour(e)oi (Ptolemy) ??
= Tatcene (Ptolemy) =
= Tautica (Ptolemaic city in Media) ?
= Isatichai (Ptolemy) ?
Tabicene = Tabasaran people* ??
* In the Caucasus Mountains
Tabicene = Taban / Toon / Tūn = Ferdows ?
Tabicene = Tabas Mesinan* ?
Tabicene = Tabaskileki = Tabas ?
Tabicene = Tabasin** ?
* On 1797 Rumsey Historical map
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
having, abutting it, . . . the Soobidas [region].

Soobidas

Soobidas
Σωβἰδας
(In Parthia)
Σαβάδιοι
Sabadioi (In Bactria)
Soobidas (Ptolemy) = Sabadioi (Ptolemy) ?
Sobidas = Sabzewar ?
Sobidas = Sebeh ?
Sobidas = Sinab ?
Sobidas = Senowbar ?
Sobidas = Sabri ?
Sobidas = Khooshab ??

Soobidas
Σωβἰδας
(In Parthia)
Σαβάδιοι
Sabadioi (In Bactria)
Soobidas (Ptolemy) = Sabadioi (Ptolemy) ?
Soobidas = Spet Xyon/Sveta-huna = Hephthalites = White Huns

Ambroodax

94.5 Ambroodax 38.5
Αμβρωδάξ
Ambroodax 103.5, 37.5 (Here in NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax 94.5, 38.5 (NW corner of Parthia)
[This may be a mis-copy, as there is also another Ambroodax, also drawn in the northwest corner of the nearby province of Aria, as can be seen here.]
Ambroodax = Tanbudac = Tabadakan ?
Ambroodach = Bardach = Abgarm ?

94.5 Ambroodax 38.5
Αμβρωδάξ
Ambroodax 103.5, 37.5 (NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax 94.5, 38.5 (NW* corner of Parthia)
Βίταξα
Bitaxa 103.67, 38 (NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax (Ptolemy, NW corner of Aria) =
Ambroodax (Ptolemy, NW* corner of Parthia) =
= Ahpwaruhtak (?) = Apauarctica (Isidore of Charax) ?
= Ahpwaruhtak (?) = Apauarcticena region (Isidore of Charax) ?
= Ambhootaxa (?) = Bitaxa (Ptolemy) ??
* Because Parthia is rotated 110° clockwise, this is actually in Parthia's NE corner; . . . which of course perfectly accords with it being also listed in the NW corner of Aria, as these 2 corners would then abut.
=== Origin ===
Margiana = Ma(r)zdavand
Margiana = Marghab river
Margiana = Marghab river = Marhav = Merv**
Margiana = Mardjiah = Brdiach = Ambroodax
** Giant capitol to the North Merv*** = Murghab river
Merv*** = Am'Maru = Ambroodax
*** Major capital-city of Margiana, 140 miles N, whose Murghab river this is on.
Ambroodax = Merootshaak**** = Maruchak***** = Murichaq
Ambroodax = Moorghab**** = Bala Morgab ?
Ambroodax = Aimakh Jari***** (45 miles NW) ??
**** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map
***** On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
=== Isidore of Charax ===
12. Beyond is Parthyena, 25 schoeni; within which is a valley, and the city of Parthaunisa after 6 schoeni; there are royal tombs. But the Greeks call it Nisaea. Then the city of Gathar after 6 schoeni. Then the city of Siroc after 5 schoeni. Of villages it has no more than one, which is called Saphri.
13. Beyond is Apauarcticena, 27 schoeni, in which is the city of Apauarctica. Then the city of Ragau and two villages.
14. Beyond is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages

94.5 Ambroodax 38.5
’Αμβρωδάξ
Ambroodax
Ambroodax = Ambalodach = Baladeh ??

Αμβρωδάξ
Ambroodax 103.5, 37.5 (Here in NW corner of Aria)
Ambroodax 94.5, 38.5 (NW corner of Parthia)
[This may be a mis-copy, as there is also another Ambroodax, also drawn in the northwest corner of the nearby province of Aria, as can be seen here.]
Ambroodach = Ahblodagh = Albolagh ?
Ambroodach = Bardach = Bardaskan ?

97.25 Caripraca acra 38.67
Καρίπρακα άκρα
Caripraca acra
Caripraca acra = Cala Pakhtah* = Qal'eh Pakhtuk
* On 1904 From the Historical map

Οἰνουνία (ἢ Σινουνία)
(S/O)inounia
Sinounia = Semouhian = Semulyan* = Simalqan** = Samolghan = Ashkhaneh
Sinounia = Semouhian = Semulyan* = Simalqan** = Samalqan County
Sinounia = Zinoun = Zaman Sufi ?
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map
** On 1922 Rumsey Historical map

Roara

'Ρόαρα
Roara
Typo? Should be Ζόαρα ?
Zoara ?
Zoara = Zhorabad* = Zurabad ??
Zoara = Zorabad Kohan (10 miles W) ??
Zoara = Zurabad = Shurestan-e Olya ??
Zoara = Zurabad = Shurestan Pa'in ??
Zoara = Zurabad = Sar Ab ??
* On 1902 map.

'Ρόαρα
Roara
Roara = Robat-e Toroq ??

Souphtha

100 Souphtha 38.5
Σουφθα
Souphtha
Susia (Arrian) = Souphtha (Ptolemy) ?
[Major archaeological site here.]
Souphtha = Sohubhdha = Kalateh-ye Sahebdad
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 25 ===
. . . thence to the confines of Areia480 and to Susia, a city in that province, where Satibarzanes, the viceroy of the Areians, came to meet him.

100 Souphtha ? 38.5
Σουφθα
Souphtha
Souphtha = Serhetabat ?

100 Souphtha ? 38.5
Σουφθα
100, 38.5
Ζαμουχάνα
Zamouchana
Typo. Should be Ζαφουχάνα
Zafouchana
102, 37
Souphtha (Ptolemy) = Supha Khan = Ζαfουχάνα (Ptolemaic editor) ? Souphtha = Zulpha Ghar = Zahanae Zulfeqar ?
Souphtha = Zulpha Ghar = Darah-ye Zulfigar ?

100 Souphtha ? 38.5
Souphtha = Zaveh = Torbat-e Heydariyeh* ?
* Means "Tomb of Heydariyeh," a Muslim name.

Souphtha = Subdjaw = Sabze(v/w)ar* ?
* Major "Azarbarzin Fire Temple" is here.

94.25 Araciana ? 38
’Αρακιάνα
Araciana
Araciana = Radkan* ?
Araciana = Harciama = Hakimabad ?
* On 1861 and 1908 Rumsey Historical maps

Dordomana

Δορδομάνα
Dordomana
[But it does seem a little too close to the Caspian Gates.]
Dordomana = Dorbadam
Dordomana = Dorungar Valley

Δορδομάνα
Dordomana
[But it does seem a little too close to the Caspian Gates.]
Dordomana = Dorouneh ?
Dordomana = Kuh-Duruna* ?

Δορδομάνα
Dordomana = Bordzuman = Dahaneh-ye Shur ?
Dordomana = Bordzuman = Barznun ?

96 Hecatompylon Basileion ? 37.83
Adur Burzen-Mihr
Top-level Fire Temple
Adur = "Holy Fire" in Persian;
Burzēn-Mihr = "Exalted is Mihr" in Persian
Εστόβαρα
Estobara
99.5, 45.33 (in Ptolemy's Bactria)
Ἑκατόμπυλον Βασίλειον
Hecatompylon Basileion
[For meaning, see Origin below.]
96, 37.83 (in Ptolemy's Parthia)
Μαῤῥιχη
Marriche
98, 36.67 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Αρτάκανα
Artacana
96, 34.5 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Hecatompylon (ἑκατομπυλός) = "100 Gated" in Greek; however,
Hecatomba (ἑκατόμβη) = "Sacrifice" in Greek.
This is key in identifying the capital ("Basileion"), which was famously Arsacia, wherever it is, as ALSO the location of the Fire Temple ("Hecatom(ba/pylon)"). But all the placenames below say that the fire-temple is here; therefore also the capital was here.
Adur Burzen-Mihr =
= Marriche (Ptolemaic Editor)*** ?
= Hecatompylon Basileion (Ptolemaic editor)
= Hecantopolis (Peutinger) =
= Parhe (Peutinger)*
= Arsacia** =
= Arsaac (Isidore of Charax) =
= Artsaca = Artacana (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
= Nishapur =
= Heshtabar = Estobara (Ptolemy) ??
* Parhe obviously refers to it being the Parthian capital.
** It seems that this was probably the location of the Fire Temple and capital Arsacia, before it was officially re-founded in the 3rd century by Shapur I. It's unclear exactly where the original fire temple was. Perhaps at the pin, near the grave of Omar Khayyam; perhaps at the edge of the mountain, where all the suburbs listed below are at. My best guess is somewhere in the vicinity of Hesar.
*** Since Marrhice is within a group of cities, likely added by a Ptolemaic editor (identifiable because he didn't twist north 90 degrees clockwise, as Ptolemy did in several provinces around here), it is therefore no contradiction that two separate items in the Ptolemaic list are located here (Hecantopolis and Marriche), for the later editor didn't realize that this city was already marked, wrongly thinking, due to the twisting, that Hecantopolis was in a whole different quadrant of the province. From the location of the Mihr-derived names below, it seems that Mihr may have referred to the entire blackened mountain to the northeast.
=== Suburbs of Nishabur ===
Mt. Raēvant/Rēvand*** = Rivand
Mihr = Mir Abad
Mihr = Mirabad ?
Mihr = Molkabad ?
Mihr = Marusk ?
Mihr = Marzan ?
Mihr = Marsha = Mashhad ??
Burzen = Buzhan
Burzen = Basij Town
Burzen = Bashnij
Burzen = Barghān/Bozghān = Firuzeh
Burzen = Boshr Abad
Burzen = Baghshan-e Gach ?
Burzen = Marzan ??
Adur = Adjur = Ghar ?
Adur Burzen = Dar Behesht ?
Adur Burzen = Edjuh Burhuh = Estobara ?
*** See Wikipedia below
=== Peutinger distances ===
9 [but should be 504] to Beltra
50 [but should be 100] to Hecantopylis
=== Isidore of Charax ===
10. Beyond is Hyrcania, 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.
11. Beyond is Astauena, 60 schoeni, in which there are 12 villages in which there are stations; and the city of Asaac, in which Arsaces was first proclaimed king; and an everlasting fire is guarded there.
12. Beyond is Parthyena, 25 schoeni; within which is a valley, and the city of Parthaunisa after 6 schoeni; there are royal tombs. But the Greeks call it Nisaea. Then the city of Gathar after 6 schoeni. Then the city of Siroc after 5 schoeni. Of villages it has no more than one, which is called Saphri.
=== Wikipedia on Adur Burzen-Mihr ===
This Fire is described in Bundahishn. Its location is given as Mount Rēvand (in Avestan: Raēvant), probably a spur of the Nishapur mountains in the district formerly known as Rēvand in Khurasan.[Wrong] An element of the name is preserved in the name of the nearby village Borzinan may [Wrong again.]. Another identification is Mount Mehr, five miles from the village Mehr on the Shahrud–Sabzevar Highway [Wrong.]. Some identify it with the Fire of Asaak.
=== Wikipedia on Nishapur ===
History of Nishapur has been intermingled with myths and different historical narratives. According to different mythological and historical narratives, the city was founded 7500 years ago during the reign of mythical line of primordial kings known as the Pishdadian dynasty.[27][verification needed] According to Arthur Christensen, Nishapur was founded in the year 260 A.D[28][verification needed]. Nishapur was founded by the Sasanian emperor Shapur II (r. 309–379) during the last years of his rule, as demonstrated by new archaeological findings.

Sindaga

96.17 Sindaga 37
Σίνα ( ἢ Σήνα )
Sina / Sena
102.5, 42.33 (in Margiana region)
Οἰνουνία (ἢ Σινουνία)
(S/O)inounia
95, 38.67 (in Parthia region)
Σίνδαγα
Sindaga
96.17, 37 (in Parthia region)
Sina (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Sinounia (Ptolemy, in Parthia)
= Sindaga (Ptolemaic editor*, in Parthia) ?
Alexandropolis = Xandrabad = Sina = Sanabad = Mashhad ?
* See Wikipedia below. But this would be rather far ESE for its Ptolemaic ESE (intended to be due North) coordinate
=== Alternative Possibilities ===
Sindaga = Chenaran ?
Sindaga = Sindaj = Shandiz ?
=== Wikipedia on Mashhad ===
Ancient Greek sources mention the passage and residence of Alexander the Great in this land, which was called "Susia" (Ancient Greek: Σούσια), in 330 BC.[18][19][20][21] The map of Tabula Peutingeriana, which dates back to the early Roman era, names this city on the west of Merv, Alexandria, instead of Susia.[22] Pliny the Elder, says there is a city in the middle of Parthia, near Arsace and Nisiaea, called "Alexandropolis" after its founder.[23] Many Muslim historians, from the 10th to the 16th century AD, attribute the founding of "Sanabad" (the old name of the city) to Alexander.[24][25]

96.17 Sindaga 37
Σίνδαγα
Sindaga
96.17, 37 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Σήμινα
Seemina
96, 36.67 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Σιμψιμίδα
Simpsimida 96.5, 35.67 (in LATE Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Σίνα ( ἢ Σήνα )
Sina / Sena
102.5, 42.33 (in Margiana region)
[This location's coordinates are particularly good, if both (1) Ptolemy's Artacana is the same as Isidore of Charax's "Asaac," and (2) they are located at Nishapur. It's also very good since there really just are no other excellent candidates for Simpsimida or Seemina. However, there is a better candidate for Sindaga (as modern Shandiz), which, being slightly north of here, would accord with a Ptolemaic Editor's north-as-true-north coordinate-system. This would also be no contradiction to this beeing Seemina and Simpsimida, because Sindaga's "-ca" suffix is commonly used for satellite colonies.]
Alexandropolis* = Samda =
= Simda =
= Simdaca = Sindaga (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
= Simna =
= Seemina (Ptolemaic Editor) =
= Sina (Ptolemy)
Simna + Simda =
= Simpsimida (LATE Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Alexandropolis* = Samda = Simda = Simna = Sina = Sanabad = Mashhad ?
* See Wikipedia below.
=== Alternative Possibility if NOT Alexandropolis ===
Seemina (Ptolemy) =
= Simpsimida (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Seemina = Sina = Sanabad = Mashhad ?
=== Wikipedia on Mashhad ===
Ancient Greek sources mention the passage and residence of Alexander the Great in this land, which was called "Susia" (Ancient Greek: Σούσια), in 330 BC.[18][19][20][21] The map of Tabula Peutingeriana, which dates back to the early Roman era, names this city on the west of Merv, Alexandria, instead of Susia.[22] Pliny the Elder, says there is a city in the middle of Parthia, near Arsace and Nisiaea, called "Alexandropolis" after its founder.[23] Many Muslim historians, from the 10th to the 16th century AD, attribute the founding of "Sanabad" (the old name of the city) to Alexander.[24][25]

Σίνδαγα
Sindaga = Samhagah = Samangam ?
* See Wikipedia below. But this would be rather far ESE for its Ptolemaic ESE (intended to be due North) coordinate
=== Alternative Possibilities ===
Sindaga = Chenaran ?
Sindaga = Shandiz ?
=== Wikipedia on Mashhad ===
Ancient Greek sources mention the passage and residence of Alexander the Great in this land, which was called "Susia" (Ancient Greek: Σούσια), in 330 BC.[18][19][20][21] The map of Tabula Peutingeriana, which dates back to the early Roman era, names this city on the west of Merv, Alexandria, instead of Susia.[22] Pliny the Elder, says there is a city in the middle of Parthia, near Arsace and Nisiaea, called "Alexandropolis" after its founder.[23] Many Muslim historians, from the 10th to the 16th century AD, attribute the founding of "Sanabad" (the old name of the city) to Alexander.[24][25]

Sindaga = Daghian ?
* See Wikipedia below. But this would be rather far ESE for its Ptolemaic ESE (intended to be due North) coordinate
=== Alternative Possibilities ===
Sindaga = Chenaran ?
Sindaga = Shandiz ?

Παρβαρα
Parbara
Parbara = Pharimah = Fariman ?
Parbara = Pharimah = Fariha Gard = Farhadgerd* ?
* "Gerd" (گرد) means "Around" in Persian.
=== Iran Tourism website ===
Fariman is one of the oldest settlements in Khorasan region. There have been found archeological remains which belong to the 4th millennium BC, not mentioning the Fariman Caravansary, located on one of the Silk Road division, which connected Sang-Bast to Herat.
Etymologically, Fariman is made of the two roots "Far" and "Man" meaning "glory" and "to be", from the Pahlavi and Avestan.

Tautica

Ταυτική
Tautica
Tautica = Cheltek ?

Musia

Μασδωρανοὶ ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
Mas(d)oranoi (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μασδωρανον ορος
Masdooranon Mt. (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μυσία
Musia
100.5, 37.5 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Masdooranoi people (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Masdooranon Mt. (Ptolemaic editor) =
= Musia (Ptolemaic editor)
Musia = Mosaabad ?

Μασδωρανοὶ ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
Mas(d)oranoi (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μασδωρανον ορος
Masdooranon Mt. (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μυσία
Musia
100.5, 37.5 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Musia = Mohsenabad ?
[But this site isn't near anything that could be construed as a mountain comprising Aria's western border.]

Μασδωρανοὶ ἢ Μαζωρανοί,
Mas(d)oranoi (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μασδωρανον ορος
Masdooranon Mt. (in Ptolemaic editor's Aria province)
Μυσία
100.5, 37.5 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Musia = Mashhad ?
[The name Masshad dates from 820 at the earliest, so this is unlikely, but nevertheless possible, since it's a Ptolemaic editor's insertion.]

Musia = Mazdavand ?
Musia = Mozduran ?

Musia = Mazinan ??

Charax

Charax ?
Χάραξ
Charax
84.67, 42
94.25, 36.67 (Ptolemaic editor's Parthia province)*
* Coordinates omitted from the pin's name, as meaningless, given the confusion below.
Ακολα
Acola
88.25, 40.25
Charax (Ptolemy) = Charax (Isidore of Charax) =
= Acola (Ptolemaic Editor) ??
Charax = Chalus river & city ?
Acola = Agorah = Goramjan ?
Acola = Gil Kola ?
Acola = Olvi Kola ??
[Indeed, this is the famous & big city of Charax, and was probably added by a Ptolemaic editor who was confused over which Caspian Gates he was seeing on the map, whether . . .
both Arrian's and Isidore of Charax's Caspian Gates and Charax here, (whence comes Isidore's surname); or
Ptolemy's Caspian Gates and Charax (way off in Parthia).]
7. From that place Media, ___ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates. [Here an editor confused Charax near Rhagae (here), with Charax near the Caspian gates, and therefore wrongly assumed that the Caspian Gates are here, BEFORE Hyrcania. Therefore, he wrongly moved the Hyrcania paragraph several paragraphs down, to after the Caspian Gates, when in fact Hyrcania is BEFORE the Caspian Gates.]
8. Beyond that place, for those passing through the Caspian Gates there is a narrow valley, and the district of Choarena [19 schoeni]; in which is the city of Apamia, after 4 schoeni; and there are 4 villages in which there are stations.
Beyond is Comisena, 58 schoeni, in which there are 8 villages in which there are stations, but there is no city.
10. Beyond is Hyrcania [False. This paragraph should certainly be above, where the red discussion is.], 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.

Χάραξ
Charax
Charax = Chirah = Eschirwan = Shirvan ?
Charax = Chirah = Shirkuh (شیرکوه) park ?
Charax = Chalah = Chalow ?
Charax = Chah Lach= Khan Laq ?
Charax = Qaraqazan Spring (چشمه قاراقازان) ?
[Note that this Charax might not actually exist, but might actually just be an erroneous addition by a Ptolemaic editor, confused over which Caspian Gates he was seeing on the map, whether . . .
both Arrian's and Isidore of Charax's Caspian gates and Charax (modern Chalus) on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, (whence comes Isidore's surname); or
Ptolemy's Caspian gates and Charax (here).]
=== Isidore of Charax' Parthian Stations ===
7. From that place [Rhagiana] Media, [58] schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.

Χάραξ
Charax = Khaurabad* = Keyrabad ?
Charax = Kharak-lu = Kurkulab ?
[Note that this Charax might not actually exist, but might actually just be an erroneous addition by a Ptolemaic editor, confused over which Caspian Gates he was seeing on the map, whether . . .
both Arrian's and Isidore of Charax's Caspian gates and Charax (modern Chalus) on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, (whence comes Isidore's surname); or
Ptolemy's Caspian gates and Charax (here).]
=== Isidore of Charax' Parthian Stations ===
7. From that place [Rhagiana] Media, [58] schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.

Charax = Chalaz = Khalajlu ?
Charax = Chalaz = Chapanlu ?
Charax = Chalaz = Khalkanlu ?
Charax = Chalaz = Qoppoz ?
[Note that this Charax might not actually exist, but might actually just be an erroneous addition by a Ptolemaic editor, confused over which Caspian Gates he was seeing on the map, whether . . .
both Arrian's and Isidore of Charax's Caspian gates and Charax (modern Chalus) on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, (whence comes Isidore's surname); or
Ptolemy's Caspian gates and Charax (here).]
=== Isidore of Charax' Parthian Stations ===
7. From that place [Rhagiana] Media, [58] schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.

Charax = Characha = Churchuri ??

Apameia

94.25 Apameia 36
’Απάμεια
Apameia
[Approximately 4 schoeni from the Caspian Gates, as called for, below.]
Apameia = Abameha = Hamameh = Honameh ?
8. Beyond that place, for those passing through the Caspian Gates there is a narrow valley, and the district of Choarena [19 schoeni]; in which is the city of Apamia, after 4 schoeni; and there are 4 villages in which there are stations.
=== Wikipedia on Apamea Ragiana ===
Apamea Ragiana (Greek: Απάμεια) – Apamea Rhagiana, Apamea Raphiana, or Apameia Rhagiane; previously, Arsace, Khuvar, and Choara – was an ancient Hellenistic city of Choarene, Media (formerly Parthia), according to Strabo 500 stadia (ca. 15 km [Nope: 50 miles or 85km]) south of the Caspian Gates, southeast of Rhagae. The city was founded after the Macedonian conquest of Persia. The city is also mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 6). The precise location of Apamea is not known, but it is certainly in Iran; the ruins have not been found.

94.25 Apameia 36
Απάμεια
Apameia
94.25, 36
Apameia (Arrian) = Apameia (Ptolemy)
Apameia = Aqameian = Aq Emam ?
From that place [Rhagiana] Media, [58] schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.
[The Hyrcania paragarph below should be here.]
8. Beyond that place, for those passing through the Caspian Gates there is a narrow valley, and the district of Choarena [19 schoeni]; in which is the city of Apamia, after 4 schoeni; and there are 4 villages in which there are stations.
Beyond is Comisena, 58 schoeni, in which there are 8 villages in which there are stations, but there is no city.
10. Beyond is Hyrcania [False. An editor, wrongly thinking that the Caspian gates were on the Southern Coast of the Caspian Sea, and Hyrcania after it, obviously moved this Hyrcanian paragraph to here. Hyrcania should CERTAINLY instead be above, where the red is.], 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.

94.25 Apameia 36
’Απάμεια
Apameia = Bavāmān = Baba Aman ?
=== Wikipedia on Apamea Ragiana ===
Apamea Ragiana (Greek: Απάμεια) – Apamea Rhagiana, Apamea Raphiana, or Apameia Rhagiane; previously, Arsace, Khuvar, and Choara – was an ancient Hellenistic city of Choarene, Media (formerly Parthia), according to Strabo 500 stadia (ca. 15 km [Nope: 50 miles or 85km]) south of the Caspian Gates, southeast of Rhagae. The city was founded after the Macedonian conquest of Persia. The city is also mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 6). The precise location of Apamea is not known, but it is certainly in Iran; the ruins have not been found.

’Απάμεια
Apameia = Amameza = Mamlejeh ?
Apameia = Amamenah = Mehmanak ?
Apameia = Amamea = Maneh District ??
Apameia = Hesar=e Teymur Tash* ??
* Perhaps renamed by the Mongols ?
=== Wikipedia on Apamea Ragiana ===
Apamea Ragiana (Greek: Απάμεια) – Apamea Rhagiana, Apamea Raphiana, or Apameia Rhagiane; previously, Arsace, Khuvar, and Choara – was an ancient Hellenistic city of Choarene, Media (formerly Parthia), according to Strabo 500 stadia (ca. 15 km [Nope: 50 miles or 85km]) south of the Caspian Gates, southeast of Rhagae. The city was founded after the Macedonian conquest of Persia. The city is also mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 6). The precise location of Apamea is not known, but it is certainly in Iran; the ruins have not been found.

Apameia = Mahnan ?

Aspa

’Άσπα
Aspa
Aspa = Esfarain* = Esfer** = Esfarayen ?
* On 1735 map.
* On 1787 Rumsey Historical map.

’Άσπα
Aspa
Aspa (Ptolemy) = Spane (Peutinger)
Aspa = Esfejir ?
32 to Daseara
50 [but should be 100] to Hecantopylis

’Άσπα
Aspa = Aska = Ashkhaneh ?
Aspa = Hasha = Hasan Mast ?
Aspa = Aska = Serivan Asheqan ?

Seemina

96.17, 37 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Σήμινα
Seemina
Σιμψιμίδα
Simpsimida 96.5, 35.67 (in LATE Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Σίνα ( ἢ Σήνα )
Sina / Sena
102.5, 42.33 (in Margiana region)
[This location's coordinates are particularly good, if both (1) Ptolemy's Artacana is the same as Isidore of Charax's "Asaac," and (2) they are located at Nishapur. It's also very good since there really just are no other excellent candidates for Simpsimida or Seemina. However, there is a better candidate for Sindaga (as modern Shandiz), which, being slightly north of here, would accord with a Ptolemaic Editor's north-as-true-north coordinate-system. This would also be no contradiction to this beeing Seemina and Simpsimida, because Sindaga's "-ca" suffix is commonly used for satellite colonies.]
Alexandropolis* = Samda =
= Simda =
= Simdaca = Sindaga (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
= Simna =
= Seemina (Ptolemaic Editor) =
= Sina (Ptolemy)
Simna + Simda =
= Simpsimida (LATE Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Alexandropolis* = Samda = Simda = Simna = Sina = Sanabad = Mashhad ?
* See Wikipedia below.
=== Alternative Possibility if NOT Alexandropolis ===
Seemina (Ptolemy) =
= Simpsimida (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Seemina = Sina = Sanabad = Mashhad ?

96 Seemina 36.67
Σήμινα
Seemina = Semangam ?
Seemina = Siman (20 miles W) ?

96 Seemina 36.67
Seemina = Zamand ?
Seemina = Semangam (20 miles E) ?

Seemina = Shehbuna = Shirvan

Marriche

98 Marriche ? 36.67
Adur Burzen-Mihr
Top-level Fire Temple
Adur = "Holy Fire" in Persian;
Burzēn-Mihr = "Exalted is Mihr" in Persian
Εστόβαρα
Estobara
99.5, 45.33 (in Ptolemy's Bactria)
Ἑκατόμπυλον Βασίλειον
Hecatompylon Basileion
[For meaning, see Origin below.]
96, 37.83 (in Ptolemy's Parthia)
Μαῤῥιχη
Marriche
Αρτάκανα
Artacana
Hecatompylon (ἑκατομπυλός) = "100 Gated" in Greek; however,
Hecatomba (ἑκατόμβη) = "Sacrifice" in Greek.
This is key in identifying the capital ("Basileion"), which was famously Arsacia, wherever it is, as ALSO the location of the Fire Temple ("Hecatom(ba/pylon)"). But all the placenames below say that the fire-temple is here; therefore also the capital was here.
Adur Burzen-Mihr =
= Marriche (Ptolemaic Editor)*** ?
= Hecatompylon Basileion (Ptolemaic editor)
= Hecantopolis (Peutinger) =
= Parhe (Peutinger)*
= Arsacia** =
= Arsaac (Isidore of Charax) =
= Artsaca = Artacana (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
= Nishapur =
= Heshtabar = Estobara (Ptolemy) ??
* Parhe obviously refers to it being the Parthian capital.
** It seems that this was probably the location of the Fire Temple and capital Arsacia, before it was officially re-founded in the 3rd century by Shapur I. It's unclear exactly where the original fire temple was. Perhaps at the pin, near the grave of Omar Khayyam; perhaps at the edge of the mountain, where all the suburbs listed below are at. My best guess is somewhere in the vicinity of Hesar.
*** Since Marrhice is within a group of cities, likely added by a Ptolemaic editor (identifiable because he didn't twist north 90 degrees clockwise, as Ptolemy did in several provinces around here), it is therefore no contradiction that two separate items in the Ptolemaic list are located here (Hecantopolis and Marriche), for the later editor didn't realize that this city was already marked, wrongly thinking, due to the twisting, that Hecantopolis was in a whole different quadrant of the province. From the location of the Mihr-derived names below, it seems that Mihr may have referred to the entire blackened mountain to the northeast.
=== Suburbs of Nishabur ===
Mt. Raēvant/Rēvand*** = Rivand
Mihr = Mir Abad
Mihr = Mirabad ?
Mihr = Molkabad ?
Mihr = Marusk ?
Mihr = Marzan ?
Mihr = Marsha = Mashhad ??
Burzen = Buzhan
Burzen = Basij Town
Burzen = Bashnij
Burzen = Barghān/Bozghān = Firuzeh
Burzen = Boshr Abad
Burzen = Baghshan-e Gach ?
Burzen = Marzan ??
Adur = Adjur = Ghar ?
Adur Burzen = Dar Behesht ?
Adur Burzen = Edjuh Burhuh = Estobara ?
*** See Wikipedia below
=== Peutinger distances ===
9 [but should be 504] to Beltra
50 [but should be 100] to Hecantopylis
10. Beyond is Hyrcania, 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.
11. Beyond is Astauena, 60 schoeni, in which there are 12 villages in which there are stations; and the city of Asaac, in which Arsaces was first proclaimed king; and an everlasting fire is guarded there.
12. Beyond is Parthyena, 25 schoeni; within which is a valley, and the city of Parthaunisa after 6 schoeni; there are royal tombs. But the Greeks call it Nisaea. Then the city of Gathar after 6 schoeni. Then the city of Siroc after 5 schoeni. Of villages it has no more than one, which is called Saphri.
=== Wikipedia on Adur Burzen-Mihr ===
This Fire is described in Bundahishn. Its location is given as Mount Rēvand (in Avestan: Raēvant), probably a spur of the Nishapur mountains in the district formerly known as Rēvand in Khurasan.[Wrong] An element of the name is preserved in the name of the nearby village Borzinan may [Wrong again.]. Another identification is Mount Mehr, five miles from the village Mehr on the Shahrud–Sabzevar Highway [Wrong.]. Some identify it with the Fire of Asaak.
=== Wikipedia on Nishapur ===
History of Nishapur has been intermingled with myths and different historical narratives. According to different mythological and historical narratives, the city was founded 7500 years ago during the reign of mythical line of primordial kings known as the Pishdadian dynasty.[27][verification needed] According to Arthur Christensen, Nishapur was founded in the year 260 A.D[28][verification needed]. Nishapur was founded by the Sasanian emperor Shapur II (r. 309–379) during the last years of his rule, as demonstrated by new archaeological findings.

98 Marriche ? 36.67
Μαῤῥιχη
Marriche = Marrusche = Marusk ?
Marriche = Marrusche = Meshkan ?
Marriche = Marrscha = Marzan ?

98 Marriche ? 36.67
Marriche = Malica = Molkabad ?

98 Marriche 36.67
Marriche = Harrichah = Karakhan ?
Marriche = Harrichah = Karakhan = Kaakhka ?
Marriche = Harrichah = Harchingan ?
Marriche = Harrichah = Harchingan = Archangan ?

Tastache

99 Tastache ? 36.33
Ταστάχη
Tastache
99, 36.33 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Δίστα
Dista
102.5, 38.25 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Areia province)
Dista (Ptolemy) =
= Stahe =
= Stache = Tastache (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Stai (Peutinger)
Tastache = Tache = Taqiabad ?
Tastache = Tache = Toroq ?
10 [but should be 100] to Fociana
35 [but should be 125] to Saphani

99 Tastache ? 36.33
Ταστάχη
Tastache
99, 36.33 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Δίστα
Dista
102.5, 38.25 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Areia province)
Dista (Ptolemy) =
= Distaca = Tastache (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
= Stahe = Stai (Peutinger) ?
Tastache = Tagtabazar ?
Tastache = Turchkih* = Deh-e Towr-e Sheykh ??
10 [but should be 100] to Fociana
35 [but should be 125] to Saphani

99 Tastache ? 36.33
Ταστάχη
Tastache = Turaythith = Torshiz ?
Tastache = Atashgah Castle ?

Tastache = Estarkhi ?
Tastache = Estarkhi (22 miles NW) ?

99, 36.33 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia province)
Δίστα
Dista
102.5, 38.25 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Areia province)
Dista (Ptolemy) =
= Distaca = Tastache (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
= Stahe = Stai (Peutinger) ?
Tastache = Dushak ?
Tastache = Tedzehe = Tedzhen = Tejen city & river ?
10 [but should be 100] to Fociana
35 [but should be 125] to Saphani

Armiana

Αρμίανα
Armiana
Armiana = Har'mianuh = Narimani ?

Αρμίανα
Armiana
Armiana = Farman ?

Αρμίανα
Armiana = Ar Mayan = Meyandasht ?
Armiana = Ar Mayama = Mayamey ?

Armiana = Meeanabad* = Nanva ?
Armiana = Mianda = Zamand ??
* On 1861 Rumsey Hiostorical map

Armiana = Miana ?

Choara

Χόαρα
Choara
95.25, 35.17
[The name Chahar meaning "four" (چهار) in Persian, is very common in this area, e.g,
Chahar Borj (26 miles SSW),
Chahar Borj (131 miles ESE),
Chahar Bagh (98 miles SE),
Chahar Gushli (82 miles SE),
Chahar Mahan (100 miles SE).]
Choarena (Arrian) = Choarena (Ptolemy) =
= Choara (Ptolemy)
Choara = Chawar* = Chahar = Chahar Kharvar ?
Choara = Chawar* = Kharvar** = Chahar Kharvar ?
** Means "a bunch" (خروار) in Persian.
7. From that place Media, ___ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates. [Here an editor confused Charax near Rhagae (here), with Charax near the Caspian gates, and therefore wrongly assumed that the Caspian Gates are here, BEFORE Hyrcania. Therefore, he wrongly moved the Hyrcania paragraph several paragraphs down, to after the Caspian Gates, when in fact Hyrcania is BEFORE the Caspian Gates.]
8. Beyond that place, for those passing through the Caspian Gates there is a narrow valley, and the district of Choarena ______; in which is the city of Apamia, after 4 schoeni; and there are 4 villages in which there are stations.
10. Beyond is Hyrcania [False. This paragraph should certainly be above, where the red discussion is.], 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.

Χόαρα
Choara
95.25, 35.17 (in Parthia province)
Γουριανή
Gouriana
104, 40 (in Margiana province)
Χόανα
Choana
92, 37.26 (in Media province)
Choarena (Arrian) =
= Choara (Ptolemy) =
= Choana (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Gouriana (Ptolemaic Editor) =
= Chorasmia = Khwarazm state ?
Choarena = Ghoalema = Gholaman ?
8. Beyond that place, for those passing through the Caspian Gates there is a narrow valley, and the district of Choarena ______; in which is the city of Apamia, after 4 schoeni; and there are 4 villages in which there are stations.

Artacana

96 Artacana ? 34.5
Αρτάκανα
Arsaac (Isidore of Charax) =
= Artsaca = Artacana (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
10. Beyond is Hyrcania, 60 schoeni, in which there are 11 villages in which there are stations.
11. Beyond is Astauena, 60 schoeni, in which there are 12 villages in which there are stations; and the city of Asaac, in which Arsaces was first proclaimed king; and an everlasting fire is guarded there.
=== Possible Confusion ===
Perhaps this city doesn't even exist in Parthia, because there's a strangely similar-sounding "Artacauan"/"Articaudna"/"Orticane," over in Areia:
Ορτικάνη
Orticane
109.33, 35.5 (in Ptolemy's or Ptolemaic Editor's Areia province)
Αρτικαῦδνα
Articaudna
109.33, 36.17 (in Ptolemy's Areia province)
Δαρκάμα
Darcama
111, 34.33
96, 34.5 (Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia-but-really-Areia)
Artacoana (Arrian) =
= Artacauan (Isidore of Charax)
= Articaudna (Ptolemaic revision) =
= Orticane (Ptolemy)
= Artacana (Ptolemaic editor) ??
= Dorhicame = Darcama (Ptolemy) ??

96 Artacana 34.5
Artacana = Ahtchacana = Ashkhaneh ?
=== Possible Confusion ===
Perhaps this city doesn't even exist in Parthia, because there's a strangely similar-sounding "Artacauan"/"Articaudna"/"Orticane," over in Areia:
Ορτικάνη
Orticane
109.33, 35.5 (in Ptolemy's or Ptolemaic Editor's Areia province)
Αρτικαῦδνα
Articaudna
109.33, 36.17 (in Ptolemy's Areia province)
Δαρκάμα
Darcama
111, 34.33
96, 34.5 (Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia-but-really-Areia)
Artacoana (Arrian) =
= Artacauan (Isidore of Charax)
= Articaudna (Ptolemaic revision) =
= Orticane (Ptolemy)
= Artacana (Ptolemaic editor) ??
= Dorhicame = Darcama (Ptolemy) ??

96 Artacana ? 34.5
Artacana* = Al'thahaga = Alphahag = Albolagh ?
Artacana* = Hartahcan = Partash Qan = Bardaskan ?
* A Qanat is a water-carrying system.
=== Possible Confusion ===
Perhaps this city doesn't even exist in Parthia, because there's a strangely similar-sounding "Artacauan"/"Articaudna"/"Orticane," over in Areia:
Ορτικάνη
Orticane
109.33, 35.5 (in Ptolemy's or Ptolemaic Editor's Areia province)
Αρτικαῦδνα
Articaudna
109.33, 36.17 (in Ptolemy's Areia province)
Δαρκάμα
Darcama
96, 34.5 (Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia-but-really-Areia)
Artacoana (Arrian) =
= Artacauan (Isidore of Charax)
= Articaudna (Ptolemaic revision) =
= Orticane (Ptolemy)
= Artacana (Ptolemaic editor) ??
= Dorhicame = Darcama (Ptolemy) ??

96 Artacana 34.5
Artacana = Ratican = Rakhtian ?

96 Artacana 34.5
Artacana = Arhacan = Arkan ?
Artacana = Hahdak = Bidak ?

Artacana = Hal'hacan = Delqand ??

Αραθα
Aratha
93.5, 42.5 (Ptolemy's Margiana province)
Aratha (Ptolemy) = Artacana (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Artacana = Ahtacana = Hootan ??

Pasacartia

Πασακαρτία
Pasacartia
Pasacartia = Pashai ?
Pasacartia = Pishkamar ?

Πασακαρτία
Pasacartia
Pasacartia = Pishqaleh ?

94.25 Pasacartia 35.25
Πασακαρτία
Pasacartia = Pishandeh ?
Pasacartia = Pish Darreh ?

94.25 Pasacartia 35.25
Pasacartia = Khartut ?
Pasacartia = Kariz ??
Pasacartia = Bahagalica = Baghliq ??
Pasacartia = Bahagalica = Bagleg ??
Pasacartia = Bahagalica = Boyaqli ??
Pasacartia = Kalateh-ye Abrisham ??
Pasacartia = Porseh-Su-ye Olya ??
Pasacartia = Calhia Pahza = Kilu Panjeh ??
Pasacartia = Hasrcahia = Hesarcheh-ye Pain ??

Rouda

95 Rouda ? 35
Ράγαια
Ragaia
῾Ροῦδα
Rouda
95, 35 (In Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Ρούδα
Rhuda
106.5, 31.5 (In Ptolemaic Editor's Drangiana)
Ragaia = Radja =
= Razavi Khorasan ?
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Drangiana) =
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Parthia)
Rouda = Rudab ?
Rouda = Dam Rud ?
Rouda = Rudza = Rezaabad ?
The Rhagae & Caspian Gates mentioned below aren't here, but almost certainly on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea:
=== Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 19 ===
Now Darius had formed the resolution, if Alexander remained at Susa or Babylon, to stay there among the Medes, in order to see if any change of policy were made by Alexander. But if the latter marched against him, he resolved to proceed into the interior towards Parthia and Hyrcania, as far as Bactria, laying waste all the land and making it impossible for Alexander to advance any further. He therefore sent the women and the rest of the property which he still retained, together with the covered carriages, to what were called the Caspian Gates . . .
[From Ecbatana heading to Parthia] . . . he [Alexander] marched against Darius [who had entered Parthia thru the Caspian gates]. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day [from Ecbatana] arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey to one marching as Alexander did.

95 Rouda ? 35
῾Ροῦδα
Rouda
95, 35 (In Parthia)
Ρούδα
Rhuda
Rouda (Ptolemy, in Drangiana) =
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Parthia)
Rouda = Roudbar ?

Simpsimida

96.5 Simpsimida 35.67
96.17, 37 (in Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Σιμψιμίδα
Simpsimida 96.5, 35.67 (in LATE Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
[This location's coordinates are particularly good, if both (1) Ptolemy's Artacana is the same as Isidore of Charax's "Asaac," and (2) they are located at Nishapur. It's also very good since there really just are no other excellent candidates for Simpsimida or Seemina. However, there is a better candidate for Sindaga (as modern Shandiz), which, being slightly north of here, would accord with a Ptolemaic Editor's north-as-true-north coordinate-system. This would also be no contradiction to this beeing Seemina and Simpsimida, because Sindaga's "-ca" suffix is commonly used for satellite colonies.]
Alexandropolis* = Samda =
= Simda =
= Simdaca = Sindaga (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
= Simna =
= Seemina (Ptolemaic Editor) =
= Sina (Ptolemy)
Simna + Simda =
= Simpsimida (LATE Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Alexandropolis* = Samda = Simda = Simna = Sina = Sanabad = Mashhad ?
=== Alternative Possibility if NOT Alexandropolis ===
Seemina (Ptolemy) =
= Simpsimida (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Seemina = Sina = Sanabad = Mashhad ?

96.5 Simpsimida 35.67
Simpsimida
Simpsimida = Shemshabad* ?
* On 1891 map

96.5 Simpsimida ? 35.67
Simpsimida
Simpsimida = Sihzhibah = Sebzewar* ?
Simpsimida = Sihshimad = Sheshtamad ?
* Unlikely. The name of this city probably instead derives from the Sarbadars rebellion in the 14th century.

Appha

’Απφα
Appha
Appha (Ptolemy) =
= Apauaracticena (Isidore of Charax) ?
[Guessing that it's in this vicinity, merely by relation to the coordinates of Rouda/Ragaia, and because Sabzewar is too important a city not to have had a mention in Ptolemy.]
Appha = Abaresh ??
Appha = Abouzar Town ??
Appha = Kohneh Aab ??
Appha = Abah = Avaz ??
Appha = Aqqa = Kalateh-ye Aqazadeh ??
Appha = Sabsewar* ??
* The modern name would likely bear no relation to the ancient one, since the modern one probably derives from the Sarbadars rebellion in the 14th century.

’Απφα
Appha
Appha = Atta = Ataabad* = Ataiyeh ?
Appha = Atta = Ataabad* = Astayesh ?
Appha = Aba = Avandar ?
Appha = Albha = Albolagh ??

’Απφα
Appha = Haffa = Khaf ?
Appha = Abcaha = Abgeh ?

Appha = Aphica = Afqu ?

[Coordinates are far out of place, if it's here.]
Appha (Ptolemy) =
= Apauaracticena (Isidore of Charax) ?
Appha = Abiverd ?

Ragaia

Ράγαια
Ragaia
Ragaia = Rajaua = Razavi Khorasan ?
Ragaia = Rajaa = Rezaabad ?
The Rhagae & Caspian Gates mentioned below aren't here, but almost certainly on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea:
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 19 ===
Now Darius had formed the resolution, if Alexander remained at Susa or Babylon, to stay there among the Medes, in order to see if any change of policy were made by Alexander. But if the latter marched against him, he resolved to proceed into the interior towards Parthia and Hyrcania, as far as Bactria, laying waste all the land and making it impossible for Alexander to advance any further. He therefore sent the women and the rest of the property which he still retained, together with the covered carriages, to what were called the Caspian Gates . . .
[From Ecbatana heading to Parthia] . . . he [Alexander] marched against Darius [who had entered Parthia thru the Caspian gates]. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day [from Ecbatana] arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey to one marching as Alexander did.

Ράγαια
῾Ροῦδα
95, 35 (In Ptolemaic Editor's Parthia)
Ρούδα
Rhuda
106.5, 31.5 (In Ptolemaic Editor's Drangiana)
Ragaia = Radja =
= Razavi Khorasan ?
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Drangiana) =
= Rouda (Ptolemaic Editor, in Parthia)
Rouda = Rudab ?
Rouda = Dam Rud ?
Rouda = Rudza = Rezaabad ?
The Rhagae & Caspian Gates mentioned below aren't here, but almost certainly on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea:
=== Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 19 ===
Now Darius had formed the resolution, if Alexander remained at Susa or Babylon, to stay there among the Medes, in order to see if any change of policy were made by Alexander. But if the latter marched against him, he resolved to proceed into the interior towards Parthia and Hyrcania, as far as Bactria, laying waste all the land and making it impossible for Alexander to advance any further. He therefore sent the women and the rest of the property which he still retained, together with the covered carriages, to what were called the Caspian Gates . . .
[From Ecbatana heading to Parthia] . . . he [Alexander] marched against Darius [who had entered Parthia thru the Caspian gates]. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day [from Ecbatana] arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey to one marching as Alexander did.

Ragaia = Rajaua = Razavi Khorasan ?
Ragaia = Mashhad Rizeh ??
Ragaia = Roohi* ?
Ragaia = Rutunejan = RudMajan ?
Ragaia = Rajaa = Turshiz* ?
=== Arrian's Anabsis of Alexander, Book III, Ch. 19 ===
[From Ecbatana heading to Parthia] . . . he [Alexander] marched against Darius [who had entered Parthia thru the Caspian gates]. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day [from Ecbatana] arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey [i.e, with the Caspian Gates viewed as beginning at Honameh] to one marching as Alexander did [No, that's impossible! The editor is thinking of the other Rhagae, at the other supposed (but false) Caspian Gates, on the south shore of the Caspian Sea.]. . . . He then marched towards Parthia; and on the first day encamped near the Caspian Gates, which he passed through on the second day as far as the country was inhabited.

Ragaia = Rajaua = Razavi Khorasan ?
Ragaia = Rigi ??
Ragaia = Burs* = Burs ??
[From Ecbatana heading to Parthia] . . . he [Alexander] marched against Darius [who had entered Parthia thru the Caspian gates]. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day [from Ecbatana] arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey [i.e, with the Caspian Gates viewed as beginning at Honameh] to one marching as Alexander did [No, that's impossible!]. . . . He then marched towards Parthia; and on the first day encamped near the Caspian Gates, which he passed through on the second day as far as the country was inhabited.

Ragaia = Rajaa = Rezaabad ?
Ragaia = Rajaa = Rakhtian ?
Ragaia = Reen ?
Ragaia = Raja = Iraj ?
Ragaia = Raci = Rooieen?
Ragaia = Al Ragi = Araghi ??
Ragaia = Al Raci = Araqi ??
Ragaia = Rajaa = Firuzeh ??
[From Ecbatana heading to Parthia] . . . he [Alexander] marched against Darius [who had entered Parthia thru the Caspian gates]. In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day [from Ecbatana] arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey [i.e, with the Caspian Gates viewed as beginning at Honameh] to one marching as Alexander did. . . . He then marched towards Parthia; and on the first day encamped near the Caspian Gates, which he passed through on the second day as far as the country was inhabited.

Ragaia = Rajan ?

Medea

Iasonion Mt.
Ἰασόνιον ὄρος
"Walnut Mt"
Iasonion = Juzjan* = Jowzjan Province
* See map.

Zagros Gates

84.5 Zagros Gates 37
Θηβούρα
Thaboura
Θηβάργα
Thebarga
Ζέγρου πύλαι
Zagros Gates
84.5, 37
Zagros Gates (Ptolemy) =
Thebarga = (Ptolemy) =
= Thaboura (Ptolemy)
Zagros Gates = Darbandikhan*
* Darband is a Persian word that translates to "door of the mountain"
Obvoiusly, the coordinates don't align with those of surrounding cities. But that's understandable because, Ptolemy, and the editors didn't realize that Theebarga (in the province of Media) is the same as Thaboura in the province of Assyria)

Path thru the Zagros Mts.

Caspian Gates

94 Caspiai Pylai 37
Κάσπιαι Πύλαι
Caspiai Pylai
"Caspian Gates"

94 Caspiai Pylai 37

Caspioi
Κασπιοι
Caspioi = Apkhazeti = Abkhaz ?
Caspioi = Cashan = Chechens ??
Caspioi = Cashan = Kabardin ??
Caspioi = Kazakhs ??**
Caspioi = Khotbeh Sara
Caspioi = Chahber
Caspioi = Chahber = Chubar
Caspioi = Chashpa = Hashtpar ?
Caspioi = Keshli ?
Caspioi = Kasma ?
Caspioi = Casbi = Gasma = Gisum ??
Caspioi = Qazvin*** ??
** Caspioi were referred to as Scythians in Valerius Flaccus. However, against this, Egyptian Aramaic papyri describe Caspian soldiers' names as Iranian.
*** Rather too far south.
Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς Μηδίας τὰ μὲν δυτικὰ παρα τὴν Αρμεγίαν . . . Κασπιοι.
οἷς ὑπόκειται . . . ἡ Μαρτιανή,
παρ᾿ ὅλην τὴν πλευρὰν τῆς “Ασσυρίας:
τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ ϑαλάσσῃ κατέχουσι καὶ Καδούσιοι.
But there inhabit now the western [regions] of Media, next to the [country of] Armenia . . . Caspoi.
to which underlie . . . the Martiane [region],
along the whole side of Assyria.
But there inhabit the [areas] upon the sea, also Cadousioi.

Martiane [region]
ἡ Μαρτιανή
The Martiane [region]
Μαρτιανης
Martianes swamp
= (A)Mardoi (Ptolemy) =
= Amariacai (Ptolemy)
= Maroundai (Ptolemy) ?
Martiane (Ptolemy) =
= Martianes swamp (Ptolemy)
Martianes swamp = Mordab swamp*
* On 1861 Rumsey historical map
Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς Μηδίας τὰ μὲν δυτικὰ παρα τὴν Αρμεγίαν . . . Κασπιοι.
οἷς ὑπόκειται . . . ἡ Μαρτιανή,
παρ᾿ ὅλην τὴν πλευρὰν τῆς “Ασσυρίας:
τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ ϑαλάσσῃ κατέχουσι καὶ Καδούσιοι.
But there inhabit now the western [regions] of Media, next to the [country of] Armenia . . . Caspoi.
to which underlie . . . the Martiane [region],
along the whole side of Assyria.
But there inhabit the [areas] upon the sea, also Cadousioi.

Leegai
Λῆγαι
[Written Geli , on the medieval maps]
Gilaki People & language* = Leegai
Gilaki People & language* = Leegai = Lahetzan** = Lahyan*** = Lahijan
Gilaki People & language* = Leegai = Langarud
Gilaki People & language* = Leegai = Leyla Kuh
Gilaki People & language* = Geli
* (See map)
** On 1663 Rumsey Historical map
*** On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ κατέχουσι καὶ Καδούσιοι,
οἱ καὶ Λῆγαι, καὶ Δρίβυκες·
μεθ᾽ οὓς διατείνοντες μέχρι τῆς μεσογαίας ᾿Αμαριάκαι·
καὶ Μάρδοι (ἢ ᾿Αμάρδοι?) ·
But there inhabit the [regions] upon the sea, also the Cadousioi,
and also the Legai, and Dribuces,
with whom, there extends until the inland [area] Amariacai,
and also Mardoi (or Amardoi?).

Dribuces
Δερβίκκαι
Drubuces
Margiana region
Δρίβυκες
Media region
Δερκέβοι
Derceboi
Derbiccai (Ptolemy) = Derbicce (Peutinger) =
= Dribuces (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Derceboi (Ptolemy) ??
Derbiccai = Ribici = Ribioi (Inner Scythian people, see nearby pin) ?
Derbiccai/Derceboi = Tubiacai (Inner Scythian people; see at bottom) ?
=== Possible Origin ===
Daylamites = Deyrbites = Derbices ?
Daylamites = Deyrhamoi = Derceboi ?
Derbiccai = Herbittai = Nerbit = Nebitdag* ?
Derbila = Berival = Pereval ?
Derbiccai = Lower Tar(u/o)m region ?
Derbiccai = Tabaqdeh ?
Derbiccai = Darvish Sara ?
Derbiccai = Darhicah = Dalkhani ?
Derbiccai = Darhic = Dahak ?
Turkbashi = Derbiccai ?
Turkbashi = Turkmenbashi (city on coast) ?
Turkbashi = Turkmenbashi = Belek Turrkmenskiy
* On modern map.
=== Uzbek/Turkic possibility ===
Originally . . .
Derbiccai = Derceboi (Both nearby Ptolemaic peoples)
Later . . .
Derbiccai = Ubyk (55 miles NNE) ?
Derbiccai = Ubyk = Uzbek ?
Derbiccai = Erbyk = Adzhykui ?
Derceboi = Turkebi = Turk = Turkmen ?
Derceboi = Beric = Belek Turrkmenskiy ?
Root stock:
Subartu = "Wanderers"
Subartu = Sabirs = Siberia ?
Subartu = Tubaltu = Tubal* ?
Western Branch:
Tubal* = Tabari = Tabaristan (N. Iran)
Tubal* = Tabali = Tbilisi
Tubal* = Haval = Avar = Iberia
Tubal* = Talbah = Albania ?
Tubal = Tahwal = Azhwal = Azeri (??)
Eastern Branch:
Tubal (Bible*) = Tubary =
= Tapouri (Ptolemy, Margiana) =
= Tabireni = Tabienoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tapoureoi (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia)
= Tubiacai (Ptolemy, Inner Scythia) ?
= Tubiacai = Derbiccai (Ptolemy, Margiana) ?
* In the Bible (Genesis 10:2, 1 Chronicles 1:5, Ez. 38:1-3, 39:1)
** In Ptolemy

Amariacai

Amariacai ?
Μάρδοι
Mardoi
(Greater Armenia province)
Μάρδοι (ἢ ᾿Αμάρδοι?) (A)Mardoi
(Media province)
Ἂμαριάκαι
Amariacai
(Mardoi province)
= Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Greater Armenia) =
= (A)Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Media) =
= Amariacai (Ptolemy)
= Maroundai (Ptolemy) ?
Martiane (Ptolemy) =
= Martianes swamp (Ptolemy)
[This location is better than the other pin, near Amol, because of the mention of Trapatene (Azerbaijan), below.]
Amariacai = Armaghankhaneh
Amariacai = Abhar ?
Amariacai = Abhar = Abbar ?
Amariacai = Amirabad ??
Amariacai = Amirabad ?
Amariacai = Markazi province (far inland) ??
τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ κατέχουσι καὶ Καδούσιοι,
οἱ καὶ Λῆγαι, καὶ Δρίβυκες·
μεθ᾽ οὓς διατείνοντες μέχρι τῆς μεσογαίας ᾿Αμαριάκαι·
καὶ Μάρδοι (ἢ ᾿Αμάρδοι?) ·
. . . ἡ Τροπατηνή
διατείνει δὲ μέχρι τῶν Aμαριακων
But there inhabit the [regions] upon the sea, also the Cadousioi,
and also the Legai, and Dribuces,
with whom, there extends until the inland [area] Amariacai,
and also Mardoi (or Amardoi?).
. . . the Trapatene [region] however
extends until the Amariacai.
=== Wikipedia on Amardi ===
The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian[1] tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north,[2] to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed.
They are said to be related to, or the same tribe as, the Dahae and Sacae. That is to say, they were Scythian.[4] Herodotus mentions a tribe with a similar name as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis.[1][5]
They lived in the valleys in between the Susis and Persis,[6] in what is now southwestern Iran. The southern Mardi are described by Nearchus as one of the four predatory mountain peoples of the southwest, along with the Susians, Uxii, and Elymaeans.[7] Of these four nomadic groups, they were the only tribe linguistically Iranian.[8]

Amariacai
Μάρδοι
Mardoi
(Greater Armenia province)
Μάρδοι (ἢ ᾿Αμάρδοι?) (A)Mardoi
(Media province)
Ἂμαριάκαι
(Mardoi province)
= Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Greater Armenia) =
= (A)Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Media) =
= Amariacai (Ptolemy)
= Maroundai (Ptolemy) ?
Martiane (Ptolemy) =
= Martianes swamp (Ptolemy)
Amariacai (Ptolemy) = Amarousa (Ptolemy)
Amariacai = Amerdad = Amol
Amariacai = Amaliah = Mileh ?
Amariacai = Amaliah = Esku Mahalleh ?
Amariacai = Amirabad ?
Amariacai = Bariacai = Barikala ?
Amariacai = Hamaria = Namar ?
τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ κατέχουσι καὶ Καδούσιοι,
οἱ καὶ Λῆγαι, καὶ Δρίβυκες·
μεθ᾽ οὓς διατείνοντες μέχρι τῆς μεσογαίας ᾿Αμαριάκαι·
καὶ Μάρδοι (ἢ ᾿Αμάρδοι?) ·
But there inhabit the [regions] upon the sea, also the Cadousioi,
and also the Legai, and Dribuces,
with whom, there extends until the inland [area] Amariacai,
and also Mardoi (or Amardoi?).
=== Wikipedia on Amardi ===
The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian[1] tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north,[2] to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed.
They are said to be related to, or the same tribe as, the Dahae and Sacae. That is to say, they were Scythian.[4] Herodotus mentions a tribe with a similar name as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis.[1][5]
They lived in the valleys in between the Susis and Persis,[6] in what is now southwestern Iran. The southern Mardi are described by Nearchus as one of the four predatory mountain peoples of the southwest, along with the Susians, Uxii, and Elymaeans.[7] Of these four nomadic groups, they were the only tribe linguistically Iranian.[8]

(A)Mardoi
Μάρδοι
Mardoi
(Greater Armenia province)
Μάρδοι (ἢ ᾿Αμάρδοι?) (A)Mardoi
(Media province)
Ἂμαριάκαι
(Mardoi province)
Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Greater Armenian province) =
= (A)Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Media province)
= Amariacai (Ptolemy, in Media province)
= Amarousa (Ptolemy)
=== Likely Origin: ===
Mitanni = Medes
Mitanni = Matiene = (A)Mardoi*
Mitanni = Matiene = (A)Mardoi = Mardzi = Mazandarani people
* See Wikipedia on Matiene, below.
Mardoi = Amerdad = Amol
Mardoi = Mordab ?
Mardoi = Mahdza = Mazandaran ??
Mardoi = Mahdza = Mazandaran = Marzanabad ??
Mardoi = Marut** = Mawat ?
Mardoi = Azmir Dagh** Mts. ?
Mardoi = Marand ?
** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map
=== Locations 150 miles W ===
Mardoi = Mardin
Mardoi = Mardin Province
=== Wikipedia on Amardi ===
The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian[1] tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north,[2] to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed.
They are said to be related to, or the same tribe as, the Dahae and Sacae. That is to say, they were Scythian.[4] Herodotus mentions a tribe with a similar name as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis.[1][5]
They lived in the valleys in between the Susis and Persis,[6] in what is now southwestern Iran. The southern Mardi are described by Nearchus as one of the four predatory mountain peoples of the southwest, along with the Susians, Uxii, and Elymaeans.[7] Of these four nomadic groups, they were the only tribe linguistically Iranian.[8]
=== Wikipedia on Matiene ===
Matiene was the name of a kingdom in northwestern Iran[1][2] on the lands of the earlier kingdom of the Mannae. Ancient historians including Strabo, Ptolemy, Herodotus, Polybius, and Pliny mention names such as Mantiane, Martiane, Matiana, Matiani, Matiene, Martuni to designate a region located to the northwest of Media."
Etymology
Location of Matiene
The name Matiene may be related to Mitanni, the name of a state some 800 years earlier, which was founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class governing the Hurrian population.[5] The name Matiene was applied also to the neighboring Lake Matianus (Lake Urmia) located immediately to the east of the Matieni people. The Iranian root "Mati-" meaning "to tower, to stand out" (from the same Indo-European root that gives us the word "mountain") might explain the name.

Cardouchoi / Cadousioi
Καρδοῦχοι
Cardouchoi
Καδούσιοι
Cadousioi
Cardouchoi (Ptolemy) = Cadousioi (Ptolemy)* ??
* Kind of illogical, given that they both are mentioned simultaneously in the same sentence (below). Therefore, they're probably cousin-offshoots of a common ancestral language.
Cardouchoi = Khortum ?
Cardouchoi = Kord Mahalleh ?
[These people seem to have largely vanished without a trace. Perhaps, around the time of the Mongol Conquest, they re-melted back into the Kurdish strongholds in the Zagros Mountains.]
=== Likely Origin: ===
Gutium (CLNS**, 2450-1500) = Gupti = Gobdi (Peutinger)
Guti = Gobdi = Gordium city (2300BC—) & region, possible source of the Guti ?
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region = Karduniash**** (1350-1225 BC) = Chaldee**** (950-530)
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region = Carduchi (600-0)
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region = Carduchi (600-0) = Cadousoi (150AD(?)—)
Guti = Gobdi = Gordyene region = Cyrtians (300-0) = Kurds (100BC—)
Guti = Gukkanium** = Cutheans*** (720 BC) = Cotaia region (Ptolemy), between lakes Van & Urmia
Guti = Gukkanium** = Cutheans*** (720 BC) = Samaritans***
Guti = Gukkanium** = Cutheans*** (720 BC) = Kutha
** CLNS = Cuthean Legend of Naram Sin, 2225 BC.
*** Josephus, Antiquities 10.9.7: "Now as to Shalmanezer, he removed the Israelites out of their countrey, and placed therein the nation of the Cutheans: who had formerly belonged to the inner parts of Persia and Media; but were then called Samaritans;"
**** See map.
τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ κατέχουσι καὶ . . . Καδούσιοι,
κατέχουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐντὸς
πρὸς τῶν Καδουσίων χώραν . . . Καρδοῦχοι
But there inhabits the regions next to the sea also . . . Cadousioi.
But now, there also inhabit the inner [regions], next to the country of the Cadousioi, . . . the Cardouchoi.

Maroundai
Μαροῦνδαι
Maroundai (Ptolemy) = Morounda (Ptolemaic Editor)
= Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Greater Armenia) =
= (A)Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Media) =
Morounda = Marand
Maroundai = Birun ?
Maroundai = Miyaneh ?
Maroundai = Miandoab ?
Maroundai = Meryan ?
κατέχουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐντὸς
πρὸς τῶν Καδουσίων χώραν . . . Καρδοῦχοι
καὶ Μαροῦνδαι
μέχρι τῆς “Μαρτιανῆς λίμνης.
τα δὲ ἐντὸς τῆς τῶν Γηλῶν Μάργασοι.
μεϑ'᾽ οὐς ἡ Τροπατηνή
διατείνει δὲ μέχρι τῶν Aμαριακων
But now, there also inhabit the inner [regions], next to the country of the Cadousioi, . . . the Cardouchoi.
and Maroundai
until the Martiane Swamp.
But the regions of the interior of the Geloi . . . [inhabit] Margasoi;
with whom, the Trapatene [region] however
extends until the Amariacai.

Margasoi

Margasoi
Μάργασοι
Margasoi(Ptolemy) =
= Nagae (Peutinger) ? =
= Zanjan ?
Margasoi = Markazi province
Margasoi = Maragha* = Maragheh (2 cities)
κατέχουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐντὸς
πρὸς τῶν Καδουσίων χώραν . . . Καρδοῦχοι
καὶ Μαροῦνδαι
μέχρι τῆς “Μαρτιανῆς λίμνης.
τα δὲ ἐντὸς τῆς τῶν Γηλῶν Μάργασοι.
μεϑ'᾽ οὐς ἡ Τροπατηνή
διατείνει δὲ μέχρι τῶν Aμαριακων
But now, there also inhabit the inner [regions], next to the country of the Cadousioi, . . . the Cardouchoi.
and Maroundai
until the Martiane Swamp.
But the regions of the interior of the Geloi . . . [inhabit] Margasoi;
with whom, the Trapatene [region] however
extends until the Amariacai.

Tropatene
ἡ Τροπατηνή
Atropatene = Tropatene
Atropatene = Azerbaijan
Atropatene = Azerbaijan = West Azerbaijan province
Atropatene = Azerbaijan = East Azerbaijan province
καὶ Μαροῦνδαι
μέχρι τῆς “Μαρτιανῆς λίμνης.
τα δὲ ἐντὸς τῆς τῶν Γηλῶν Μάργασοι.
μεϑ'᾽ οὐς ἡ Τροπατηνή
and Maroundai
until the Martiane Swamp.
But the regions of the interior of the Geloi . . . [inhabit] Margasoi;
with whom, the Trapatene [region] however

Sagartioi
Σαγἀρτιοι
=== Possible Origins ===
Zagros = Sagartioi ?
Issachar* = Zikirti = Sagartioi = Ishakzai** ??
Issachar* = Great-grandson of Abraham =
= Ibrahimabad*** = Ebrahimabad ?
* Jewish tribe. Many of these Jews, after the Roman expulsion, may or may not have become the Lurs in Lorestan (i.e, this general area), who extend back to the time of the 10 Lost Tribes of Israel. 10th Century historian Hamdallah Mustawfi speaks of their mass-migration to Lorestan. Like the ancient Jews, Lurs have a high frequency of haplogroup J2.
** Now in SW Afghanistan, see map.
Sagartioi = Asagarta
Sagartioi = Dehgolan ?
Sagartioi = Dergesin*** = Qorveh Dargazin ?
Sagartioi = Sonqorabad ?
Sagartioi = Shehrjurd*** = Shahrjerd ?
Sagartioi = Tejarud*** = Taqarud ?
Sagartioi = Maz Zagran = Mazijaran ?
Sagartioi = Zangin*** = Zanganeh ??
*** On 1861 Rumsey Historical map
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικῶτερα τοῦ Ζάγρου ὄρους . . . ᾿ Σαγἀρτιοι,
μεϑ οὖς ἔκτέταται μέχρι τῆς Παρϑίας . . . ἢ Χωρομιϑρηνἢ,
ἀρχτικωτέραν ἔχουσα τὴν Ελυμαΐδα".
ἧς τὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς κατέχουσι Τάπουροι"
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας εἰσὶ τῆς Χωρομιϑρηνῆς
. . . οἵ τε Σίδικες,
. . . καὶ ἢ Σιγριανική,
. . . καὶ η Ῥαγιανή;
καὶ επι τουτῶν ὑπὸ τὸ Ιασογιον ορος
. . . οἵ τε Ουάδασσοι;
καὶ . . . ἢ Δαρεῖτις χώρα,
καὶ παρ ὅλην τὴν Περσίδα . . . ἢ Συρομηδία"
And [there inhabit] the [region] east of the Zagros Mts. . . . Sagartioi
with whom, there extends even to Parthia, . . . the Choromithrene region
having to its north the [region of] Elumaida.
east of which dwell the Tapouroi.
But on the south of the Choromithrene region are
. . . indeed, the Sidices,
. . . and the Sigrianice [region],
. . . and the Ragiane [region];
and above these, under the Iasonion Mt.
[are] . . . indeed the [W]Ouadassoi,
and . . . the Dareitis region,
and along the whole of Persia . . . the Syromedia [region].

Chooromithrene

Chooromithrene ?
ἢ Χωρομιθρηνἢ
The Chooromithrene region
Perhaps means "Survey-region," in Greek
Perhaps means "Land of Mithras" in Persian
Chooromithrene =
= Coronus Mts. (Ptolemy) ? =
= Khoorosan* + Mazandaran ?
= Golestan + Mazandaran ??
= Comisena (Isidore) ??
= Choaren(a/e) (Arrian & Ptolemy) ?
= Choara (Ptolemy) ?
= Gouriamna (Ptolemy) ?
Chooromithrene = Kalpush District* ?
Chooromithrene = Ghamiteh ?
Chooromithrene = Karimabad ??
Choarena = Ghooreh = Ghelli ?
Choarena = Khorosho* ?
Choarena = Germe Chaneh river* ?
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικῶτερα τοῦ Ζάγρου ὄρους . . . ᾿ Σαγἀρτιοι,
μεϑ οὖς ἔκτέταται μέχρι τῆς Παρϑίας . . . ἢ Χωρομιϑρηνἢ,
ἀρχτικωτέραν ἔχουσα τὴν Ελυμαΐδα".
ἧς τὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς κατέχουσι Τάπουροι"
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας εἰσὶ τῆς Χωρομιϑρηνῆς
. . . οἵ τε Σίδικες,
. . . καὶ ἢ Σιγριανική,
. . . καὶ η Ῥαγιανή;
καὶ επι τουτῶν ὑπὸ τὸ Ιασογιον ορος
. . . οἵ τε Ουάδασσοι;
καὶ . . . ἢ Δαρεῖτις χώρα,
καὶ παρ ὅλην τὴν Περσίδα . . . ἢ Συρομηδία"
And [there inhabit] the [region] east of the Zagros Mts. . . . Sagartioi
with whom, there extends even to Parthia, . . . the Choromithrene region
having to its north the [region of] Elumaida. [Elam!???]
east of which dwell the Tapouroi.
But on the south of the Choromithrene region are
. . . indeed, the Sidices,
. . . and the Sigrianice [region],
. . . and the Ragiane [region];
and above these, under the Iasonion Mt.
[are] . . . indeed the [W]Ouadassoi,
and . . . the Dareitis region,
and along the whole of Persia . . . the Syromedia [region].

Chooromithrene ?
ἢ Χωρομιθρηνἢ
The Chooromithrene region
Perhaps means "Survey-region," in Greek
Perhaps means "Land of Mithras" in Persian
Chooromithrene =
= Khoorosan* + Mazandaran ?
Chooromithrene = Chooro = Khar* = Khur ??
Chooromithrene = Chooro = Kharan* ??
Chooromithrene = Chadormalu ??
Chooromithrene = Mithrene = Mesr ??
Chooromithrene = Mithrene = Mehrjan ??
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικῶτερα τοῦ Ζάγρου ὄρους . . . ᾿ Σαγἀρτιοι,
μεϑ οὖς ἔκτέταται μέχρι τῆς Παρϑίας . . . ἢ Χωρομιϑρηνἢ,
ἀρχτικωτέραν ἔχουσα τὴν Ελυμαΐδα".
ἧς τὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς κατέχουσι Τάπουροι"
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας εἰσὶ τῆς Χωρομιϑρηνῆς
. . . οἵ τε Σίδικες,
. . . καὶ ἢ Σιγριανική,
. . . καὶ η Ῥαγιανή;
καὶ επι τουτῶν ὑπὸ τὸ Ιασογιον ορος
. . . οἵ τε Ουάδασσοι;
καὶ . . . ἢ Δαρεῖτις χώρα,
καὶ παρ ὅλην τὴν Περσίδα . . . ἢ Συρομηδία"
And [there inhabit] the [region] east of the Zagros Mts. . . . Sagartioi
with whom, there extends even to Parthia, . . . the Choromithrene region
having to its north the [region of] Elumaida. [Elam!???]
east of which dwell the Tapouroi.
But on the south of the Choromithrene region are
. . . indeed, the Sidices,
. . . and the Sigrianice [region],
. . . and the Ragiane [region];
and above these, under the Iasonion Mt.
[are] . . . indeed the [W]Ouadassoi,
and . . . the Dareitis region,
and along the whole of Persia . . . the Syromedia [region].

Tapourei
Τάπουροι
Tapourei = Tabaristan*
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικώτερα τοῦ Ζάγρου ὄρους . . . Σαγάρτιοι·
μεθ᾽ οὓς ἐκτέταται μέχρι τῆς Παρθίας . . . ἡ Χωρομιθρηνή,
ἀρκτικωτέραν ἔχουσα . . . τὴν Ἐλυμαΐδα·
ἧς τὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰςκατέχουσι Τάπουροι·
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας εἰσὶ . . . τῆς Χωρομιθρηνῆς.
οἵ τε Σίδικες, καὶ ἡ Σιγριανική καὶ ἡῬαγιανή,
καὶ ἐπὶ τούτων ὑπὸ τὸ Ἰασόνιον
ὄρος . . . οἵ τε Οὐάδασσοι ,
καὶ . . . ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα,
καὶ παρ᾿ ὅλην τὴν Περσίδα . . . ἡ Συρομηδία·
And the regions further north of the Zagros Mts . . . [have] Sagartioi;
with whom, extended until the Parthia [region] . . . [is] the Choromithrene [region],
having north of that . . . the Elymaida [region]; [Elam !???]
toward the east of whom dwell the Tapouroi
but on the south of the Choromithrene [region] . . .
are indeed the Sidices and the Sigrianice [region], and the Ragiane [region],
And above these, below the Jasonion Mtn. [are] . . . indeed the Ou[w]adassoi,
and . . . the Dareitis tract ,
and next to the whole Persia [region]. . . the Syromedia [region].

Sidices
Σίδικες
Sidices (Ptolemy) =
= Zaranis (Ptolemy) ?
= Sindaga (Ptolemy) ?
Sidices = Tajiks ?
Sidices = Mt. Dushek ?
Sidices = Sidz = Sausian = Tous ?
Sidices = Cidzik Khik-zik = Wakhi people ??
=== Possible Jewish Diaspora ===
Many tribes in Southern & Eastern Afghanistan have Jewish names (see map):
Barakzai, Sulaiman Khel, Ishakzai, Yusufzai, & Chakmani (?) as forms of
Barak, Solomon, Isaac, Joseph, & Shikman.
Josephus writes that, during the Babylonian Captivity, many of these 10 "[not-so-]lost tribes" were up in Media, waiting to return to Israel. They tried to return at the end of the captivity, but weren't able to, and stayed in Media (Jospehus, Antiquities, XI.5.2).
In Roman times they would've been in the same place, and thus several of Ptolemy's people groups might refer to them:
Sidices = Zadokites, i.e, the Priests; or
= Zedek, Hebrew for "holy ones."
Issachar* = Zikirti = Sagartioi = Ishakzai**
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικώτερα τοῦ Ζάγρου ὄρους . . . Σαγάρτιοι·
μεθ᾽ οὓς ἐκτέταται μέχρι τῆς Παρθίας . . . ἡ Χωρομιθρηνή,
ἀρκτικωτέραν ἔχουσα . . . τὴν Ἐλυμαΐδα·
ἧς τὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰςκατέχουσι Τάπουροι·
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας εἰσὶ . . . τῆς Χωρομιθρηνῆς.
οἵ τε Σίδικες, καὶ ἡ Σιγριανική καὶ ἡῬαγιανή,
καὶ ἐπὶ τούτων ὑπὸ τὸ Ἰασόνιον
ὄρος . . . οἵ τε Οὐάδασσοι ,
καὶ . . . ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα,
καὶ παρ᾿ ὅλην τὴν Περσίδα . . . ἡ Συρομηδία·
And the regions further north of the Zagros Mts . . . [have] Sagartioi;
with whom, extended until the Parthia [region] . . . [is] the Choromithrene [region],
having north of that . . . the Elymaida [region]; [Elam !???]
toward the east of whom dwell the Tapouroi
but on the south of the Choromithrene [region] . . .
are indeed the Sidices and the Sigrianice [region], and the Ragiane [region],
And above these, below the Jasonion Mtn. [are] . . . indeed the Ou[w]adassoi,
and . . . the Dareitis tract ,
and next to the whole Persia [region]. . . the Syromedia [region].

Sigrianice
Σιγριανική
Sigrianice (Ptolemy) = Zaranis (Ptolemy) ?
Sigrianice = Zagros Mts. ?
Sigrianice = Zarine river ?
Sigrianice = Zarine = Zarrinrud ?
Sigrianice = Zarine = Zarrinabad ?
Sigrianice = Zarine = Zarrineh ?
Sigrianice = Zarine = Zohrun ?
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικώτερα τοῦ Ζάγρου ὄρους . . . Σαγάρτιοι·
μεθ᾽ οὓς ἐκτέταται μέχρι τῆς Παρθίας . . . ἡ Χωρομιθρηνή,
ἀρκτικωτέραν ἔχουσα . . . τὴν Ἐλυμαΐδα·
ἧς τὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὰςκατέχουσι Τάπουροι·
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας εἰσὶ . . . τῆς Χωρομιθρηνῆς.
οἵ τε Σίδικες, καὶ ἡ Σιγριανική καὶ ἡῬαγιανή,
καὶ ἐπὶ τούτων ὑπὸ τὸ Ἰασόνιον
ὄρος . . . οἵ τε Οὐάδασσοι ,
καὶ . . . ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα,
καὶ παρ᾿ ὅλην τὴν Περσίδα . . . ἡ Συρομηδία·
And the regions further north of the Zagros Mts . . . [have] Sagartioi;
with whom, extended until the Parthia [region] . . . [is] the Choromithrene [region],
having north of that . . . the Elymaida [region]; [Elam !???]
toward the east of whom dwell the Tapouroi
but on the south of the Choromithrene [region] . . .
are indeed the Sidices and the Sigrianice [region], and the Ragiane [region],
And above these, below the Jasonion Mtn. [are] . . . indeed the Ou[w]adassoi,
and . . . the Dareitis tract ,
and next to the whole Persia [region]. . . the Syromedia [region].

Ragiane

Ragiane
η Ῥαγιανή
The Ragiane
Ragiane (Ptolemy, in Media) =
= Argene Superioris* (Peutinger) ?
= Ragaia (Ptolemy, in Parthia)
= Rouda (Ptolemy, in Parthia)
* Shown in between Margiana and Drangiana.
=== Source of name for Fire temple ===
Ragiane = Barghan/Buzghan ?
Ragiane = Adur Burzen-Mihr = Azarbarzin ?
Ragiane = Rajanda = Razounda (Ptolemy) ?
Ragiane = Rhuda (Ptolemy) ? Ragiane = Apamea Ragiana** Ragiane = Raj ?
Ragiane = Iraj ?
** Supposedly 50 miles S of onoe of the Caspian gates, and SE of one of the cities called "Rhagae."

Ragiane ?
η Ῥαγιανή
The Ragiane
Ragiane (Ptolemy, in Media) =
= Argene Superioris* (Peutinger) ?
= Ragaia (Ptolemy, in Parthia)
= Rouda (Ptolemy, in Parthia)
* Shown in between Margiana and Drangiana.
=== Source of name for Fire temple ===
Ragiane = Barghan/Buzghan ?
Ragiane = Adur Burzen-Mihr = Azarbarzin ?
Ragiane = Rezaabad ?
Ragiane = Ba'Rajan = Bijistan* = Bajestan?
Ragiane = Ba'Rajan = Birjumand* = Biyarjomand ?
Ragiane = Ba'Rajan = Bujnurd ?
Ragiane = Ba'Rajan = Barghamad ?
Ragiane = Ba'Rajan = Bardaskan ?
Ragiane = Ba'Rajan = Birjand ?
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical Map

Dareitis

Dareitis
Δραγγιανῆς
Dra(n/g)giana province
Δαράνδαι
Darandai
(Drangiana province)
ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα
The Dareitis region
Drangiana Province (Ptolemy) =
= Darandai (Ptolemy) ?
= Dareitis (Ptolemy) ?
Darandai = Burahdji = Baluchi people* ?
Darandai = Durani tribe* ?
Dareitis = Brahui*
Dareitis = Hazari* ??
* These people were obviously driven to the Southeast, by the Arab and/or Mongol invasions, see map.

Dareitis
ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα
The Dareitis region
Dareitis (Ptolemy) =
= Darathe (Peutinger) = Doth-tha (Ptolemy) ?
= Oroatis river (Ptolemy) ?
Dareitis = Dari lanuage of Zoroastrianism* ?
Dareitis = Dari [Persian] language in Afghanistan ?
* Today current in Yazd & Kerman.
Dareitis = Dara ?
Dareitis = Dehisheer ?

Dareitis ?
ἡ Δαρεῖτις χώρα
The Dareitis region
[This isn't very far south of Chooromithrene (as Khorasan), but more IN it.]
Dareitis (Ptolemy) = Tartica =
= Tautica (Ptolemy) ?
Dareitis = Dari lanuage of Zoroastrianism* ?
Dareitis = Dari [Persian] language in Afghanistan ?
* Today current in Yazd & Kerman.
Dareitis = Daraq ?
Dareitis = Abadi Shahid Bahonar Daragh ?
Dareitis = Darreh Da'i ?
Dareitis = Torud ?

Ou[w]adassoi
οἵ Οὐάδασσοι
Οὐανδάβανδα
Wandabanda
(Sogdiana province)
Σωβἰδας
(Bactria province)
Σαβάδιοι
Sabadioi
Ὀρείσιτοι
Oreisitoi
Ὀβαρεῖς
Obareis
(Aria province)
Οὔαρνοι
Ouarnoi = Warnoi
(E Bactria province)
᾿Αμαρεῖς
Amareis
(SE Bactria province)
=== Possible Tajik Ancestors: ===
Ou[w]adassoi (Ptolemy) =
= Wandabanda (Ptolemy) ?
= Soobidas (Ptolemy) ?
= Sabadioi (Ptolemy) ?
= Oreisitai (Ptolemy) ??
= Arouzis (Ptolemy) ?
= Obareis (Ptolemy) ?? =
= Thubrassene/Tribazina (Ptolemy/Peutinger) ?
= Ouarnoi (Ptolemy) ?
= Amareis (Ptolemy) ?
Ou[w]adassoi = Badakhshan
Ou[w]adassoi = Badakhshi tribe*
Ou[w]adassoi = Badakhshi tribe* = Wakhi tribe*
Ou[w]adassoi = Badakhshi tribe* = Wardaki tribe* ?
* These Tajiks were obviously driven to the Northeastern tip of Afghanistan, by the Arab and/or Mongol invasions, see map.

84 Alinza 38
᾿Αλίνζα ἡ καὶ ὄρος
Alinza he kai horos
Alinza which is also a mountain
Alinza = Palinza = Paransha = Paranshahr
Longitude: 84
Latitude: 38

Pharaba ?

Sannina

Ταζεινα
Tazeina
Σάννινα
Sannina
Tzarnina =
= Tazeina (Ptolemy) ?
= Sannina (Ptolemaic Editor) ??
[Probably at least the 1 is missing from the Ptolemaic longitude]
Tzarnina = Sar River ? Tzarnina = Sannina = Sandian ?
Tzarnina = Tazeina = Ardzana = Ardajan ??

Σάννινα
Sannina
Sannina = Seandina = Seyadun ?

Cambysos river

81 Cambyses River 42.75
Καμβυσου ποταμου
Cambyses River
Κανδυς
Candys
Cambyses River (Ptolemy) = Candys (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Candys = Now Kandeh ?

Tazeina

Ταζεινα
Tazeina
Σάννινα
Tzarnina =
= Tazeina (Ptolemy) ?
= Sannina (Ptolemaic Editor) ??
Tzarnina = Sar River ? Tzarnina = Tazeina = Tazehabad
Tzarnina = Tazeina = Ardajan ??

Ταζεινα
Tazeina = Thassena = Hasan Rud ?
Tazeina = Tzujena = Shijan ?
Tazeina = Tzonuis river* ?

Sabaioi Bomoi

82.5 Sabaioi Bomoi 42.5
Σαβαῖοι Βωμοί.
Sabaioi Bomoi
Sabaean Altars/Platforms.
Sabaioi = Tsabeh = Torbeh Bar ?
Sabaioi = Savaioi = Shahver ?
Sabaioi = Schembe Basar* = Someh Sara (11 miles S) ??
"Altars" = Madhbah (مذبح)** = Anzali Murdab swamp*** ??
"Altars" = Madhbah (مذبح)** = Mahruzeh (4 miles ESE) ??
"Altars" = Mahrab (مذبح)** = Mahruzeh (4 miles ESE) ??
"Altars" = Huge beach dune due N of Sangachin ?
* On 1663 Rumsey Historical map. Note depiction of a tower in image below.
** Madhbah (مذبح) is Arabic; Mahrab (مذبح) is Persian.
*** On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
=== Places on the above 1663 Map: ===
Kesker = Gesger/Gaskar = Ziabar (5 miles SW)
Masula = Masal (12 miles SW)
Fumen = Fuman (16 miles S)

82.5 Sabaioi Bomoi 42.5
Σαβαῖοι Βωμοί.
Sabaioi Bomoi
Sabaean Altars/Platforms.
[Note raised patch of forest here; note similar patches 2.5 and 13 miles W.]
Altars = Mazbh (مذبح)* = Mesedeh ?
* In Persian

Cyros river

94.25, 36.67 (Ptolemaic editor's Parthia province)*
* Coordinates omitted from the pin's name, as meaningless, given the confusion below.
Ακολα
Acola
Charax (Ptolemy) = Charax (Isidore of Charax) =
= Acola (Ptolemaic Editor) ??
Charax = Chalus river & city ?
Acola = Agorah = Goramjan ?
Acola = Gil Kola ?
Acola = Olvi Kola ??
[Indeed, this is the famous & big city of Charax, and was probably added by a Ptolemaic editor who was confused over which Caspian Gates he was seeing on the map, whether . . .
both Arrian's and Isidore of Charax's Caspian Gates and Charax here, (whence comes Isidore's surname); or
Ptolemy's Caspian Gates and Charax (way off in Parthia).]

84.67 Cyropolis 42
Κύροπολις
Cyropolis
Cyropolis = Chalandar

(A)Mardos river

86.5 (A)Mardos river 41.5
(Α)μάρδου ποταμου
(A)Mardos river
Modern Sefid-rud river
[Identified by shape, and its lake.]

86.5 (A)Mardos river 41.5

Martianes swamp

82.5 Martianes swamp 39.33
ἡ Μαρτιανή
The Martiane [region]
Μαρτιανης
Martianes swamp
Martianes swamp = Mordab swamp*
* On 1861 Rumsey historical map
Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς Μηδίας τὰ μὲν δυτικὰ παρα τὴν Αρμεγίαν . . . Κασπιοι.
οἷς ὑπόκειται . . . ἡ Μαρτιανή,
παρ᾿ ὅλην τὴν πλευρὰν τῆς “Ασσυρίας:
τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ ϑαλάσσῃ κατέχουσι καὶ Καδούσιοι.
But there inhabit now the western [regions] of Media, next to the [country of] Armenia . . . Caspoi.
to which underlie . . . the Martiane [region],
along the whole side of Assyria.
But there inhabit the [areas] upon the sea, also Cadousioi.

82.5 Martianes swamp 39.33
ἡ Μαρτιανή
The Martiane [region]
Μαρτιανης
Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Greater Armenian province) =
= (A)Mardoi (Ptolemy, in Media province)
= Amariacai (Ptolemy, in Media province)
Martianes swamp = Mordab swamp*
* On 1861 Rumsey historical map

Martianes limnes
Martian Lake
᾿Αρέησα λίμνη
Areeesa Lake
Arsiosa Palus
[should be Areμsa λίμνη]
Aremsa Lake
Aremsa = Urmia
Areeesa = Kahriz ?
=== Simultaneously may be ===
Μαρτιανῆς λίμνης

Αμανα
Amana
Amana = Hamah Kol = Chamakhaleh ?
Amana = Halmana = Shalman ?

Acola

Ακολα
Acola = Kelachay

Acola = Dizer Kola ?
Acola = Salah ol Din Kola ?
Acola = Chooran ?
Acola = Pi Chelow ?
Acola = Kalech ?
Acola = Achola = Kojur (Nehrudbar) river ?

St(r)ar(t)onis river

90.33 St(r)a(t)oonos river 40
Στρατῶνος ἡ Σταῶνος ποταμοῦ
Stratoonos or Staoonos river
Modern Cheshmeh Kileh
Staoonos = Taoonos = Tunkabun* = Tonekabon

90.33 St(r)a(t)oonos river 40
Στρατῶνος ἡ Σταῶνος ποταμοῦ
Stratoonos or Staoonos river
Modern Cheshmeh Kileh
Staoonos = Taoonos = Tonekabon

Στρατῶνος ἡ Σταῶνος ποταμοῦ
Stratoonos or Staoonos river
Modern Cheshmeh Kileh
Staoonos = Taoonos = Tonekabon

Mandagarsis
Mandagarsis = Mian Galeh
Mandagarsis = Miankaleh Peninsula & Wetland
Mandagarsis = Mazandaran province ?

Charinda river

93 Charinda river 40.5
Χαρίνδα ποταμου
Charinda River ??
Modern Kojour (Nehrudbar) river
Charinda = Chalandar ?
Charinda = Chooran ?
Charinda = Chal = Pi Chelow ?
Charinda = Chal = Hezar Khal ?
Charinda = Chal = Molla Kala ?
Charinda = Chal = Dizer Kola ?
Charinda = Chal = Salas Ed Din Kala ?
Charinda = Shalend = Salehan ?
Charinda = Chalr = Kelarak
Charinda = Chalr = Kelardasht

93 Charinda river 40.5 ??
Χαρίνδα ποταμου
Charinda River ??
Modern Chaulus river
[Just because this river is surrounded by the appropriate ancient cities depicted on the medieval maps around the ancient Charinda River, . . . means nothing. That could be a mere coordintes-coincidence, OR an editor's error.]
Charinda = Chalandar ?
Charinda = Ghorimdjah = Goramjan ?
Charinda = Chalidjuh = Chalajur ?
Charinda = Chalindza = Chalus ?
Charinda = Charhima = Sar Cheshmeh?
Charinda = Chalr = Kelarak
Charinda = Chalr = Kelardasht

93 Charinda river 40.5
Χαρίνδα ποταμου
Charinda River ??
Modern Chaulus river
Charinda = Chalandar ?
Charinda = Ghorimdjah = Goramjan ?
Charinda = Chalidjuh = Chalajur ?
Charinda = Chalindza = Chalus ?
Charinda = Charhima = Sar Cheshmeh?
Charinda = Chalr = Kelarak
Charinda = Chalr = Kelardasht

93 Charinda river 40.5 ??
Χαρίνδα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Charinda river
Modern Haraz river
Charinda = Rindj = Rinz = Haraz river
Charinda = Rindj = Rinz = Razounda = Rhaga
Charinda = Chal = Sang Chal
Charinda = Chal = Tork Kala
Charinda = Chal = Marzankala
Charinda = Chal = Kahrud-e Bala
Charinda = Chal = Kahrud Pa'in
Charinda = Galunz = Gelaz ?

93 Charinda river 40.5 ?
Χαρίνδα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Charinda river
Modern Haraz river
Charinda = Rindj = Rinz = Haraz river
Charinda = Rindj = Rinz = Razounda = Rhaga
Charinda = Chal = Sang Chal
Charinda = Chal = Tork Kala
Charinda = Chal = Marzankala
Charinda = Chal = Kahrud-e Bala
Charinda = Chal = Kahrud Pa'in
Charinda = Galunz = Gelaz ?

Charinda river ??
Modern Chalus river
Charinda = Ghorimdjah = Goramjan ?
Charinda = Chalidjuh = Chalajur ?
Charinda = Chalindza = Chalus ?
Charinda = Charhima = Sar Cheshmeh?

Σκάβινα
Scabina
[Ptolemaic coordinates here are correct, relative to Tabris & Aremsa Lake, but not to Morounda.]
Scabina = Shabestar ?
Scabina = Sarab ?
Scabina = Sharabiyan ?

Ouka

Ουκα
Ouka
Ouka = Alkam
Ouka = Alkam = Ilkam Bazar ? [Notice its correct orientation to the Cambyses River.]

Ουκα
Ouka
Ouka = Ohgah = Ongut ?

81 Ouarna 42
Κουρνα
Courna
Ο’ύαρνα
Ouarna
81, 42
Courna (Ptolemy) = Ouarna (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Ouarna = Owurma = Owlom ?

Candys

83.5 Candys 42
Καμβυσου ποταμου
Cambyses River
Κανδυς
Candys
Cambyses River (Ptolemy) = Candys (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Candys = Now Kandeh ?

Κάνδυς
Candus
Kandus = Kandolus

80 Tabris (not Gabris) 41.67
Γαβρίς
Typo? Should be Ταβρίς (Greek Gamma is a Tau) ?
Tabris
Gabris (Ptolemy) = Gabris (Ptolemaic Editor)
Gabris = Tabriz

Σωζοα
Soozoa
[Surely missing an extra longitudinal digit.]
Soozoa = Dzoozd = Dozdband ?
Soozoa = Dzoodz = Doab ?
Soozoa = Dzoodz = Do Ab-e Kojur ?
Soozoa = Dzuhuh = Deryan* ??

Morounda

Μοροῦνδα
Morounda
[Ancient, pre-Islamic city, but the coordinates don't work out very well, so this would have to be a Ptolemaic editor.]
Morounda = Marand

Μοροῦνδα
Morounda
[Major pass here, aolso guarded by the Kiz Calasi, of unknown age, 7 miles SSW. Plus that, the Ptolemaic coordinates better triangulate to here, than to the other possible site.]
Maroundai = Birun ?
Maroundai = Miyaneh ?
Maroundai = Marushin ?
Far-away sites:
Maroundai = Miandoab ?
Maroundai = Meryan ?

Pharambara

81.17 Pharambara 41.33
Φαράμβαρα
Pharambara
[Clearly the Ptolemaic longitude of 81.17 corresponds to the nearby cities on the coast, not to the ones inland.]
Pharambara = Harabbal = Ardabil

81.17 Pharambara 41.33
Φαράμβαρα
Pharambara
Pharambara = Pirbazar* ?
* A bazaar is a market

81.17 Pharambara 41.33
Σαναΐς
Sanais
Sanais = Simet ?
Sanais = Pol Sefid ??
Sanais = Seranza ??

Tachasara

84.33 Tachasara 41
Ταχάσαρα
Tachasara
Tachasara = Taskuh ?
Tachasara = Taskuh + Shalma (4 miles SW) ?
Tachasara = Tazehabad (8 miles NE) ?
Tachasara = Darkhaneh ?
Tachasara = Tutnesa ?

84.33 Tachasara 41
Ταχάσαρα
Tachasara
Tachasara = Tazehabad ?
Tachasara = Pacha Dzah = Falak Deh ?
Tachasara = Ateshgah ?
Tachasara = Chasara = Kesar ?
Tachasara = Tahesha = (Kolesh )Taleshan ??

Ζαλάκη
Zalace
Σαρακα
Saraca
Ζαζακα
Zazaca
Zazaca (Ptolemy) =
= Saraca (Ptolemaic Editor) =
= Zalace (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Zalace = Salak Deh

Alouaca

᾿Αλούακα
Alouaca
Alouaca = Hirow* = Khalkhal** ?
Alouaca = Hiro Chaei city & river ?
Alouaca = Towlash ??
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical map. "Hero" is an ancient Greek name, still used by local peoples of this region, to this day.

᾿Αλούακα
Alouaca
Alouaca = Maragha* = Maragheh ?
Alouaca = Malekan ?

82 Gauzania 40.67
Γαυζανία
Gauzania
[But the Longitude would call for it much further W]
Gauzania = Golsar ?
Gauzania = Gafsheh (13 miles NEE) ?
Gauzania = Jirhandeh (18 miles NEE) ?
Gauzania = Kuchesfahan (11 miles E) ?

Φάξαβα
Phazaba
Phazaba (Ptolemy) = Pharaspa (Ptolemaic editor) ??
[But the Longitude would call for it much further W]
Phazaba = ?

Κουρνα
Courna
Ο’ύαρνα
Ouarna
81, 42
Courna (Ptolemy) = Ouarna (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Courna = Ouarna = Owurma = Owlom ?
Courna = Gourama = Taher Gourab (9 miles SE) ?

84.33 Tabris (not Gabris) 40.33
Γαβρίς
Typo? Should be Ταβρίς (Greek Gamma is a Tau) ?
Tabris
Gabris (Ptolemy) = Gabris (Ptolemaic Editor)
Gabris = Tabriz

Nande

Νάνδη
Nande
[A lake could well have been here in ancient times.]
Nande = Mandzeh = Manjil ?
Nande = Nehran ?
Nande = Nandjeh = Dzandjeh = Zanjan (45 miles W) ?

Νάνδη
Nande
Nande = Miandoab ?
Nande = Miyaneh (95 miles ENE) ??

87.75 Mandagara 39.5
Μανδάγαρα
Mandagara
"Mazandaran city"
Mandagara = Mazgah ?

Γάλλα
Galla
Galla = Kalleh Bast ?
Galla = Kaleh (7 miles ENE) ?
Galla = Kari Kola, Babolsar ?
Galla = Moghirikola ?
Galla = Molla Kola ?
Galla = Amirkola ?
Galla = Khardun Kola ?
Galla = Hajikola ?
Galla = Esbu Kola ?
Galla = Kelagar Mahalleh ?
Etc, etc.

91 Oracana ? 39.5
Οράκανα
Oracana
Oracana = Acana = Akand ?
Oracana = Acana = Dazmir Kandeh ?
Oracana = Acana = Firuz Kandeh-ye Olya ?
Oracana = Urecah = Shureka ??

Alicadra/Alidraka

93.17 Alicadra/Alidraka 39
Αλικάδρα ἢ Αλιδράκα
Alicadra or Alidraka
Alidraka = Heluraka = Kelarak ?
Alidraka = Arinaraca = Anarak ??

93.17 Alicadra/Alidraka 39
Αλικάδρα ἢ Αλιδράκα
Alicadra or Alidraca
Alida Rhaga = Holideh = Kolu Deh ??
Alida Rhaga = Draza = Rhazounda ??
Alidraca = Aliabad (31 miles W)* ?
Alidraca = Ahoodasht (10 miles WSW) ??

93.17 Alicadra/Alidraka 39
Αλικάδρα ἢ Αλιδράκα
Alicadra or Alidraka
Alidraka = Kelardasht ??

Phanaca

93 Phanaca ? 39.5
Φανάκα
Phanaca
Phanaca = Neka ?

93 Phanaca 39.5
Φανάκα
Phanaca
Phanaca = Panjak ?
Phanaca = Pardangoun ?

93 Phanaca 39.5
Φανάκα
Phanaca = Nichkuh

86 Nazada 38
Νάζαδα
Nazada
Nazada (Ptolemy) = Nasabi (Peutinger)
Nazada = Nakhodeh* = Nakqadeh
*On Rumsey Historical map
Longitude: 83 - But should be 86, relative to Alinza: ("γ" should be "ς") - Therefore, medieval Ptolemaic maps wrongly show this WEST of Alinza.
Latitude: 38
17 [but should be 92] to (I/T)sumbo.
24 to Anteba
17 to Gobdi (?)
=== Peutinger Redundancy ===
The cause of the green segment reappearing twice (see pic) is likely that it was done first on the left folio, and then the author later decided to continue a spur from Nasabi, into central Persia, but realized he was on the wrong side of the river "Flumei Persi" river, which would block him from drawing the spur.]

᾿Αλίνζα ἡ καὶ ὄρος
Alinza and the mountain
᾿Αλίνζα
Alinza
Alinza (Ptolemy) = Alinza and the mountain (Ptolemaic Editor)
[Note another mapped "Alinza & Mt." to the NW, across the mountains. That mapped notation might indicate the Mt. Alvand, 135 miles SW, and 10 miles due south of Hamedan (the commonly but wrongly believed site of Ecbatana). That could explain the other Alinza as a very bad later edit. ]
Alinza = Alundza = Alvand ?
Mt. Alinza = Alhuhz = Alborz = Mt. Elburz ??

85 Arsisaca 38.67
᾿Αρσίσακα
Arsisaca
᾿Αλίσδακα
Alicadra / Alisdaca
Arsisaca (Ptolemy) = Alisdaca (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Arsisaca = Alisdaca = Zacabar ?

᾿Αρσίσακα
Arsisaca
᾿Αλίσδακα
Alicadra / Alisdaca
Arsisaca (Ptolemy) = Alisdaca (Ptolemaic editor) ?
Arsisaca = Alisdaca = Zacabar ?

87.5 Dariausa 38.5
Δαριαύσα
Dariausa
Dariausa = Djarihauza = Jir Duzan
Dariausa = Djahihauza = Djuzar = Dogasar ?

Οὐεσάσπη
Ouesaspe
Ouesaspe = Ow'zapah = Owjiabad ?
Ouesaspe = Ow'zas = Owjak ?

Sanais

Σαναΐς
Sanais
Sanais = Shamei = Chamestan

Σαναΐς
Sanais = Sankhast ?

Razounda

Ραζοῦνδα
Rhazounda
Rages (Tobit*) =
= Raj =
Rhazounda (Ptolemy) =
= Rhaga (Isidore of Charax)
= Rhagae (Arrian, on Alexander)
* See below
Rhaga = Raj = Haraz river
Rhaga = Raj = Razekeh
Rhaga = Raj = Derazan
Rhaga = Raj = Rukesh
Rhaga = Raj = Darabkola ?
Rhaga = Raj = Darzi Kola ?
Rhaga = Raj = Rashkola
From that place [Upper Media] Media, ___ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.
7 schoeni to start of Media
I have often traveled to Media; I used to stay with our kinsman Gabael, who lives at Rages in Media. It is a good two days’ journey [80 miles NNE to My Rages, at Amol, which is just travelable by camel, in 2 days] from Ecbatana to Rages,* for Rages is situated in the mountains, but Ecbatana is in the middle of the plain.”
** Note that this is only in SOME translations.
[From Ecbatana at modern Hamedan] In the forced march which he made, many of his soldiers were left behind, worn out with fatigue, and many of the horses died. He nevertheless pressed on, and on the eleventh day arrived at Rhagae. This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey to one marching as Alexander did.

Ραζοῦνδα
Razounda
Razounda = Raz

Ραζοῦνδα
Razounda
Razounda = Raj = Iraj ?
Razounda = Raj = Araghi ?
Razounda = Raj = Araqi ?
Razounda = Rojoyn = Rooieen ?
Razounda = Bazandja = Bazanaj ?
Razounda = Bazandja = Bojnurd ?

Razounda = Roshan Kouh ?

Razounda (Ptolemy) = Rhages (Isidore of Charax)
Razounda = Hushun = Oushan ?
Razounda = Hushun = Fasham ?
Razounda = Rushuh = Ruteh ?
Razounda = Rushuh = Rey ?
From that place [Upper Media] Media, ____ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.

Razounda (Ptolemy) = Rhages (Isidore of Charax)
Razounda = Reshmeh ?
Razounda = Rikan ?
Razounda = Rostamabad ?
From that place [Upper Media] Media, ____ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.

Oueneca

Ουένεκα
Oueneca
Oueheca = Owkreka ?
Oueheca = Oueneca ?
Oueheca = Oueneca = Neka (9 miles NW) ?

Ο’υένεκα
Oueneca
Oueneca = Kinch ?
Oueneca = Nichkuh ?

Ουένεκα
Oueneca = Neqab

Ουένεκα
Oueneca = Oushan ?

Bithia

Βιθία
Bithia
Bithia = Bitzia = Bizah = Bijar ?
Bithia = Bitzia = Bizah = Bijar = Borjageh ?

Βιθία
Bithia
Bithia = Biatan-e Olya ?

Βιθία
Bithia = Badeh ?

Bithia = Bazneh ?

Bithia = Behistun ?

Alinza

Alivζa
Alinza
Alinza = Talekstan ?

Alivζa
Alinza = Eriza = Deh Riz ?

Alivζa
Alinza = Aleshtar ?

Alinza = [Ali +] Nazi ?

Zaranis

86 Zaranis 37
Ζαρανίς
Zaranis
Zaranis = Daran ?
Zaranis = Damaneh ?

86 Zaranis 37
Ζαρανίς
Zaranis
Zaranis = Zarrinrud ?

86 Zaranis 37
Ζαρανίς
Zaranis = Ziyaran ?

Zaranis = Bueenzahra ?

Zarine river

Zayande River

Possible sites

Gabeena

87 Gabeena 37.5
Γάβηνα
Gabeena
Καβηράσα
Kabeerasa
Gabeena (Ptolemy) + Razhia* = Kabeerasa (Ptolemaic editor)
Gabeena = Kasbin** = Qazvin ?
Gabeena = Kasbin** = Qazvin = Caspian ??
* Wikipedia lists alternate names of Qazvin, as "Minoodar, Razhia, Arsas."

87 Gabeena 37.5
Γάβηνα
Gabeena
Gabeena = Booin = Buin zahra ?

Larasa

Λάρασα
Larasa
Larasa = Razan ?

Lorestan

Λάρασα
Larasa
Larasa = Lurs, in Lorestan ?

Λάρασα
Karasa*
*Perhaps an Arabic L got mis-written as a similarly -appearing K.
Karasa = Karaj ?
Larasa = Lashgarabad ?

Ecbatana

88 Ecbatana 37.75
Εκβάτανα
Ecbatana
Ecbatana just means "Gathering place;"*
=== Major Confutation ===
Most wrongly think that modern Hamedan is the only ancient Ecbatana. However this is disapproved by 4 separate sources, and only 1 supports Hamedan:
Persepolis - Josephus says that Persepolis is Ecbatana because he says that there is a perfectly-cut stone building there, in which the kings of Persia are buried, and which the prophet Daniel built. And we know which building this is, since it still exists, to this day. (See that "Ecbatana" pin, in the vicinity of Persepolis.)
Tehran - Both Ptolemy, in his "Geogrpahy," & Isidore of Charax, in his "Parthian Stations" list Ecbatana as north of Concoba(r/s), which is modern Qom. Additionally, Isidore lists it as far north of "Cambadene" province, which is identically the same word (just an older form) as the assumed location of Ecbatana, namely, modern "Hamedan." So clearly THEIR Ecbatana must be, not just north of Hamedan, but even north of Concoba(r/s), or modern Qom.
Tehran - Tobit 5:6 (below) says Ecbatana is a mere 2 days from Rhagae.
Against these, Arrian supports (the commonly-believeda location) Hamedan, as Ecbatana:
Arrian, in his "Anabasis of Alexander," says that, marching hard, by forced marches, Alexander went from Ecbatana to Rhagae in 11 days (III.20). Whereas Rhagae is Amol, next to the Caspian Sea, if Ecbatana is Hamedan, as many assume, then that's a 300 mile march, which would be 27 miles per day, highly realistic, thus suggesting that Arrian's Ecbatana is indeed Hamedan.
[Much archaeological buildings here.]
* Was frequently used for capitals, for instance, Persepolis is also named Ecbatana.
Chocastra** = Choc-Qala** = Qarchak ?
** Both Castra in Latin, and Qala in Persian mean "Fortress."
From that place, Upper Media, 38 schoeni; and at 3 schoeni from the very beginning of it is the city of Concobar; there is a temple of Artemis, 3 schoeni. Then Bazigraban, which is a custom house, 3 schoeni. Thence to Adrapana, the royal residence of those who ruled in Ecbatana, and which Tigranes the Armenian destroyed, 4 schoeni. Then Ecbatana, the metropolis of Media and the treasury, and a temple, sacred to Anaitis; they sacrifice there always; 12 schoeni. And beyond that place are 3 villages in which there are stations.
7. From that place Media, ___ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.
12 schoeni to Adrapana
13* schoeni to the end of Upper Media
20 schoeni to Rhaga & Chrax
* 38-3-3-3-4-12 = 13 . This puts the border exactly at towering Mount Damavand.
I have often traveled to Media; I used to stay with our kinsman Gabael, who lives at Rages in Media. It is a good two days’ journey [80 miles NNE to My Rages, at Amol, which is just travelable by camel, in 2 days] from Ecbatana to Rages,* for Rages is situated in the mountains, but Ecbatana is in the middle of the plain.”
* Note that this is only in SOME translations.
=== Arrian on Alexander ===
When Alexander reached Ecbatana, be sent the Thessalian cavalry and the other Grecian allies back to the sea, . . . This place is distant from the Caspian Gates one day’s journey to one marching as Alexander did.

88 Ecbatana 37.75
Εκβάτανα
Ecbatana
Ecbatana (Ptolemy) = Persica = Paresaca (Peutinger)
=== Common Confutation ===
Notice that the Peutinger map's phrase "Ecbatanis Partiorum" or "Ecbatana of the Parthians," implies that there are many Ecbatanas, one for each nation. And this makes sense, given that Ecbatana means "Assembly meeting-place," so there are as many Ecbatanas as there are governments. Therefore, the Peutinger map calls this particular Ecbatana "Perseca," implying that it's the Ecbatana of the PERSIANS (not Parthians). Everyone thinks that this one is the only Ecbatana, but that isn't true. There are at least 3:
1 here (for the Persians),
1 in Persepolis (for the Parthians), and
1 at Rey, a suburb of Tehran (for the Medes).
The proof that this is not THE Ecbatana, but instead the one by Tehran is the true Ecbatana, is the claim in Tobit below, and that for two reasons:
The distance between Ecbatana and Rages (which scholars think is at the same Rey, outside Tehran), is not by any means a a mere 2 days' journey apart, as Tobit says below, but a whopping 175 miles! (However the distance between my Ecbatana at Tehran, and MY Rages (at Amol, on the S. Caspian seacoast), is a just-camel-rideable-in-2-days 80 miles.)
That Ecbatana is completely "in the plain," as Tobit says, whereas this one is surrounded by imposing mountains.]
Cambadene* =          Batan = Baptana*
Cambadene* = Hambatan = Hamedan
Semiramis* = Maryanaj ?
Semiramis* = Simin ?
45 to Tris Peda
4 [but should be 14] to Arabum
* See Isidore of Charax, below.
From that place [Lower Media], [next is the region of] Cambadene, which extends 31 schoeni, in which there are 5 villages, in which there are stations, and a city, Bagistana, situated on a mountain; there is a statue and a pillar of Semiramis.
§ 5. BAGISTANA: the text is corrupt, having Baptana.
=== IranicaOnline Website ===
Cambadene was a satrapy whose main town was Baptana, located in the foothills of a mountain on which was carved a representation of Semiramis.
I have often traveled to Media; I used to stay with our kinsman Gabael, who lives at Rages in Media. It is a good two days’ journey from Ecbatana to Rages,* for Rages is situated in the mountains, but Ecbatana is in the middle of the plain.”
* Note that this is only in SOME translations.
[Returning from Ecbatana & Rages in Media:] When they came near to Kaserin [Soran Iraq], which is opposite Nineveh [and which is in line betwen Nineveh and that OTHER Ecbatana at Tehran], Raphael said, . . .
=== Possibly instead Elymais ===
Josephus & 1 Macc. 6:1 calls it "Elymais"
2 Macc. 9:2 calls it "Persepolis"
Josephus (see below) calls it a temple of Diana
Inanna = Anahita = Anat* = Di** Ana = Diana ?
Inanna = Anahita = Anat* = Diana* ?
*Goddess of hunting
** Means "divine"
Elymais = Halymadza = Hamedan ?
The advantage of this site is that there is . . .
a great palace known to have been repeatedly looted by Greek rulers.
a temple of Anahita.
=== Josephus XII.9.1. ===
About this time it was that king Antiochus, as he was going over the upper countries, heard that there was a very rich city in Persia, called Elymais; and therein a very rich temple of Diana, and that it was full of all sorts of donations dedicated to it; as also weapons and breastplates, which, upon inquiry, he found had been left there by Alexander, the son of Philip, king of Macedonia. And being incited by these motives, he went in haste to Elymais, and assaulted it, and besieged it. But as those that were in it were not terrified at his assault, nor at his siege, but opposed him very courageously, he was beaten off his hopes; for they drove him away from the city, and went out and pursued after him, insomuch that he fled away as far as Babylon, and lost a great many of his army.
There's another temple supposedly dedicated to Anahita down in Kangevar, 36 miles to the SW.

88 Ecbatana 37.75
Εκβάτανα
Means "Gathering place"*
* Was frequently used for capitals, for instance, Persepolis is also named Ecbatana.
Ecbatana = Ech-v'tanaca = Ehvanece = Eyvanekey ?
From that place, Upper Media, 38 schoeni; and at 3 schoeni from the very beginning of it is the city of Concobar; there is a temple of Artemis, 3 schoeni. Then Bazigraban, which is a custom house, 3 schoeni. Thence to Adrapana, the royal residence of those who ruled in Ecbatana, and which Tigranes the Armenian destroyed, 4 schoeni. Then Ecbatana, the metropolis of Media and the treasury, and a temple, sacred to Anaitis; they sacrifice there always; 12 schoeni. And beyond that place are 3 villages in which there are stations.
7. From that place Media, ___ schoeni. In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities. After 7 schoeni are Rhaga and Charax; of which Rhaga is the greatest of the cities in Media. And in Charax the first king Phraates settled the Mardi; it is beneath a mountain, which is called Caspius, beyond which are the Caspian Gates.
12 schoeni to Adrapana
13** schoeni to the end of Upper Media
20 schoeni to Rhaga & Chrax
** 38-3-3-3-4-12 = 13 . This puts the border exactly at towering Mount Damavand.

89 Chocastra 37.67
Χόκαστρα
Chocastra
Chocastra* = Choc-Qala* = Qarchak ?
* Both Castra in Latin, and Qala in Persian mean "Fortress."

Niphauanda

88.83 Niphauanda 37.17
Νιφαύανδα
Niphauanda
Niphauanda = Parand caravanserie
Niphauanda = Parandak (2 cities) ?
Niphauanda = Noruzabad ??

88.83 Niphauanda 37.17
Νιφαύανδα = Niphauanda (on Ptolemy's map)
Niphauanda = Nahavand ?
Niphauanda = Onipo + ada = Onoadas (on Peutinger map) ?
Niphauanda = [Niph] + Oanda = Onoadas (on Peutinger map) ?
Nahavand (above) = Nohadand (on Peutinger map) = Onoadas ?
Onoadas and Niphauanda should both be North of Ecbatana. It is therefore highly directionally twisted/rotated, from the orientation of the rest of the cities. A similar twisting occurred with Nagae, at the corner of the Caspian Sea.

88.83 Niphauanda 37.17
Νιφαύανδα
Niphauanda
Niphauanda = Nubaran = Nowbaran ?
[See other Niphauanda pin, 35 miles south of Ecbatana]
This should be North of Ecbatana, so here is a possibility. However the much better possibility is 35 miles south of Ecbatana. It is therefore highly directionally twisted/rotated, from the orientation of the rest of the cities. A similar twisting occurred with Nagae, at the corner of the Caspian Sea.

Gouriamna

91 Gouriamna 37.33
Γουριανή
Gouriana (in Margiana)
Γουρίαμνα
Gouriamna (in Media)
Gouriana (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Gouriamna (Ptolemaic Editor, in Media) =
= Chorasmia = Khwarazm state ?
= Choarene (Ptolemy) ?
Gouriana = Gorgan ?

91 Gouriamna 37.33
Γουριανή
Gouriana (in Margiana)
Γουρίαμνα
Gouriamna (in Media)
Gouriana (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Gouriamna (Ptolemaic Editor, in Media) =
= Chorasmia = Khwarazm state ?
= Choarene (Ptolemy) ?
Gouriana = Gurgan* = Jorjan ruins (here) ?
Alexander reportedly attended a gymnastics contest in "Zadracarta, the largest city of Hyrcania" (see below). The fact that Alexander's name is here (in the placename Qalandarabad) might seem to identify this as Zadracarta.
Having settled these affairs, he marched to Zadracarta, the largest city of Hyrcania, where also was the seat of the Hyrcanian government. Tarrying here fifteen days, he offered sacrifice to the gods according to his custom, and celebrated a gymnastic contest, after which he began his march towards Parthia;

91 Gouriamna 37.33
Gouriana (in Margiana)
Γουρίαμνα
Gouriamna (in Media)
ἢ Χοαρηνή
The Choarene (in Parthia)
Gouriana (Ptolemy, in Margiana) =
= Gouriamna (Ptolemaic Editor, in Media) =
= Choarene (Ptolemy) ?
Gouriana = Jajarm ?
Gouriana = Ghaniabad ?
Gouriana = Ghor Iamna = Maiamai = Mayamey ??

Gouriamna
Gouriamna = Garmsar ?
Gouriamna = Garmsar (10 miles NW) ?
Gouriamna = Jurianna = Lajran ?
Gouriamna = Ghol Abad hill (غول آباد) ??
Gouriamna = Gilavand ??

Gouriana = Ghourian ??

Trauaxa

Τραύαξα
Trauaxa
Trauaxa = Atrak river* ?
Trauaxa = Chat-i-Atrak* = Chat ?
Trauaxa = Tersakan (50 miles NE) ?
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical map.

᾿Αντιόχεια Μαργιανή
Antiocheia Margiana
106, 40.33 (in Margiana region)
᾿Αριάκα
Ariaca
103, 43 (in Margiana region)
᾿Αράθα
Aratha
103.5, 42.5 (in Margiana Province)
Τραύαξα
Trauaxa
93, 37.67 (in Media region)
Antiochia (Isidore of Charax) =
= Antiocheia Margiana (Ptolemy, in Margiana)
= Antiochis = Handzachis = Tza'hachis =
= Trauaxa (Ptolemaic editor) ??
= Ariaca (Ptolemaic Editor, in Margiana)
= Aratha (Ptolemaic Editor, in Margiana)
Ariaca = Heriachas = Serakhs
Antiochis = Handzachis = Tza'hachis = Sarakhs ?
Antiochis = Handzachis = Tzu'hathis = Sayat ?
Antiochila = Handahli = Kandali ?
Antiochila = Handachi = Kaandakali ?
Aratha = Herat river
Aratha = Shir Tappeh ?
Aratha = Herat* ??
* Unlikely. If so, the Ptolemaic coordinates would be very bad, relative to other surrounding coordinates.
Beyond is Apauarcticena, 27 schoeni, in which is the city of Apauarctica. Then the city of Ragau and two villages. Beyond [is Margiana, 30 schoeni. There is Antiochia, called well-watered; but there are no villages. Beyond is Aria, 30 schoeni. There are the city of Candac and the city of Artacauan and Alexandria of the Arii; and 4 villages.

Τραύαξα
Trauaxa = Towska Chat ?
Trauaxa = Takht ?
Trauaxa = Tashte ??

Trauaxa = Turud ?
Trauaxa = Tuchah ?

Auradis

Αὐραδίς
Auradis
Auradis (Ptolemy) = Argadina (Ptolemaic Editor) ?
Auradis = Abiverd/ / Abiward
=== Website on Abiverd ===
. . . the most prosperous it became when it was under the reign of Caliph Osman in 652 . . .
In 1928, the first archaeological investigation of Abiverd Settlement was conducted by the leadership of A.A. Semenov. Apart from the scientific works done by Semenov, a lot of archaeological materials were collected by the members of his team from different parts of Abiverd.

Αὐραδίς
Auradis
Auradis = Aradan ?
Auradis = Aradan = Faravan ?
Auradis = Aid-el-Rashid ??

Αὐραδίς
Auradis = Haurabe = Maraveh Tappeh ?

Tibracana

86.33 Tibracana ? 36
Τιβρακάνα
Tibracana
Habbakuk* = Hubrakah = Tibracana ?
Tibracana = Tidzuracan = Tuyserkan ?
*Jewish prophet whose tomb is here.

86.33 Tibracana 36
Τιβρακάνα
Tibracana
Tibracana = Tiphrach = Tafresh ?
Tibracana = Tihracan = Teraran ?
=== Wikipedia on Tafresh ===
Today the village is also called Teraran.
There are fifty historical monuments in Tafresh that have been listed as part of Iranian national heritage.[citation needed] These include ruins of Zoroastrian places of worship and burial sites (so-called dakhmas) in and around the town, particularly on the summits of the surrounding mountains and hills. There are also remains of Zoroastrian dakhmas in nearby villages, such as in Kaburan and Khalchal.[5]

86.33 Tibracana 36
Τιβρακάνα
Tibracana (Ptolemy) = Saavakineh* = Sevavicina (Peutinger)
* See Wikipedia below
Saavakineh = Saveh
=== Wikipedia on Saveh ===
In the 7th century BC it was a stronghold of the Medes. During the Parthian rule of Persia, it was called Saavakineh, and was one of the main hubs of the empire.

Thebarga

Θηβούρα
Thaboura
Θηβάργα
Thebarga
Ζέγρου πύλαι
Zagros Gates
Zagros Gates (Ptolemy) =
= Thebarga (Ptolemy) =
= Thaboura (Ptolemy)
Thaboura = Thavula = Darbandikhan ?
Thaboura = Thavula = Aobar/Aawbar Village ?
Thaboura = Thavula = Tawilaga ?
* Darband is a Persian word that translates to "door of the mountain"

Θηβάργα = Thebarga
Thebarga = Bazargan ?
Longitude: 84+1/2
Latitude: 36+1/3

Carine

Καρίνη
Carine
Carina (Isidore of Charax) = Carine (Ptolemy)
Carina = Galin ?
Carina = Golin ?
Carina = Kileh Golan ?
Carina = Qar ?
Carina = Garabad ?
Carina = Kulen = Darreh Kuleh ?
From that place, [Lower] Media, which extends 22 schoeni. The beginning is at the district of Carina; in which there are 5 villages in which there are stations, but no city.

Καρίνη
Carine
Carine= Khorram

Καρίνη
Carine= Zarrineh ?
Carine= Golaneh ?

Carina
Carina = Ab Kharreh ?
=== Wikipedia on Ab Kharreh ===
Ab Kharreh (Persian: ابخره, also Romanized as Āb Kharreh, Āb Khareh, and Āb Khoreh; also known as Āb Khvoreh)

Carine = Chermahin ?
=== Wikipedia on Ab Kharreh ===
Ab Kharreh (Persian: ابخره, also Romanized as Āb Kharreh, Āb Khareh, and Āb Khoreh; also known as Āb Khvoreh)

Kabeerasa

86 Kaberasa 36.5
Γάβηνα
Καβηράσα
Kabeerasa
Gabeena (Ptolemy) + Razhia* = Kabeerasa (Ptolemaic editor)
Gabeena = Kasbin** = Qazvin ?
* Wikipedia lists alternate names of Qazvin, as "Minoodar, Razhia, Arsas."

86 Kaberasa 36.5
Καβηράσα
Kaberasa
Kaberasa = Hame Kasi ?
Kaberasa = Kabud-e Raja = Kabudarahang ?
Kaberasa = Ka'herazah = Kurijan ?

Kabeerasa ?
Kabeerasa = Chapher-a = Tchahr-e = Shahr-e [kord] = Shahrekord*
*Capitol and name of the province).

Kabeerasa ?
Kabeerasa = Chapher-a = Tchahr-e = Shahreza ?

Paracana

87.67 Parachana 36
Παράχανα
Parachana
Persiana = Parajana = Parachana = Harach = Arak ?
Persiana = Parajana = Para Ja'an Ghar* = Jahangiri ?
Persiana = Barah'ja = Barachaj = Markazi province ?
* Means "Fort" in Hindi, just as related "Ghale" means "fort" in Persian
* The name Arak dates to the Middle Ages.

87.67 Parachana 36
Παράχανα
Parachana
Persiana* = Para'jana = Parachana = Barach = Maragh ?
* See Wikipedia below, that a far-off, nearly-identically-named "Maragheh" is also thought to have once been a "Persian" capital, with lots of later names deriving from the word "Persian," thus supporting its proposed etymological derivation, above.
=== Wikipedia on Maragheh ===
It has been long suggested that Maragheh is identical with Phraaspa/Phraata,[7] the winter capital of Atropatene.[8] The 9th-century Muslim historian al-Baladhuri (died 892) reports that the town was originally known as Akra-rudh (called "Afrah-rudh" by Ibn al-Faqih [fl. 902], and "Afrazah-rudh" by Yaqut al-Hamawi [1179–1229]) a Persian name which means "river of Afrah", and which the Russian orientalist Vladimir Minorsky considered to seem reminiscent of the name of Phraata.[9] He added that it is unlikely that Maragheh did not exist during the Roman era, due to its favorable location.

87.67 Parachana 36
Παράχανα
Parachana
Parachana = Harach = Anarak ?
* The name Arak dates to the Middle Ages.

Arsacia

Αρσακία
Arsacia
[ This site is best, based on an extrapolated vector from the likeliest candidate for Heeracleia, to likeliest Gauna, then to this city, which is all supposed to be a SW-trending-vector, but which, obviously owing to the twisting of the Ptolemaic coordinate-system, is actually slightly SE-trending, based on the locations of those other 2 cities.]
Sialk ziggurat = Ar Salkia = Arsacia = Karkashia = Kashan ?

Αρσακία
Arsacia
Arsacia = Karshacia = Kahak ?

Αρσακία
Arsacia = Aresk ?
Arsacia = Jokhah ?
Arsacia = Esfahak?

’Αρσακία
Arsacia = Arak
* The name Arak dates to the Middle Ages.

Gauna

Γαυνα
Gauna
Gauna (Ptolemy) =
= Gona =
= Concobar (Isidore of Charax) =
= Concobas (Peutinger) ?
Concobar = Qom = Qanavat ?
Concobar = Qom = Qanavat = Jamkaran ?
Concobar = Qomobr = Qanbar Ali ?
Concobar = Qom = Gauna ?
Concobar = Qom = Qomrud ?
Gauna = Hawah = Aveh (25 miles NWW) ?
From that place, Upper Media, 38 schoeni; and at 3 schoeni from the very beginning of it is the city of Concobar; there is a temple of Artemis, 3 schoeni. Then Bazigraban, which is a custom house, 3 schoeni.
3 Bazigraban to start of Upper Media
3 schoeni to Bazigraban

Γαυνα
Gauna
Gauna = Ganachini
[It seems like the coordinates got switched for the city and Heracleia, to the SW]

Γαυνα
Gauna = Gonabad ?

Heeracleia

89 Heeracleia ? 36.67
Ηράκλεια
Heeracleia
Heeracleia = Eliclia = Ilikh ?
[It seems like the coordinates got switched for the city and Gauna, to the NE]

89 Heeracleia ? 36.67
Ηράκλεια
Heeracleia
Heeracleia = Cherhakle = Kahak ?
Heeracleia = Sheelahcheha = Salafchegen ??

Zania

Ζανία
Zania
Zania = Dzamiah = Damaghah = Damaghan ?
Zania = Zjahma = Shamah = Shaman ?
Zania = Zzan = Jzan = Jazan ?
Zania = Asane = Astane ?
* Persian (also Arabic) Z and R look identical, except for a dot.

Ζανία
Zania
Zania = Jahan Nama (جهان نما) ?
Zania = Jahan Nama Protected Area ?
Zania = Zah'hia = Tazareh ?

Ζανία
Zania = Sahnian = Semnan ?
Zania = Zang = Sangesar = Mehdishahr ?
Zania = Deh* Jan = Darjazin ?
Zania = Deh* Jan = Delazian ?
Zania = Djah(ica)n = Dahaqin ??
Zania = Zamia = Nezami ??
* Means "village" in Persian

Zania = Ramiyan* ?
* Persian (also Arabic) Z and R look identical, except for a dot.

Zania = Zindajan = Zendeh Jan ?

Zania = San San ?

Elwend

Arouzis

Αρουζίς
Arouzis
Arouzis = Harudz = Shahrud ?
Arouzis = Arud = Ardian ?
Arouzis = Rudsya = Rudiyan ?
Arouzis = Rudsya = Ruyan ?
Arouzis = Haruh = Farahabad ??

Αρουζίς
Arouzis
Arouzis = Ahh Roubitz = Ak Robat = Akrabat ?

Αρεία πόλις
Areia city
Αρουζίς
Areia (Ptolemy) =
= Aris (Peutinger) =
= Arouzis (Ptolemy) ?
Areia = Herat ?
Areia = Chahar Burjak?
Areia = Taraka-i-'Abdullah Khan ?
Arouzis = Aris = Heruts = Herat ?
Arouzis = Harauts = Herat ?
Arouzis = Harauts = Hautz = Hawz e Karbas ??
Arouzis = Rozeh Bagh* = Chahar Burjak ?
* 1861 Rumsey Historical Map
25 [but should be 205] to Propasta
40 [but should be 150] to Thubrassene
25 [but should be 205] to Pharca

Arouzis = Buzabad* = Abuzeydabad ?
Arouzis = Arun* ?

Region

Zarama

Ζαράμα
Zarama
[Major mountain pass]
Zarama = Zaramgul* = Zarringolo
Zarama = Ramian* = Ramiyan ?

Ζαράμα
Zarama
Zarama = Juran = Jilan ?
[A Carvanserie is here]

Ζαράμα
Zarama = Za'haramia = Zafaraniyeh ?
[A Carvanserie is here]

Zarama = Dzahama = Damghan ?
Zarama = Dzahama = Shaman ?
Zarama = Dzahama = Jazan ?
Zarama = Ramhah = Rumenan ??

Zarama = Jajarm ??

Zarama = Shahrud ??

Ταυτική
Tautica
[Ruins located here.]
Tautica = Tartzuh = Tarseh ?
Tautica = Daurhaca = Dorouk ?
Tautica = Daurtza = Durjan ?
Tautica = Daurtza = Durjan = Duzin ?
Tautica = Tahutzic = Tarajiq ?
Tautica = Tashte ?
Tautica = Towska Chat ?
Tautica = Tica = Tuqqeh ?

Ταυτική
Tautice
Tautice = Tica = Tuchah ?

Tautica = Dastgerden ?

Tautica = Dashteqarran ?
Tautica = Dault = Doulatabad ?
Tautica = Duhak* = Deyhuk ?

Εύρωπος
Europos
Europos (Ptolemy) = Europos (Peutinger)
Europos = Yehapos = Yenap ?
Europos = Heurhos = Gevurs ??
Europos = Hyurhos = Gyaurs ??
10 to Daseara
15 to Nagae

93 Abacaina 36
Αβάκαινα
Abacaina
[Note numerous ruins here, and an old Persian castle, on the spur, 700m SSW. Perfectly positioned to be unassailable, supplied with abundant water, and control the valley below.]
Abacaina = Hamahaina = Ramian/Rahimabad ?
Abacaina = Hamahaina = Ramiyan (10 miles W)** ?
Abacaina = Avataina = Vatan ?
Abacaina = Apaqe = Paqale ??
Abacaina = Abaqeh = Baqerabad** (2 cities) ??
Abacaina = Abalqah = Haji Balkan** ??
* One here, one** 10 miles W at the bottom of the mountain.
** Being at the bottom of the mountain, these cities probably drew their names from Abacaina, subsequently. Also, Baqerabad would seem to be an Arabic name (after the Muslim conquest), and if also named for Abacaina, would've only been done so as an act of Inculturation.

Kigbeena

87 Kigbeena 35.58
Κίγβηνα
Kigbeena
Kigbeena (Ptolemy) = Cambadene region (Isidore of Charax)
Kigbeena = Khomeyn ?
Kigbeena = Higbahna = Mibaran ?
Kigbeena = Khuh + Ghabna = Gharghab ?
Kigbeena = Galpeena = Golpayegan ??
=== Wikipedia on Khomeyn ===
The name of Khomein was first mentioned in a book named The History of Prophets and Kings. Subterranean canals (qanats), sewers and its famous fire-temple can be named as some pre-Islamic relics.

87 Kigbeena 35.58
Κίγβηνα
Kigbeena
Kigbeena (Ptolemy) = Gabeena (Ptolemaic Editor)
Gabeena = Ghar + Ghabna = Gharghab ?
Gabeena = Gur + Gab + Googad ?
Gabeena = Golpayegan ?
Some think that this is Farzian, 40 miles west:
=== Wikipedia on Farzian ===
The site now occupied by Farzian is believed to have been the site of the city of Gabai (گابایی).

87 Kigbeena 35.58
Κίγβηνα
Kigbeena (Ptolemy) = Gabeena (Ptolemaic Editor)
Gabeena = Farzian ?
Some think that this is Farzian, 40 miles west:
=== Wikipedia on Farzian ===
The site now occupied by Farzian is believed to have been the site of the city of Gabai (گابایی).

87 Kigbeena ? 35.58
Kigbeena (Ptolemy) = Gabeena (Ptolemaic Editor)
Kigbeena = Knigbhana = Naghan ?

Dowlatabad

Δόθθα
Doth-tha
Rapsa (Ptolemy) = Rapsioi people (Ptolemy) =
= H'rafti =
= Oroatis river (Ptolemy)
= Darathe (Peutinger) = Doththa (Ptolemy)
Doth-tha = Dehabad ?
10 [but should be 100] to Concobas
16 [but should be 145] to Onoadad

Gerepa

Γέρεπα
Gerepa
Gerepa = Khur ?
Gerepa = Garmab* = Garmeh ?
Gerepa = Garmab* = Ab Garm ?

Rapsa ?
Ράψα = Rapsa = ?

Ῥάψιοι
Rapsioi
Ράψα
Rapsa
Rapsa (Ptolemy) = Rapsioi people (Ptolemy) =
= H'rafti =
= Oroatis river (Ptolemy)
= Darathe (Peutinger) = Doththa (Ptolemy)
Rapsa = Arousan ?
*The characters for 90 (ρ) and 100 (ς) look very similar.

Ράψα
Rapsa
Rapsa = Razan ?

Andriaca

91 Andriaca ? 35.17
’Ανδρίακα
Andriaca
Andriaca = Amriaha = Amrewan* = Amiriyeh ?
Andriaca = Hamdzhia = Hamdja = Damghan ? * On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

91 Andriaca ? 35.17
’Ανδρίακα
Andriaca
Andriaca = Anriac = Anarak ?

91 Andriaca ? 35.17
’Ανδρίακα
Andriaca = (Kala) Adraskan* ?
Andriaca = Adraskan River* ?

Clouaca

Κλούακα
Clouaca
Clouaca = Clouapa = Calapuh = Kalpush region* ?
Clouaca = Clouapa = Calapuh = Hoseynabad-e Kalpu (50 miles N) ** ?
Clouaca = Carahc = Korang (55 miles N) ** ??
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map. Mayamey is the Kalpush region's capital.
** It seems that the city may've subsequently migrated to this region, 50 miles North.

Κλούακα
Clouaca
Clouaca = Qalacuh = Qaracheh ?
Clouaca = Qalacuh = Qaracheh = Qarcheh ?

Κλούακα
Clouaca = Glouac = Togalak ??
Clouaca = Geouactah = Geokter* ??
Clouaca = Coyhata = Koymat* ??
* These uphill sites may've been retreated to, after the Oxus river dried up.

Clouaca = Choulata = Khaladabad* = Holabad ?
* On Rumsey Historical map

Argarausdaca

93.33 Argarausdaca 35.33
᾿Αργαραύσδακα
Argarausdaca
Kuhostan (کوهستان) = "Mountain" in Kurmanji Kurdish
Kuhostan = Golestan (province & neighboring city)* ?
Kuhostan = Cahushda = Argarausdaca ?
* Note that Golestan is instead commonly assumed to mean "Land of Flowers," so, if true, this would be a major change in its self-identity.
Kuhostan = Cahushdah = Kashidar ?
Kuhostan = Cahuzdabe = Qowzdovī = Ghaznavi
Kuhostan = Cahushta = Khoshyeylaq / Khosh Aylan** ?
** These are the same city. Yeylaq (ييلاق) means "cottage" in Persian. Aylan means "Mountain" in Kurdish.

93.33 Argarausdaca 35.33
᾿Αργαραύσδακα
Argarausdaca
Argarausdaca = Ak Carashaca = Khorasan province ?
Argarausdaca = Khorosho* = Khorasha

Κάναθα
Canatha
Canatha = Korīt(-e Pā’īn) ?

Aradriphe

’Αραδρίφη
Aradriphe
Aradriphe = Arwand + Delba = Reyvand* + Delbar ?
*Note that Mt. Reyvand is given as the location of a major fire-temple (See Wikipedia below). This fire temple may be the major archaeological site, 7.5 miles N. While this mountain could well be Nishapur instead, or have been transferred to Nishapur later, yet if it was (also/instead) here, then it would explain the significance of this otherwise tiny city to Ptolemy.
=== Wikipedia on Adur Burzen-Mihr ===
This Fire is described in Bundahishn. Its location is given as Mount Rēvand (in Avestan: Raēvant), probably a spur of the Nishapur mountains in the district formerly known as Rēvand in Khurasan.[2][3] An element of the name is preserved in the name of the nearby village Borzinan may. Another identification is Mount Mehr, five miles from the village Mehr on the Shahrud–Sabzevar Highway. Some identify it with the Fire of Asaak.[4]

’Αραδρίφη
Aradriphe
Aradriphe = Ardestan

’Αραδρίφη
[Rotated 90 degree clockwise, & translated to accompany the rotated, translated Ptolemaic province of Parthia.]
Aradriphe = Karadepe ?

[Rotated 90 degree clockwise, & translated to accompany the rotated, translated Ptolemaic province of Parthia.]
Aradriphe = Haradrub = Pharadrum = Bahadoran ??

"Caspian"
"Caspian" in Arabic

Persia

Adur Gushnasp / Fire Temple
Adur Gushnasp Fire Temple
Ancient city of Shiz
Modern city of Takab
[One of the top 3 most sacred fire temples, in all of Zoroastrianism. The term for these 3 top-level temples was "Atash Behram" commonly translated as "Fire of Victory." However note alternative translation, in bold below, suggesting that it doesn't mean this, but instead means "brotherly/comrade love." This particular 1 of the 3 temples, was for the warrior class, hence perhaps the basis for the Hellenization to "Philadelphia" (meaning "brotherly [i.e, comrade] love"). ]
Or possible other location, 16 mi. NNE
"Love of Brothers" = "Esh brâdar"* = Atash Behram ?
"Love of Brothers" = Philadelphia** (Peutinger map) ?
"Love of Brothers" = "Ish brâdar"*** = Ech'Padar = Chapdareh ?
"Love" = "Ish"*** = Shiz (see above) ?
* In Middle Persian (عشق برادر)
** In Greek
** In Old Persian ("iš brātā")
Āzargušasb = Ghojeh
24 [but probably should be 94] to Gobdi
20 to Tris Peda

Border
Πάρσιοι
Parsioi
(In Paropanisos)
Παρσυῆται
Parsuetai
(In Paropanisos & Arachosia)
Πάραυτοι,
Parautoi
(in Areia)
ἢ Παραυτικηνή,
The Parauticene
(in Parthia)
Apauarcticena
(Isidore of Charax)
Apavortene
(Pliny)
=== Possibile Origins ===
Persian origin
Far ("Horseman") =
= Farsi
= Persia =
= Parsioi
= Parsuetai
= Parthia
= Parash (פרש) ("Horseman") OR Firozkohi ("Persian-ish") = ?
= Parautoi ?
= Parauticene ?
= Apauarcticena / Apavortene
Pashtun Alternative possibility:
Pahak ("Pure"?) =
Pak ("Pure"*) =
= Pakhtuns
= Pakistan
= Paharati (?) =     Parautoi (Ptolemy, in Aria)
= Paharakti (?) = Apauarcticena (Arrian)
= Aristophyloi ("Best nation") ?
* In Persian and Pashto

Parchoathra Mts.

Parchoathra Mts.
Παρχοάϑρα ὄρους
Persia = Parc-
Persia = Far-
=== South of the Carmianian Desert ? ===
Parchoathra = Fareghan ?
Parchoathra = Fareghan = Faryab ?

Paraitacene
Παραιτακηνή
(Ptolemy)
Παραιτάκας
Paraitaca
(Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander)
Messabatai people (Ptolemy) = Aspadana (Ptolemy) ?
Paraitacene = Ghale* Baradacan = Golbādagān = Golpayegan
Paraitacene =           Baradacan = Barzuk = Barzok
Paraitacene = Fereydunshahr ?
Paraitacene = Bahadacan = Badejan ?
* Ghale means "fort" in Persian.
Καλεῖται δὲ τῆς Περσίδος ἡ μὲν παρὰ τὴν Μηδίαν πᾶσαν Παραιτακηνή ,
But of Persia, the [region] next to all of Media is called Paraitacene.

Messabatai
Μεσσαβάται
Messabatai people (Ptolemy) = Aspadana (Ptolemy) ?
Messabatai = Esapathah = Isaphahan = Isfahan ?
Messabatai = Masshapt = Mash(h)ad(-e Kaveh) ?

Rapsioi
Ῥάψιοι
Ράψα
Rapsa
Rapsa (Ptolemy) = Rapsioi people (Ptolemy) =
= H'rafti =
= Oroatis river (Ptolemy)
= Darathe (Peutinger) = Doththa (Ptolemy)
Rapsa = H'rafta = Arousan ?
Rapsioi = H'rafti = Haftador (here) ?
Rapsioi = H'rafti = Rashti Caravanserai* (here) ?
Rapsioi = H'rafti = H'razi = Razi dialect** ?
* See map entitled "The Persian Caravanserai: Location of Caravanserais in IRAN" by the Iranian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism & Handicrafts (IMCHTH).
** See map

Temisdia
Τεμισδία
Temisdia [perhaps should be Memisdia?]
Temisdia region (Ptolemy) = Memmizda = Mammida (Ptolemy) ?
Temisdia = Thammuz deity = Dumuzid deity and/or king ?
Temisdia = Memmizda = Mamasani tribe & county ??
Temisdia = Temmizda = Doshmanziari tribe
Temisdia = Temmizda = Xumehzar ?
Temisdia = Temmiz = Hamashahr?
Temisdia = Eemmiz = Imamzadeh Jafar* ?
Temisdia =     Mizda = Masiri ?
Temisdia = Musghun ?
* Presumably renamed to something similar in Arabic.

Marduene
Μαρδυηνή
Marduene = Borujen ?
Marduene = Boldaji ?
Marduene = Mahdzulej = Majlesi ? ?
Marduene = Margun ?
Marduene = Khodmooni tribe ?

Taocene
Ταόκη άκρα
Taocee Acra
Ταόκη
Taocee
Ταοκηνή
Taocene (Ptolemy) =
= Taocee (Ptolemy) = Tallhe
= Taocee Acra (Ptolemy) =
= Siacus (Peutinger) =
= Nakhl Taghi
Taocene = Tahiri ?
Taocene = Hava & Tange Khoor gas reserve ?
Taocene = Tanuge = Tan'make = Tonbak ??

Hippophagoi ?
Ἱπποφάγοι
Hippophagoi
"Horse eaters"
"Eaters" = Akili (آكلي )* = Khalili ??
* In Arabic

Soudzaioi
Ουζία
Soudzaioi = Zahedshahr ?
Soudzaioi = Ancient Ouzia ?
Soudzaioi = Zia = Konar-e Ziarat ??
Soudzaioi = Shousi = Khusu* = Khosuyeh ??
Soudzaioi = Subz = Sabzpushan (port)* ** ?
Soudzaioi = Su'bshari = Bushehr (port)** ?
Soudzaioi = Su'bshari = Bushehr = Bu Taheri** ??
Soudzaioi = Su'bzo = Bidzo = Bidoo (port)** ?
** If this is correct, then this tribe subsequently migrated WNW, to the coast
Soudzaioi = Sistan province* ??
* They would've had to've subsequently migrated SE. But this name is ascribed to Sakas (Scythians), which is unlikely in ancient times.

Maitores
Μαίτορες
Maitores = Bondarooz ?
Maitores = Mund River* ?
Maitores = Mah'horez = Mohrezi ?
Maitores = Bandar** = [Numerous cities] ?
Maitori = Bouheri = Boveyri ??
Maitia= Bahitia = Vahdatiyeh ??
Maitica = Ba'hizz'cah = Borazjan ??
Maitica = Bu'hizz'cah = Bushkan-e Deylami ??
Maitica = Ba'hizru'cah = Bazrangan ??
Maitica = Maitchuk = Mashayekh ??
** Bandar means "port" in Farsi.
καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τὴν Μαρδυηνην . . . Μαίτορες
(*) ὑπὲρ [probably should be ὑπὸ, for parity] δὲ τοὺς Σουζαίους . . . οἱ Γαβαῖοι.
and beneath Now beneath the Marduene . . . [dwell] Maitores but above [probably should be "below," for parity] the Soudzaioi . . . [dwell] Gabaioi

Gabaioi
Γαδανώπυδρες
Gadanopydres
Γαβαῖοι
Gabaioi (Ptolemy) =
= Gabra (Ptolemy) ?
= Gadani = Gadanopydres (Ptolemy) ?
Gabaioi = Kuh-i-Gabus mountains* ?
Gabaioi = Gav Bast (2 cities & a mountain) ?
Gabaioi = Gav Bast = Garmast* ?
Gabaioi = Gabandi* (here at pin) ?
Gabaioi = Gabandi* = Bando ?
Gabaioi = Gabandi* = Amani ??
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical map καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τὴν Μαρδυηνην . . . Μαίτορες
(*) ὑπὲρ [probably should be ὑπὸ, for parity] δὲ τοὺς Σουζαίους . . . οἱ Γαβαῖοι.
and beneath Now beneath the Marduene . . . [dwell] Maitores but above [probably should be "below," for parity] the Soudzaioi . . . [dwell] Gabaioi

87.5 Taocee Acra 30.17
Ταόκη άκρα
Taocee Acra
Ταόκη
Taocee
Ταοκηνή
Taocene
Taocene (Ptolemy) =
= Taocee (Ptolemy) = Tallhe
= Taocee Acra (Ptolemy) =
= Siacus (Peutinger) =
= Nakhl Taghi
Taocee Acra = Acla Tachee = Nakhl Taghi ?
30 to Bregnana
10 to Nasaci

Rogomanios river

88.5 Rogomanios 30
Ῥογομάνιος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Rogomanios river
Modern Dalaki river
Rogomanios = Doroudgah
Rogomanios = Raga = Nazaragha ?

Cherso neesus akra
Χερσόνησος άκρα = Cherso neesus akra = "Furthest Cherso island."
Cherso = Qeshm
=== Wikipedia on Qeshm ===
Historical records concerning the Qeshm island date far back into the pre-Islamic era. Names such as Qeshm, Keshm, Kish and Tunb mark the lengthy stay of Ilamids in the area, several centuries BC. It is, apparently, the island called Alexandria or Aracia by Ptolemy (Book 6, Chap. IV), in the 2nd century CE and Alexandria by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii.6.42) in the 4th century.

Ioonaca ?
Ιώνακα πόλις
Ioonaca city
Ioonaca city = Kanakh ?

Brisoana river

92 Brisoana river 29.67
Βρισοάνα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Brisoana river
Modern Mand river
Brisoana = Sana ?
Brisoana = Beriz = Behjan ?
Brisoana = Beriz = Berayjan ?
Brisoana = Deriz = Tavil Daraz ?
Brisoana = Deriz = Gaz Deraz ?
Brisoana = Deriz = Duzeh ?

92 Brisoana river 29.67
Βρισοάνα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Brisoana river
Modern Mand river
Brisoana = Sana ?
Brisoana = Riz ?
Brisoana = Beriz = Behjan ?
Brisoana = Beriz = Berayjan ?
Brisoana = Beridz = Bardestan ??
Brisoana = Deriz = Tavil Daraz ?
Brisoana = Deriz = Gaz Deraz ?
Brisoana = Deriz = Duzeh ?

Brisoana river ?
Βρισοάνα
Brisoana = Bardestan ?

Bagrada river

94 Bagrada river ? 29.25
Βαγράδα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Bagrada river
Bagrada = Baghu
Bagrada = Baqat ?

Portage

’Οζόα
Ozoa
Ozoa = Izeh ?

Tanagra

86 Tanagra ? 34.5
Ταναγρα
Tanagra
Tanagra = Tunadjerah = Tunderan ?
Tanagra = Tu'un Agra = Tiran ?
Tanagra = Ahgarah = Asgaran ?

86 Tanagra ? 34.5
Ταναγρα
Tanagra
Tanagra = Tanaja = Tanaz = Natanz ?
Tanagra = Tamahra = Tameh ?

Marrasion

92.5 Marrasion 33.5
Μαῤῥάσιον
Marrasion
[Pre-Islamic castle here.]
Marrasion = Mahrvast ?
Marrasion = Mehrdasht ?

92.5 Marrasion ? 33.5
Μαῤῥάσιον
Marrasion
Marrasion = Mehriz ?

87 Aspadana 33.83
Ασπάδανα
Aspadana
Αξιμα [Αζιμα?]
Axima [Azima?]
[The coordinates are just so exceedingly close, that they must be the same city.]
Azima (Ptolemy) = Aspadana (Ptolemaic editor) ? Azima = Aziba = Aspadana = Ispahan = Isfahan ?
=== Wikipedia on Isfahan ===
from its ancient designation Aspadana and later Spahan in middle Persian, rendered in English as Ispahan, is a major city in Greater Isfahan Region, Isfahan Province, Iran.

Axima

Ασπάδανα
Aspadana
Αξιμα [Αζιμα?]
Axima [Azima?]
[The coordinates are just so exceedingly close, that they must be the same city.]
Azima (Ptolemy) = Aspadana (Ptolemaic editor) ? Azima = Aziba = Aspadana = Ispahan = Isfahan ?
=== Wikipedia on Isfahan ===
from its ancient designation Aspadana and later Spahan in middle Persian, rendered in English as Ispahan, is a major city in Greater Isfahan Region, Isfahan Province, Iran.

Αξιμα
Axima
Alexander = Xandzer = Xumehzar = Axima* ?
* This and other local placenames derive from the Battle of the Persian Gates, see below:
=== Battle of the Persian Gates ===
Ariobarzanes* = Tang Aryobarzen Tourist Area (منطقه گردشگری تنگ آریوبرزن)
Alexander = Kander = Qander = Qandil ?
* See Ariobarzanes mentioned below. The only problem, is where the river-bridge is.
But when he arrived at the Persian Gates, he found that Ariobarzanes, the viceroy of Persis, with 40,000 infantry and 700 cavalry, had built a wall across the pass, and had pitched his camp there near the wall to block Alexander’s passage. Then indeed he pitched his camp there; but next day he marshalled his army, and led it up to the wall. When it was evident that it would be difficult to capture it on account of the rugged nature of the ground, and as many of his men were being wounded, the enemy assailing them with missiles from engines of war placed upon higher ground, which gave them an advantage over their assailants, he retreated to his camp. He was informed by the prisoners that they could lead him round by another route, so that he might get to the other end of the pass; but when he ascertained that this road was rough and narrow, he left Craterus there at the camp with his own brigade and that of Meleager, as well as a few archers and 500 cavalry, with orders that when he perceived he had got right round and was approaching the camp of the Persians (which he could easily perceive, because the trumpets would give him the signal), he should then assault the wall. Alexander advanced by night, and travelling about 100 stades, he took the shield-bearing guards, the brigade of Perdiccas, the lightest armed of the archers, the Agrianians, the royal177 squadron of cavalry Companions, and one regiment of cavalry besides these, containing four companies; and wheeling round with these troops, he marched towards the pass in the direction the prisoners led him. He ordered Amyntas, Philotas, and Coenus to lead the rest of the army towards the plain, and to make a bridge over the river447 which one must cross to go into Persis. He himself went by a route difficult and rough, along which he nevertheless marched for the most part at full speed. Falling upon the first guard of the barbarians before daylight,448 he destroyed them, and so be did most of the second; but the majority of the third guard escaped, not indeed by fleeing into the camp of Ariobarzanes, but into the mountains as they were, being seized with a sudden panic. Consequently He fell upon the enemy’s camp at the approach of dawn without being observed. At the very time he began to assault the trench, the trumpets gave the signal to Craterus, who at once attacked the advanced fortification. The enemy then, being in a state of confusion from being attacked on all sides, fled without coming to close conflict; but they were hemmed in on all hands, Alexander pressing upon them in one direction and the men of Craterus running up in another. Therefore most of them were compelled to wheel round and flee into the fortifications, which were already in the hands of the Macedonians. For Alexander, expecting the very thing which really occurred, had left Ptolemy there with three thousand infantry; so that most of the barbarians were cut to pieces by the Macedonians at close quarters. Others perished in the terrible flight which ensued, hurling themselves over the precipices; but Ariobarzanes him178self, with a few horsemen, escaped into the mountains.449 Alexander now marched back with all speed to the river, and finding the bridge already constructed over it, he easily crossed with his army.450 Thence he again continued his march to Persepolis, so that he arrived before the guards of the city could pillage the treasury.451 He also captured the money which was at Pasargadae452 in the treasury of the first Cyrus, and appointed Phrasaortes, son of Rheomithres, viceroy over the Persians. He burnt down the Persian palace, though Parmenio advised him to preserve it, for many reasons, and especially because it was not well to destroy what was now his own property, and because the men of Asia would not by this course of action be induced to come over to him, thinking that he himself had decided not to retain the rule of Asia, but only to conquer it and depart. But Alexander said that he wished to take vengeance on the Persians, in retaliation for their deeds in the invasion of Greece, when they razed Athens to the ground and burnt down the temples. He also desired to punish the Persians for 179all the other injuries they had done the Greeks. But Alexander does not seem to me to have acted on this occasion with prudence; nor do I think that this was any retributive penalty at all on the ancient Persians.453

Ανδρίακα
Andriaca = Ardakan ?

89 Porouspana 33.83
Πορυόσπανα
Porouspana
[Major 1100s castle here.]
Porouspana = Fakhrabad ?
Porouspana = Fahraj* ?
* Better name, but worse coordinates.

91 Persepolis 33.33
Περσέπολις
Persepolis
Persepolis (Ptolemy) = Persepolis Mercium Persarum (Peutinger)

Niserga

91.25 Niserga 34
Νισέργη
Niserga
Niserga = Isehrj = Yasuj ?

Σύκτα
Sycta
Sycta = Kath
Sycte = Isatis = Yezd

Kotamba

Κοτάμβα
Kotamba
Kotamba = Khatunabad

Κοτάμβα
Kotamba
Kotamba = Kortaba = Kordabad ?

Ποτίκαρα
Poticara
Poticara = Potjica = Pashehkan ?
Poticara = Ab Pakhsh ??

Ardea ?
"Αρδεα = Ardea

89 Kauriaka 32.5
Καυφίακα [should be Καυρίακα]
Kauriaka
Kauriaka = Kareyak

Batthina

90 Batthina 32.33
Βάτθινα
Batthina
Ecbatana (Ptolemy) = Batthina (Ptolemy) = Ecbatanis Partiorum (Peutinger) ?
Ecbatana = Clahtaana = Khalaftahuneh ?
Ecbatana = Persepolis* ?
Ecbatana = Estakhr ??
* Ecbatana merely means "Place of gathering," in Persian.
Daniel (see below) identifies this location is a Quintana, based on Daniel building a tower there, in which the kings of Persia are built buri, which is obviously this tower here at Naqsh-e Rostam.
=== Daniel, The Antiquities of the Jews", 10.11.7 (264-265) ===
Now when Daniel was become so illustrious and famous, on account of the opinion men had that he was beloved of God, he built a tower at Ecbatana, in Media: It was a most elegant building, and wonderfully made: and it is still remaining, and preserved to this day. And to such as see it, it appears to have been lately built, and to have been no older than that very day when any one looks upon it: it is so fresh, and flourishing, and beautiful, and no way grown old in so long time. For buildings suffer the same as men do, they grow old, as well as they, and by numbers of years their strength is dissolved, and their beauty withered. Now they bury the Kings of Media, of Persia and Parthia, in this tower, to this day: and he who was intrusted with the care of it, was a Jewish Priest: which thing is also observed till this day.

90 Batthina 32.33
Βάτθινα
Batthina
Batthina = Bytcha = Bishapur ?

90 Batthina 32.33
Βάτθινα
Batthina = Bustan ?
Batthina = Basht ?

87
Taepa or Taispa 31.75
Τάηπα ἢ Ταίσπα
Taepa or Taispa
Taepa = Al-e Tayyeb

Τραγονίκη.
Tragonice
Tragonice = Argon = Arragan ?
Coordinates work out, but in that case, on the medieval maps, it's drawn too far east, between the wrong two river-systems.

Μαίτονα
Maitona
Maitona = Milatun ?
Maitona = Maishana = Mahoor - Mishan ?
Maitona = Maishana = Mishan-e Olya ?
Maitona = Malicheh Sheykh ?

Chorodna

90 Chorodna 31.25
Χοῤοδνα
Chorodna
Khosrowabad* = Khorowd = Chorodna ?
Khosrowabad* = Khorowd = Chorodna = Shurudzha = Shiraz ?
* Alternate name for the suburb of Vazirabad.

90 Chorodna 31.25
Χοῤοδνα
Chorodna
Khosrowabad (50 miles W) = Khorowd = Chorodna ??
Khosrowabad (50 miles W) = Kazerun (50 miles W) ??

Korra

Κοῤῥα
Korhra
Korhra = Kavar ?
Korhra = Shoorab ?

Κοῤῥα
Korra
Korra = Shiraz ?
=== Alternate possibility: Ptolemy's Chorodna ===
Khosrowabad* (50 miles W) = Khorowd = Chorodna ??
Khosrowabad* (50 miles W) = Kazerun (50 miles W) ??
* Alternate name for the suburb of Vazirabad.
=== Wikipedia on Shiraz ===
The earliest reference to the city is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE, found in June 1970, while digging to make a kiln for a brick factory in the south western corner of the city. The tablets written in ancient Elamite name a city called Tiraziš.[15] Phonetically, this is interpreted as /tiračis/ or /ćiračis/. This name became Old Persian /širājiš/; through regular sound change comes the modern Persian name Shirāz. The name Shiraz also appears on clay sealings found at a 2nd-century CE Sassanid ruin, east of the city. By some of the native writers, the name Shiraz has derived from a son of Tahmuras, the third Shāh (King) of the world according to Ferdowsi's Shāhnāma.

Κοῤῥα
Korhra
Korhra = Kaura* = Koorab ?
* On Rumsey Historical Map

Korhra
Korhra = Kharameh ?
Korhra = Shoorab ?
Korhra = Khorasani ??

Orobatis polis

87 Orobatis polis 30.83
Οροβάτις πόλις.
Orobatis polis
Orobatis polis = Zohre Pole*
* Note, similarly, that the ancient Oroatis river, is named the modern Zohreh river
Zohreh = " Venus", in Persian

87 Orobatis polis ?? 30.83
Όροβα = Oroba = Dorob + ghar = Doroudgah ?
Όροβα = Oroba = Borazjan ? (6 miles east)
Same as Abara on the Peutinger map ?

Ταόκη άκρα
Taocee Acra
Ταόκη
Taocee
Ταοκηνή
Taocene
Taocene (Ptolemy) =
= Taocee (Ptolemy) = Tallhe
= Taocee Acra (Ptolemy) =
= Siacus (Peutinger) =
= Nakhl Taghi
Taocee = Talsee = Talseh ?
Taocee = Talsee = Talhe ?
Taocee = Talsee = Talkh Abid ?
Taocee = Dehuk (22 miles SE) ?

Parta

Πάρτα
Parta
Parta = Firuzabad
Parta = Farashband ?
Although the Latitude contradicts the nearby Korhra's Latitude, yet there's a major pre-Islamic castle & palace here.

Parta = Fath o Jalil ?

91 Mammida 30.33
Μαμμιδα
Mammida
Mammida = Meymand

Γάβαι
Gabai
Gabai = Garband ?

Ouzia

Ουζία
Ouzia
Ouzia = Karzin ?
Ouzia = Efzar ??

Ουζία
Ouzia
Ouzia = Evaz ?
Ouzia = Zia = Konar-e Ziarat ??

Ouzia = Orzueeyeh ?
Ouzia = Zia = Konar-e Ziarat ??

Hyrcania

Maxera river
Μαξήρα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Maxera river mouth
Maxera = Mazandaranni people ?
Maxera = Marzera = Zaqmarz ?
Maxera = Makran ?
Maxera = Lalim, Mazandaran ?
Maxera = Neka* ?
* See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Neka ===
Deh Khoda has mentioned the River Neka in his encyclopedia.

Socanda river ?
Σωκάνδα ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Socanda river mouth
See map here.
Socanda = Dzachanhe = Dahane ?
Socanda = Dzaghanhe = Dugunchi ?
Socanda = Dzaghanhe = Sahhane = Sahne Sofla ?
Socanda = Chandah = Yolmeh Khandan ?

Great Wall of Gorgan
(5th or 6th century)

Old canal ?

Talca island
νῆσος κατ᾿ αὐτὴν πελαγία καλουμένη Τάλκα
The island, according to which the sea is called Talca
Talca = Tarca = Bandar-e Torkman ?

Mt. Coronos

Mt. Coronos
τοῦ Κορωνοῦ ὄρους
The Coronos Mt.
Co[z?]ronos Mt.?

Coronos Mt.
τοῦ Κορωνοῦ ὄρους
The Coronos Mt.
Co[z?]ronos Mt.?

Other Mtn. chain

Maxerai
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Μάξηραι καὶ ᾿Ασταβηνοί
καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τοὺς Μαξήρας Χρῆνδοι μεθ᾽ οὓς ἡ Αρσῖτις
πρόςκειται τῷ Κορωνο ,
ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Ασταβηνοὺς ἡ Σιρακηνή. There inhabit Hyrcania on the seashore, Maxerai & Astabenoi
and beneath the Maxerai [dwell] the Chrandoi, with whom the [region of] Arsitis
faces the Coronos [Mts.];
but beneath the Astabenoi is the [region of] Siracene.
Medes = Maxerai ?
Maxerai = Mash = Gomishtappeh ?
Maxerai = Mansehr = Siminshahr ?
[Note the river of the same name.]

Astabenoi
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Μάξηραι καὶ ᾿Ασταβηνοί
καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τοὺς Μαξήρας Χρῆνδοι μεθ᾽ οὓς ἡ Αρσῖτις
πρόςκειται τῷ Κορωνο ,
ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Ασταβηνοὺς ἡ Σιρακηνή. There inhabit Hyrcania on the seashore, Maxerai & Astabenoi
and beneath the Maxerai [dwell] the Chrandoi, with whom the [region of] Arsitis
faces the Coronos [Mts.];
but beneath the Astabenoi is the [region of] Siracene.
Astabenoi = Tashbandan

Chrandoi
Κατανέμονται δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ Μάξηραι καὶ ᾿Ασταβηνοί
καὶ ὑπὸ μὲν τοὺς Μαξήρας Χρῆνδοι μεθ᾽ οὓς ἡ Αρσῖτις
πρόςκειται τῷ Κορωνο ,
ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς Ασταβηνοὺς ἡ Σιρακηνή. There inhabit Hyrcania on the seashore, Maxerai & Astabenoi
and beneath the Maxerai [dwell] the Chrandoi, with whom the [region of] Arsitis
faces the Coronos [Mts.];
but beneath the Astabenoi is the [region of] Siracene.
Chrandoi = Nowkandeh ?
Chrandoi = Sali Kandeh ?

Arsitis
Arsitis = Farsi ??
Arsitis = Great Arikh ?
Arsitis = Marsa = Mirzali ?
Arsitis = Ahsid = Azadshahr ?

Siracene
Siracene = Deraz Kola ?
Siracene = Shahneh Kala ?
Siracene = Sari ?

Saramanna

94.25 Saramanna 40.5
Σαραμάννη
Saramanna
Suliman = Saramanna
Suliman = Tsalameh = Talner ??

94.25 Saramanna 40.5
Σαραμάννη
Saramanna
Saramanna = Vozara Mahalleh ??

Σαραμάννη
Saramanna = Sari ?

Saramanna = Saro ?

Saramanna = Sehemen = Siminshahr ?

Βαράγγη
Bara(n/g)ga
Baragga = Qaleh Jiq-e Bozorg ?
[Sheer guess, based upon this being the end of the Great Wall of Gorgon.]

Adrapsa

῎Αδραψα
Adrapsa
Adrapsa = Atharab = Acharah = Aqqala ??
Adrapsa = Deruza = Delijeh ??

῎Αδραψα
Adrapsa
Adrapsa = Adzjapsa = Adzhjyab

῎Αδραψα
Adrapsa = Atrab ?

Casapa

Κασάπη
Casapa
Casapa (Ptolemy) = Catippa (Peutinger)
Casapa = Gazebeh = Aghazibir ?
Casapa = Gah-tzepeh = Ghara Tapeh ?
Casapa = Catzepeh = Uch Tapeh ?
20 from Nagae
20 from Fociana

Κασάπη
Casapa
Casapa (Ptolemy) = Catippa (Peutinger)
Casapa = Caltzappa = Qolitappeh ?
20 from Nagae
20 from Fociana

Κασάπη
Casapa (Ptolemy) = Catippa (Peutinger)
Casapa = Qaha-tsappa = Qareh Tappeh-ye Sheykh ?
20 from Nagae
20 from Fociana

Casapa = Aca-tsapa = Ukhi Tappeh ?
Casapa = Aca-tsapa = Ashk Tappeh ?

Abarbina

97 Abarbina 40.17
βαρβίνα
Abarbina
Hvare = Abarbi = Abarbina ?
Hvare-khshaeta* = Khorshid ?
* See Wikipedia below
=== Wikipedia on Khorshid ===
Khorshīd or Khorshēd (Persian: خورشید [xoɾˈʃid], meaning the Sun or the "Radiant Sun"), also spelled as Khurshed and Khurshid, is a Persian given name . . . The origin of the word is related to the Avestan divinity Hvare-khshaeta.

97 Abarbina 40.17
῎Αβαρβίνα
Abarbina
Abarbina = Anbaralum ?
Abarbina = Hebarb = Hebib ?

97 Abarbina ? 40.17
᾿Αβαρβίνα
Abarbina = Babal Bina = Babol

Sorba

Σόρβα
Sorba
Sorba = Ashraba = Ahraf* ?
* See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Behshahr ===
Ashraf or Ashraf-ol-Belād[1]

Σόρβα
Sorba
Sorba = Gorgan ?
Sorba = Golba = Bagh-e Golbon?

Sinaca

Σινάκα
Sinaca
Sinaca = Tsanaga = Tangrah ?
Sinaca = Tsadegh Abad ?

Σινάκα
Sinaca
Sinaca = Sinacala = Calla = Kalaleh
Sinaca = Sinagala = Singarla = Ajan Sangarli ?

Σινάκα
Sinaca = Sehacala = Seh Kileh ?

Amarousa

96 Amarousa ? 39.92
᾿Αμαροῦσα
Amarousa
Amarousa = Amreh ?

96 Amarousa ? 39.92
᾿Αμαροῦσα
Amarousa
Amarousa = Hamhar = Mamtir ?
Amarousa = Alrousha = Balfroush* = Babol ?
Amarousa = Amirkola* ?
* Kola means "village" in Iran.

96 Amarousa ? 39.92
᾿Αμαροῦσα
Amarousa = Anbaralum ?

Hyrcania metropolis

98.83 Hyrcania metropolis 40
Υρκανία μητρόπολις
Hyrcania metropolis
Hyrcania metropolis = Gyrgania = Gorgan
=== Wikipedia on Hyrcania ===
Hyrcania (/hərˈkeɪniə/) (Greek: Ὑρκανία Hyrkania,[1] Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 Varkâna,[2] Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 Gurgān, Akkadian: Urqananu)
=== Wikipedia on Gorgan ===
Gorgan (Persian: گرگان [ɡoɾˈɡɒːn] ⓘ; also romanized as Gorgān, Gurgān, and Gurgan), formerly Esterabad (استرآباد [ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd]; also romanized as Astarābād, Asterabad, and Esterābād)

98.83 Hyrcania metropolis 40
Υρκανία μητρόπολις
Hyrcania metropolis
Hyrcania = Houhcandia = Nowkandeh ?
Hyrcania = Hyl—Candia = Sali Kandeh ?
Hyrcania = Khurhcia       = Kordkuy ??

Saca or Sala

94.25 Saca or Sala 39.5
Σάκη ( ἢ Σάλη)
Saca or Sala
Saca = Sache = Shahi = Qaem Shahr ?
Sala = Saliya = Aliyabad* = Qaem Shahr ?
* See Wikipedia below:
=== Wikipedia on Qaem Shahr ===
Originally known as Aliyabad, the name Ŝâhi (Shahi) was used until the Iranian Revolution in 1979 when the city acquired its current name.

94.25 Saca or Sala 39.5
Σάκη ( ἢ Σάλη)
Saca or Sala
Sala + Saca = Salaca = Sergah = Shīr Gāh = Shirgah ?
Saca + Sala = Sukhteh Sara ?
Sala = Chali, Mazandaran ?

94.25 Saca or Sala 39.5
Σάκη ( ἢ Σάλη)
Sala = Sheleh ?

97.5 Asmourna 39.5
῎Ασμουρνα
Asmourna
Asmourna = Mirdan*
Asmourna = Ajmurna = Jurnda = Paeen Zarandin
Asmourna = Ajmurna = Jurnda = Bālā Zrndyn (بالا زرندين)** ?
* See Wikipedia below: ** 2 miles SEE.
=== Wikipedia on Neka ===
Deh Khoda has mentioned the River Neka in his encyclopedia. Not much is known about this area in geographical or historical accounts of the past, until the Qajar dynasty. However, in the geographical records of the early Islamic period, the name Mirdan of a city near the current city of Neka has been mentioned.

Ma(u/i)soca

Μαίσοκα ( ἢ Μαύσοκα )
Ma(u/i)soca
Maisoca = Maziyaran ?
Maisoca = Mashu ?

Μαίσοκα ( ἢ Μαύσοκα )
Ma(u/i)soca
Maisoca = Mazdakati

Μαίσοκα
Maisoca
Maisoca = Semescandeh Olya ?