iraq 1-4.kmz

Iraq 1-4

Mesopotamia

Landforms

80 Heracleos Bomon 34.33
Ἡρακλέους Βωμῶν
Heracleos Bomon
The Platforms/Altar/Tomb/Spire of Hercules
[Note the enormous Ziggurat-spire here.]
Dur-Kurigalzu = Hericulseh = Hercules
=== Wikipedia on Dur-Kurigalzu ===
The town of Dur Kurigalzu was founded by the Kassite King Kurigalzu I in the early 14th century BC [i.e, just before (or during?) the Bronze Age Collapse, in connection with which Hercules is also mentioned, in the legend in Plato's Timaeus.]

Mesopotamia
Η Μεσοποταμία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων τῷ ἐκτεθειμένῳ μέρει τῆς Μεγάλης Αρμενίας, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως τῷ ἐκτεθειμένῳ παρὰ τὴν Συρίαν τοῦ Ευφράτου ποταμοῦ μέρει, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν τῷ παρὰ τὴν ᾿Ασσυρίαν μέρει του Τίγριδος ποταμοῦ τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ πρὸς τῇ ᾿Αρμενίᾳ τμήματος μέχρι τῶν τοῦ Ἡρακλέους Βωμῶν, οἱ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . . . 80, 34.33 .
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῷ λοιπῷ μέρει τοῦ Εὐφράτου παρὰ μὲν τὴν Ἔρημον Αραβίαν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . . 76.25, 33.33 .
παρὰ δὲ τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν μέχρι τῆς πρὸς τὸν Τίγριν συναφῆς καὶ τοὺς εἰρημένους Βωμούς, οὗ τμήματος ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . 80, 34.33
The [region of] Mesopotamia is bordered on the north by the extended part of greater Armenia; but on the west by the extended part of the Euphrates River next to Syria; but on the north by the part of the Tigris River next to Assyria, which is from the sector facing upon Assyria [southward] until the platforms of Hercules, which have location . . . . . 80, 34.33 .
but on the south by the remaining part of the Euphrates, firstly next to Arabia Deserta, until its end, which place has location . . . . . 76.25, 33.33 .
But next to Babylonia until [1] the [Euphrates'] junction into the Tigris and [2] the aforesaid platforms, of which sector the place has location . . . . . 80, 34.33

Mt. Masion

74 Mt. Masion 37.33
Μάσιον ὄρος
Mt. Masion

74 Mt. Masion 37.33

74 Masion Mts. 37.33
Μάσιον ὄρος
Mt. Masion

Singaras Mts.

76.67 Singaras Mts. 36.25
Σιγγάρας
Singaras
Singaras = Sinjar Mts.
Note that the Medieval Ptolemaic maps show this mountain south of Singara; however, there are no mountains there.

Chaboras river

74 Headwaters 37.25

Chaboras river
Χαβώρας
Chaboras
Jebur river = Chebar (Ezekiel 1:1) = Chaboras river
=== Major Confutation ==
This modern river is absolutely mis-named the "Balikh river." It should be named the "Khabour," the modern form of the ancient river "Chabouras." But sadly, the river name "Khabour'" is wrongly applied to the other major south-flowing river, flowing from Nisibis, whose mouth empties into the Euphrates, 100 miles downstream. That modern river "Khabour" is actually the ancient Saocora, not the ancient "Chabouras,"whereas this one is the ancient "Chabouras," which is obvious from surrounding placenames here, most especially from the major "Fons Scabore," whose position is minutely identified, from 3 directions, by the Peutinger map.
=== Derivative Names ===
Chabouras = Chabouras = Fons Scabore (Peutinger)
Chabooras river (Ptolemy) = Chabiah = Habia (Peutinger) ?
Chabouras = Chabouras = Khabour (this river's modern name).
Χαβώρα = Chabora (a town 30 miles E of this river's mouth).

Chaboras river
Χαβώρας
Chaboras
Jebur river = Chebar (Ezekiel 1:1) = Chaboras river
=== Major Confutation ==
This modern river is absolutely mis-named the "Balikh river." It should be named the "Khabour," the modern form of the ancient river "Chabouras." But sadly, the river name "Khabour'" is wrongly applied to the other major south-flowing river, flowing from Nisibis, whose mouth empties into the Euphrates, 100 miles downstream. That modern river "Khabour" is actually the ancient Saocora, not the ancient "Chabouras,"whereas this one is the ancient "Chabouras," which is obvious from surrounding placenames here, most especially from the major "Fons Scabore," whose position is minutely identified, from 3 directions, by the Peutinger map.
=== Derivative Names ===
Chabouras = Chabouras = Fons Scabore (Peutinger)
Chabooras river (Ptolemy) = Chabiah = Habia (Peutinger) ? Chabouras = Chabouras = Khabour (this river's modern name).
Χαβώρα = Chabora (a town 30 miles E of this river's mouth).

74 Mouth 35

Saocoras river

75 Headwaters 37.5

Saocoras river
Σαοκόρας
Saocoras
Saocoras = Seuh'hora = Al Suwar
=== Major Confutation ==
This modern river is absolutely mis-named "Khabour," as if it were the ancient "Chabouras." It isn't. That river "Chabouras'" mouth is certainly 100 miles up the Euphrates, where it empties after flowing south from Carrhae / Haran. This is sure, based on its surrounding placenames there, most especially the major "Fons Scabore," whose position is minutely identified, from 3 directions, by the Peutinger map.
Chabouras = Chabouras = Fons Scabore.
Chabouras = Chabouras = Khabour.

76 Mouth 34
ἡ δὲ πρὸς τὸν Εὐφράτην συναφή τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐπέχει μοίρας 76, 34.
And the junction with the Euphrates River has location 76, 34 .

Old river bed
Note that the Saocoras' river-mouth has obviously moved, to the other side of the city of Rescipha.

On the Euphrates

Eudrapa

Εὔδραπα = Eudrapa
Eudrapa = Draba = Drava = Rawa ?
Longitude: 77+1/6
Latitude: 33+2/3

Εὔδραπα = Eudrapa
Eudrapa = Al Rapa = Arrabi ?
Longitude: 77+1/6
Latitude: 33+2/3

Pacoria

Πακορία = Pacoria
Pacoria = Abu Zukhayr ?
Pacoria = Corina = (Al) Karma(h) ?
Longitude: 77+1/3
Latitude: 34+3/4

Πακορία = Pacoria
Pacoria = Pacilia = Cilia = Sahiliya

Porsica

72 Porsica ? 37.5
Πορσίκα = Porsica
Porsica = Yaslica ?
Longitude: 72

72 Porsica ? 37.5
Πορσίκα = Porsica
Porsica = Bhorsichal = Bahç[h]eli ?

72 Porsica / Sinitra ? 37.5
Πορσίκα = Porsica
Porsica = Bhorziriche = Bezirci ?
Porsica = Shicah = Şeker ?
Same city as Sinitra ?
[Parsinitra =] Phorsiccisa = Hah-Shahisah = Akçahisar ?
[Parsinitra =] Phorsiccisa = Porsica ?
[Parsinitra =] Sinitra
Sinitra = Shanitza = Hah-Shahisah = Akçahisar ?

72 Europos 36.83
Εύρωπος = Europos
Europos = Eulupolis = Elipholuh = Elifoğlu
Longitude: 72 -
Note: One Medieval Ptolemaic map shows this East of the river, and North of Zeugma; while another, which is more in conformity with the 2 cities' stated latitudes, shows it West of the Euphrates river and South of Zeugma.

Βαρσάμψη = Barsampsa
Barsampsa = Sampsawa = Dzadat as-Samawat ?
Barsampsa = Szahmsa = Asz-Szahama (10 miles N) ?

Sarnouca

72.17 Sarnouca 36
Σάρνουκα
Sarnouca
Sarnouca = Serugh = Suruç

72.17 Sarnouca ? 36
Σάρνουκα
Sarnouca
Sarnouca = Suruca = Suluk ?
[Indeed, the ]

72.17 Sarnouca ? 36
Σάρνουκα = Sarnouca
Sarnouca = Sarnica = Sarrinica = Sarrin ?
Latitude: 36

72.17 Sarnouca ? 36
Σάρνουκα = Sarnouca
Sarnouca = Sarmica = Miksar ?
Latitude: 36

Bersima

Βέρσιμα = Bersima
Sheer guess.
Coordinates would put it hereabouts:
Bersima = Bar-jza = Ja-Bar = Jaber* = Jaabar Castle (30-40 miles SE) ?
* On Rumsey Historical Atlas map

Βέρσιμα = Bersima
Bersima = Bherzjima = Huzjima = Huzajma ?

Naube

Naube = Hauva = Al Hawwas ?
Longitude: 72+5/6 - By the coordinates, this should be west of the mouth of the Chaboras, probably in Ar Raqqah, although no placename there corroborates this.

Μαυβαι = Maubai
Maps show Neube.
Maubai = Numaysah ?

Theoretial river bed

73.08 Nicephorion 35.33
Νικηφόριον
Nicephorion
Nicephorion (Ptolemy) = Nicephorium (Isidore of Charax)
Nicephorion = Neciphura = Nasivrah = Nasirah ?
=== Isidore of Charax ===
Then Nicephorium by the Euphrates, a Greek city, founded by King Alexander
5 schoeni to Ichnae, & the river Balicha
4 schoeni to Galahatha

Μάγουδα = Magouda
Magouda = Al-Marashidah ?
Nagouda = Baghuz (5 miles SE) ?

Wadi Abu Shahri's namesake ?

Chabora

Χαβώρα
Chabora
Chabora (Ptolemy) = Chumbana (Isidore of Charax) ?
Chumbana = Chuhmbah = Jdaydet Khabur
1 schoenus [or less than 1] to Galahatha
4 schoeni* to Thillada Mirrhada
*Impossible. See Confutation's problem below:
=== Confutation of Distances to Dam-&-Canal ===
* The Problem: The outer locations Chumbana & Allan are solidly identified, as well as the Dam-&-Canal, so the listed distances between them are way too long, particularly the "7 schoini" supposedly from Thillada Mirrhada to the Dam-&-Canal.
My solution: Due to side-spur splitting or backtracking, the distance of 7 schoini actually includes another of the lesser distances, of 4 schoini. Contrary to what Isador of Charax writes, the location of Thillada Mirrhada would then be 7 schoini from Allan, not from this dam-&-canal here. The other outstanding distance, of 4 schoinoi (from this canal to Allan), could still be correct, in either direction (A.) either southeastward, as written, to get from the dam-&-canal to Allan; or (B.), perhaps that the 4 schoinoi is from the dam-&-canal NW-ward to Thillada Mirrhada.

74 Chabora 35.17
Χαβώρα
Chabora
Chabora = Shabhra = Wadi Abu Shahri ?
Chabora = Shcamira = Ashkhamiyah (13 miles N) ?
Chabora = Cschabera = Cshab = Abu Kashab (17 miles NE) ?

Thelda

Θέλδα
Thelda
Thelda (Ptolemy) = Thillada Mirrhada (Isador of Charax)
Thillada Mirrhada = Al-Hala Chass Hibal ?
Thillada Mirrhada = Haraba = Al-Jarubijja Chass Udzajl ?
Note that there is another Thelda east of here, on the Tigris River, so 1 of these might not truly exist.
4 schoeni [should be miles] to Chumbana
7 schoeni [should be miles] to Temple of Darius & canal of Semiramis [or, more likely should be to Allan instead of the Temple & canal, see below: ]
=== Confutation of Distances to Dam-&-Canal ===
* The Problem: The outer locations Chumbana & Allan are solidly identified, as well as the Dam-&-Canal, so the listed distances between them are way too long, particularly the "7 schoini" supposedly from Thillada Mirrhada to the Dam-&-Canal.
My solution: Due to side-spur splitting or backtracking, the distance of 7 schoini actually includes another of the lesser distances, of 4 schoini. Contrary to what Isador of Charax writes, the location of Thillada Mirrhada would then be 7 schoini from Allan, not from this dam-&-canal here. The other outstanding distance, of 4 schoinoi (from this canal to Allan), could still be correct, in either direction (A.) either southeastward, as written, to get from the dam-&-canal to Allan; or (B.), perhaps that the 4 schoinoi is from the dam-&-canal NW-ward to Thillada Mirrhada.

Θέλδα
Thelda
Thelda (Ptolemy) = Alaina (Peutinger) = Allen (Isador of Charax)
Note that there is another Thelda east of here, on the Tigris River, so 1 of these might not truly exist.
Alaina = Halauia = Zhalavia = Zalabiyah ?
Alaina = Halauia = Zhalavia = Thaladia = Thelda ?
Alaina = Halauia = Zhalavia = Halabiyah* = Thelda ?
Alaina = Halauia = Zhalavia = Halabiyah Castle* = Thelda ?
Alternatively:
Thelda = Dheldhia = Djalbhia = Zalabiyah
Thelda = Theldhina = Telbhna = Al Tebni* (3 miles S)
Thelda = Dheldhia = Djalbhia = Halabiyah*?
Thelda = Dheldhia = Djalbhia = Halabiyah Castle*?
* But that's on the other bank of the Tigris which would put it in Arabia, not Mesopotamia, whereas Ptolemy lists it in Mesopotamia..
=== Allaina ===
12 to Batitas
20 to Lacus Berberaci
? to Sirgorra
=== Allen ===
4 schoeni to Darius' temple & Semiramus' canal
6 schoeni to Phaliga
* On both sides of the river.
=== Wikipedia on Zalabiye ===
Zalabiye was built during the third century CE when the short-lived Palmyrene Empire, centred on the oasis-city of Palmyra, extended its reach toward the Euphrates area. The fortifications of the site were subsequently improved under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (527–565) as part of his program to strengthen the eastern border of the empire.

74.25 Aphphadena 34.58
Αφφαδένα
Aphphadena
=== Possible Origin ===
Arpachshad = Arabia*
Arpachshad = Ahppadzad = Aphphadena ?
* According to the Book of Jubilees.
Aphphadena = Habh-bhadj = Hawwaaj* = Ayyash (منطقة دير الزور)**
* Attested modern form of Ayyash.
** Across the river.

Βανάβη = Banaba
Banaba = Bhal-NHA-bha = Jhal-HA-wa = Sal-HAY-ia = Al Salhiyyah ?
Banaba = Ban-Haba = Hawia = Hawijah ?

Zeitha (or Zena)

75.17 Zeitha (or Zena) 34.33
Ζείθα ( ή Ζήνα)
Zeitha (ha Zena)
Zeitha (or Zena)
Zeta* = Zeitha = Jeidhah = Jadeed Ekedat ?
Zeta* = Zeitha = Jeidhah = Jadeed Bakkarah ?
* The 6th Greek letter

75.17 Zeitha (or Zena) 34.33
Ζείθα ( ή Ζήνα)
Zeitha (ha Zena)
Zeitha (or Zena)
Zeta* = Zeithana = Thaitana = Hatlah Tahtani
* The 6th the Greek letter.

76 Bethayna 34.25
Βέθαυνα = Bethayna
Bethayna = Al Busayrah
Longitude: 76

76 Rescipha 34
Ρεσκίφα = Rescipha
Rescipha = Ar Shcheelpha = Ar Shcheela = al Shheell ?
Rescipha = Ar Shcheelpha = Ar Shcheela = al Shheell = Ch'hail ?
Note that the Saocoras' river-mouth has obviously moved, to the other side of the city.
=== Probable Origin ===
Enmerkar = Emmer* + Cherub* = Hamrat + Al-Karamah ?
Enmerkar = Emar = Tell Meskene ?
Enmerkar = Ammorites + Carrhae/Hurrians (as protogenitor) ??
Enmerkar was from Uruk, but wanted to conquer the land of Aratta:
Uruk = Iraq
Uruk = Ar Raqqah ?
Aratta = Rassis region (Judith 2:23)
Aratta = Aracta = Ar Raqqah ?
Aratta = Resaina (Ptolemy) = Rouaiyane
Aratta = Risina/Ressaina (Ptolemy & Peutinger) = Navçeya Ebû Rasên ?
Aratta = Ratla(h)
Aratta = Tiritta (Peutinger map, Ptolemy)** = Aarîda
Aratta = Raschirea (Peutinger map)** = Aarîda
Aratta = Resapha/Risapa (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Resafa
Aratta = Resapha/Risapa (Peutinger & Ptolemy) =
= A(s/ph)phadana (Ptolemy) = As Safsafah ?
Aratta = Rescipha (Ptolemy) = Ch'Hail ?
Aratta = Errasiga/Eragiza (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Al Khafsah
Aratta = Tel Harsha (Ezra 2:59) = Al-Akirshi (العكيرشي)
** Tiritta is probably the town; Raschirea, which the Peutinger map puts at the same place, probably refers to this Aratta/Rassis region.

Αγαμνα = Agamna
Agamna = Aggamina = Al 'Ajjamiyah
Longitude: 77+1/2 - Probably should be 77+1/12.

Αδδαία = Addaia
Addaia = Habbahia = Jibbah* = Shamiya Saba ?
* On Rumsey Historical Atlas map
Latitude: 34

Teridata

Τηριδάτα = Teridata
Tiridates* = Teridata = Tserata = Saida ?
* Armenian Kings' name

Τηριδάτα = Teridata
Tiridates* = Teridata
Tiridates* = Theiradat = Dhayradt = Dayrat ar Rih ?
Tiridates* = Theiradat = Dhayradt = Dayrat = Tajiyat (13 miles E) ?
* Armenian Kings' name

Τηριδάτα = Teridata
Tiridates* = Teridata = Thar-thatha = Thathar (Lake) ?
* Armenian Kings' name

Naarda

Ναάρδα
Naarda
Jewish Nehardea = Naarda
Nagar* = Nawar** = Naarda = Tell Brak ?
Nagar* = Nagar**
* Ancient Sumerian city
** See Wikipedia, below.
Since there seems to be no good city with a similar-sounding placename near where this city is shown on the medieval Ptolemaic maps, namely, just west of Seleucia-near-Ctesiphon, it is assumed that the city's listed longitude was too high, so that it was wrongly drawn one River-Valley too far east, so that instead of being on the NE-heading segment of the Euphrates River, it is instead here, on the SW-heading segment of the Saocoras river.
=== Wikipedia on Tell Brak ===
Little evidence of an occupation on the tell exists following the destruction of the Mitannian city, however, a series of small villages existed in the lower town during the Assyrian periods.[112] The remains of a Hellenistic settlement were discovered on a nearby satellite tell, to the northwestern edge of the main tell.[112] However, excavations recovered no ceramics of the Parthian-Roman or Byzantine-Sasanian periods, although sherds dating to those periods are noted.[112] In the middle of the first millennium AD, a fortified building was erected in the northeastern lower town.[112] The building was dated by Antoine Poidebard to the Justinian era (sixth century AD), on the basis of its architecture.[112] The last occupation period of the site was during the early Abbasid Caliphate's period,[113] when a canal was built to provide the town with water from the nearby Jaghjagh River.[112]

Ναάρδα = Naarda
Nimrud* = Marduk** = Naarda
Nimrud* = Albu Nimr
* Sumerian founding figure
** Sumerian god, possibly Nimrud's deification.

Sipphara

Σιπφάρα = Sipphara
Sipphara = Sypharhat = Subhayat ?

Σιπφάρα = Sipphara
Sipphara = Saffar* ?
* On Rumsey Historical Atlas map

Σιπφάρα
Sipphara
[Accepted site]

Inland

Βιθιάς = Bithis
Marked here on the Barrington Atlas

Ἔδεσσα
Edessa
Edessa (Ptolemy) = Edessa (PeutingeR)
Edessa = Sanliurfa
40 to Barbare
26 to Charra
12 to Hostra
? to Thalama

73 Ombraia 37.17
Ὀμβραία = Ombraia
Ombraia = Al Buraiyah = Al Buwaydah ?
Longitude: 73

73.33 Ad Tygrin / Ammaia 37.83
᾿Αμμαία = Ammaia
Ammaia* (Ptolemy) = Tygrin* ( Peutinger) ?
Amida* = Ammaia ?
Amida* = Ammaia = Armenia ?
Ad Tygrin* = Dicreh = Dicle ?
Ad Tygrin* = Dygar = Diyarbakir ?
* See Wikipedia, below:
Should be, not 27 but 127 from the quadruple-junction at the Tigris river: A "C" is missing.
=== Wikipedia on Diyarbakir ===
romanized: Tigranakert;
In ancient times the city was known as Amida, a name which could derive from an older Assyrian toponym Amedi.[9] The name Āmid was also used in Arabic.[10][11] The name Amit is found in Empire of Trebizond official documents from 1358.[12]
After the Muslim conquests of the 7th century, the city became known as Diyar Bakr (Arabic: ديار بكر, romanized: Diyār Bakr, lit. 'the abode of [the tribe of] Bakr'), in reference to the territory of the Banu Bakr tribe, the Diyar Bakr.[11][13][14] That tribe had already settled in northern Mesopotomia during the pre-Islamic period. In the 7th century, during the caliphate of Uthman and under the regional governorship of Mu'awiya, a portion of the tribe was ordered to settle further north in the lands near the city.[11] The city was later also known in Turkish as Kara-Amid ("Black Amid"), on account of its black basalt walls.[15]

Risina

Ρέσαινα
Resaina
74.67, 35.67
Ῥίσινα
Risina
73.5, 37.5
Γιζάμα
Gizama
74.33, 37.25
Resaina (Ptolemy) = Risina (Ptolemy) = Ressaina (Peutinger) ?
Gizama (Ptolemy) = Ressaina (Peutinger) ??
Risina = Rassen = Navçeya Ebu Rasen ?
Risina = Sinna = Sinnia* = Şenyurt (21 miles NE) ? Risina = Ras Al-Ayn (15 miles W) ?
* On the Medieval Ptolemaic maps
This site is NOT likely, becuase it's not actually in the Rassis region:
=== Probable Origin ===
Enmerkar = Emmer* + Cherub* = Hamrat + Al-Karamah ?
Enmerkar = Emar = Tell Meskene ?
Enmerkar = Ammorites + Carrhae/Hurrians (as protogenitor) ??
Enmerkar was from Uruk, but wanted to conquer the land of Aratta:
Uruk = Iraq
Uruk = Ar Raqqah ?
Aratta = Rassis region (Judith 2:23)
Aratta = Aracta = Ar Raqqah ?
Aratta = Resaina (Ptolemy) = Rouaiyane
Aratta = Risina/Ressaina (Ptolemy & Peutinger) = Navçeya Ebû Rasên ?
Aratta = Ratla(h)
Aratta = Tiritta (Peutinger map, Ptolemy)** = Aarîda
Aratta = Raschirea (Peutinger map)** = Aarîda
Aratta = Resapha/Risapa (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Resafa
Aratta = Resapha/Risapa (Peutinger & Ptolemy) =
= A(s/ph)phadana (Ptolemy) = As Safsafah ?
Aratta = Rescipha (Ptolemy) = Ch'Hail ?
Aratta = Errasiga/Eragiza (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Al Khafsah
Aratta = Tel Harsha (Ezra 2:59) = Al-Akirshi (العكيرشي)
** Tiritta is probably the town; Raschirea, which the Peutinger map puts at the same place, probably refers to this Aratta/Rassis region.

Ῥίσινα = Risina
Risina (Ptolemy) = Ressaina (Peutinger) ?
Risina = Shinar = Çinar ?
* On the Medieval Ptolemaic maps
This site has horrible Peutinger distances, but better coordinates:
This site is NOT likely, becuase it's not actually in the Rassis region:
=== Probable Origin ===
Enmerkar = Emmer* + Cherub* = Hamrat + Al-Karamah ?
Enmerkar = Emar = Tell Meskene ?
Enmerkar = Ammorites + Carrhae/Hurrians (as protogenitor) ??
Enmerkar was from Uruk, but wanted to conquer the land of Aratta:
Uruk = Iraq
Uruk = Ar Raqqah ?
Aratta = Rassis region (Judith 2:23)
Aratta = Aracta = Ar Raqqah ?
Aratta = Resaina (Ptolemy) = Rouaiyane
Aratta = Risina (Ptolemaic Editor?) = ?
Aratta = Ratla(h)
Aratta = Tiritta (Peutinger map, Ptolemy)** = Aarîda
Aratta = Raschirea (Peutinger map)** = Aarîda
Aratta = Resapha/Risapa (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Resafa
Aratta = Resapha/Risapa (Peutinger & Ptolemy) =
= A(s/ph)phadana (Ptolemy) = As Safsafah ?
Aratta = Rescipha (Ptolemy) = Ch'Hail ?
Aratta = Errasiga/Eragiza (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Al Khafsah
Aratta = Tel Harsha (Ezra 2:59) = Al-Akirshi (العكيرشي)
** Tiritta is probably the town; Raschirea, which the Peutinger map puts at the same place, probably refers to this Aratta/Rassis region.

73.5 Olibera 37
Ολίβερα (ἢ Ὄξιρα )
Olibera (he Oxira)
Olibera (or Oxira)
Olibera (Ptolemy) = Holebeh = Thallaba (Peutinger) ?
Thallaba = Talaban* = Tal Erphan
* On 1843 Rumsey Historical Atlas map

74 Sacana/Sanaca 37.75
Σακάνη (ἢ Σανάκη )
Sacana (he Sanaca)
Sacana (or Sanaca)
Sanaca = Sinek
Sanaca = Shah-mac = Çermik ?

74.25 Arxama/Aroma 36.67
Αρξαμα (ἢ Αρωμα)
Arxama (he Aroma)
Arxama (or Aroma)
[Note Theorized Tigranocarton and province of "Arzanene" (See Wikipedia below) as modern Ikikopru, on the Barrington Atlas, 90 miles to the NNE.]
Arzen = Arxama = Aazzâm
Latitude: 37+2/3 - Should be 36+2/3
=== Wikipedia on Arzen ===
Arzen (in Syriac Arzŏn or Arzŭn, Armenian Arzn, Ałzn, Arabic Arzan)[2] was an ancient and medieval city, located on the border zone between Upper Mesopotamia and the Armenian Highlands. The site of the ancient Armenian capital of Tigranocerta, according to modern scholars, in Late Antiquity it was the capital of the district of Arzanene, a Syriac bishopric and a Sasanian Persian border fortress in the Roman–Persian Wars of the period.

Γιζάμα
Gizama
Gizama = Cizalna = Kiziltepe

Σίννα
Sinna
[Medieval Ptolemaic maps show "Sinnia."]
=== Possible Origin ===
Sikkan* = Sihhan = Sinnia ?
Sikkan = Sikani = Washukanni* ?
Sikkan = Sikani = Washukanni* = Bashuha = Al-Dirbasiyah** ?
*2nd Millenium B.C. city. ** However, a competing etymology contends that its name descends from "The path (Darbo) of [Saint] Osyo (Asiyah)."
Sinnia = Şenyurt

Μαμβούτα
Mambouta
Mambouta = Hambouda = Amuda ?
Mambouta = Hamborta = Ambar ?

Νίσιβις = Nisibis
Nisibis = Nusaybin

Βάξαλα ἢ Βάαλα
Bazala he Baala
Bazala or Baala
Bazala = Tal Ghazal

Βάλλαθα
Ballatha
Balicha (Isidore of Charax) = Ballatha (Ptolemy) ?
Ballatha = Bellitaş
=== Isidore of Charax ===
Ichnae, a Greek city, founded by the Macedonians: it is situated on the river Balicha

73.25 Harran/Carrhae 36.17
Κάῤῥαι = Carrai
Carrai (Ptolemy) = C(h)arris (Peutinger)
Harran = Carrhae = C(h)arris
Famous homeland of Abraham & his kinsman Laban.
Location of the Crassus' Roman defeat, at the hands of the Parthians.
Wrong distance to Fons Scabore. Should be 12, not 27. Perhaps Karahisar, 17 miles NE of here, is what is intended by "Carris", instead of here; that would make the distances work out.

Tirittha

Τιρίτθα = Tirittha
Raschirea (Peutinger) = As Thireta = Tirittha (Ptolemy)
Raschirea = As Pharesa = Al Faris ( الفارس)
Raschirea = As Thireta = Harida = Aarida
The site is best, based on the configuration/orientation to Carrhae shown on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps, but its coordinates do not follow those maps:
Aratta = Risina/Ressaina (Ptolemy & Peutinger) = Navçeya Ebû Rasên ?

Τιρίτθα = Tirittha
Tirittha = Torate ?
This site is slightly better than the #1 site, based on coordinates, but it is not in the correct orientation to Carrhae, shown on the medieval Ptolemaic maps:
Aratta = Ratla
Aratta = Tiritta (Peutinger map, Ptolemy)**
Aratta = Raschirea (Peutinger map)**
Aratta = Errasiga/Eragiza (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Al Khafsah ?

Τιρίτθα = Tirittha
Tirittha = Saritaş ?
This site is best, based on pure coordinates, but it is not in the correct orientation to Carrhae, shown on the medieval Ptolemaic maps:
Aratta = Ratla
Aratta = Tiritta (Peutinger map, Ptolemy)**
Aratta = Raschirea (Peutinger map)**
Aratta = Errasiga/Eragiza (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Al Khafsah ?

Tirittha = Aritlah = Alatlar ?
Tirittha = Tarth-lica = Tatlica (2 miles SSW)?
The site is good, based on the configuration/orientation to Carrhae shown on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps, but its coordinates do not follow those maps:
Longitude: 73+5/6 - Too high for this site.
Latitude: 36+1/4 - Too high for this site.
Aratta = Ratla
Aratta = Tiritta (Peutinger map, Ptolemy)**
Aratta = Raschirea (Peutinger map)**
Aratta = Errasiga/Eragiza (Peutinger & Ptolemy) = Al Khafsah ?

74.67 The(n)ggoubis/Tigubus 36.5
Θεγγουβίς
The(n)ggoubis
Theggoubis (Ptolemy) = Tigubus (Peutinger)
Acrabai (Ptolemy) = Hachob = Thagub =
= Tigubus (Peutinger) =
= Ichnae (Isidore of Charax) ?
Tigubus = Thigha = Hisza ?
Tigubus = Thigha = Hicha = Ichnae ?
[Note the positively-identified Balicha river here.]
=== Isidore of Charax ===
Ichnae, a Greek city, founded by the Macedonians: it is situated on the river Balicha
=== Tigubus ===
16 to Raschirea
16 to Habia
=== Ichnae ===
3 schoeni to Alagma
5 schoeni to Nicephorium, & the river Euphrates

Orthaga

"Όρθαγα ( ή Όργανα)
Orthaga (he Organa)
Orthaga (or Organa)
Orthagana = Hurzhagna = Huzajma ?
Longitude: 74+2/3 Latitude: 36

"Όρθαγα ( ή Όργανα)
Orthaga (he Organa)
Orthaga (or Organa)
Orthagana = Dikmen ??
Otho ("Right, correct" in Greek) = Dike- ("Just" in Turkish & Greek).
Longitude: 74+2/3 Latitude: 36

Eleia

Ἐληΐα = Eleia
Eleia = Herleiua = Narliova ?

Ἐληΐα = Eleia
Elijah = Elia* = Eleia ?
Elijah = Heleisha = Balouja** ?
* Form in the Vulgate Bible
** Turkish J is pronounced SH

Ζάμα
Zama
Zama = Zhama = Tel Hamees
Zama = Zaza = Jaza (11 miles SEE) ?
* Only if Option 2 is the correct one, on the Mesopotamia > N Tigris sequence.

76.33 Sinna/Sihinnus 36.67
Σίννα = Sinna
Sinna (Ptolemy) = Sihinnus (Peutinger)
Sihinnus = Snuny

77.33 Garbatha / Ad Pontem 36
Γόρβαθα ( ἢ Γάρβαθα )
Gorbatha (he Garbatha)
Gorbatha (or Garbatha)
Garbatha (Ptolemy) = Ad fontem (Peutinger)
Garbatha = Bahr* + Batha = Ain* + Phathe = Ain Fathia ?
Garbatha = Qabusiye (4 miles SWW) ?
Ad fontem* = Ad pontem** ?
* Means "A spring," in multiple languages.
** Means "bridge" in Latin, which makes no sense here.
18 to Zagurae
18 to Abdeae

76 Badausa/Abdeae 36
Δάβαυσα ( ἢ Βάδαυσα )
Dabausa (he Badausa)
Dabausa (or Badausa)
Badausa (Ptolemy) = Badausa = A Badausha = Abbadah = Abdeae (Ptolemy)
Badausa = A Badausha = Abbadah = Abbadan ?
18 Ad Pontem - But should be 28.
20 "Ad Fl.[uvium] Tigrin", then 35 to Hatris - But should be 30 "Ad Fl.[uvium] Tigrin", AND 35 to Hatris.

Bariana

77.33 Bariana 36
Βαρίανα = Bariana
Bariana = Vardia = Wardiya ?
Bariana = Bhariyatah = Sariyatak (6 miles W) ?
Strangely, this has the exact same coordinates as Garbatha, which is sometimes drawn to the East, sometimes to the West:

77.33 Bariana 36
Βαρίανα = Bariana
Bariana = Bara ?
Strangely, this has the exact same coordinates as Garbatha, which is sometimes drawn to the East, sometimes to the West:

Acrabai

Ακράβαι = Acrabai
Acrabai = Al Carade = Joubb el Kirade ?

73.17 Acrabai / Tigubus 35.83 ?
Ακράβαι = Acrabai
Acrabai = Alrabha = Alraqa (الرقة) ?

Ακράβαι
Acrabai
Acrabai = Ac-chraphali = Akçakale?

Aspadana

74 A(s/ph)phadana 35.5
Αφφαδάνα [perhaps should be Ασφαδάνα]
Aphphadana [perhaps should be Asphadana]
[Medieval map shows "Onsphadada;" another shows "aphadana"]
Asphadana = Assaphah = Saph-Saph-ah = As Safsafah ?
Asphadana = Assaphah = Saph-Saph-ah = Salsabiyah (8 miles NEE) ?
Note: One map places this West of the Chaboras river, but most maps' constellations show it east of there, in the vicinity of riparian "Chabora," though not so far east as here, almost to the Saocoras river.
Aratta = Risina (Ptolemaic Editor?) = ?

74 Asphadana ? 35.5
Ασφαδάνα = Asphadana
Asphadana = Hab-shadan = Dhab-Shiyan = Dabshiyah ?
Note: One map places this West of the Chaboras/Rhaboras river, but most maps' constellations show it east of there, in the vicinity of riparian "Chabora," though not so far east as here, almost to the Saocoras river.

Ῥέσαινα
Resaina
Resaina = Rouaiyane
Aratta = Risina/Ressaina (Ptolemy & Peutinger) =
= Navçeya Ebû Rasên ?

Πελιάλα = Peliala
Peliala = Haliawa = Aaloua ?

Alouanis

Αλουανίς = Alouanis = Alwanis
Alwanis = Al Hwah-nish = Al Haw-wish = Salis al Hawwash ?
Note: One map places this West of the Chaberos/Rhaboras river, but most maps' constellations show it east of there, in the vicinity of riparian "Chabora," though not so far east as here, almost to the Saocoras river.

᾿Αλουανίς = Alouanis
Alouanis = Aaloua ?

Bimatra

Βιμάτρα = Bimatra
Bimatra = Bahatchura = As* Baa Choura = Sabaa Skour ?
Bimatra = Bahatchura = As* Baa Choura = Sabaa Skour (4 miles SE)?
*A common prefix for a Mesopotamian city.

Βιμάτρα = Bimatra
Bimatra (Ptolemy) = Simitra (Peutinger) ?
Βιμάτρα = Al Buwaydh ?

Βιμάτρα = Bimatra
Bimatra = Bibalthera = Bab Alkher ?

Daremma

76.33 Daremma / Rene 35
Δάρεμμα = Daremma
Daremma (Ptolemy) = Rene (Peutinger)
Daremma = Arhema = Al Hemuh
Rene = Rhemeh = Al Hemer = Alhumur
Longitude: 76+1/3 Latitude: 35

Δάρεμμα = Daremma
Daremma (Ptolemy) = Thalama (Peutinger) ?
Daremma = Djarma = Jamma = Tell Jamaah ?
Daremma = Dharmia = Abou Hajar Chamiye (5 miles W) ?

On the Tigris

Deba/Baba

Δῆβα Deba
Deba (Ptolemy) = Baba (Peutinger) ?
Baba = Rabiah ?
19 to Thabeta
33 to Singara

Δῆβα = Deba
Deba (Ptolemy) = Baba (Peutinger)
Baba = Rabiah ?
19 to Thabeta
33 to Singara

76 Singara 37
Singara (Ptolemy) = Singara (Peutinger)
Singara = Sinjar
29 to Sihinnus ( when going around the mountain )
30 to Arcano
33 to Baba
21 to Zagurae

Scaphe

Σκάφη = Scaphe
Kutha* = Scutha = Scaphe
Kutha* = Scutha = Cutha* = Tell Uqair
* Site of an ancient ziggurat.
** On the Barrington Atlas

Σκάφη = Scaphe
Scaphe = Schaipheh = Shaihenia = Shaihemiyh ?
=== Alternatively ===
Apameia = Haphaimiya = Shahamiyeh = Shaihemiyh ?
Apameia = Haphaimiya = Shashamiyeh = Shusaymiyah ?
Susa* = Shusa = Shusaymiyah = Shaihemiyh ?
* Susa, the capital of King Ashuerus, in the Book of Esther. (Note city of "Essaouira" 32 miles NW.)

᾿Απάμεια = Apameia
᾿Απάμεια ὑφ᾿ ἣν ἡ τοῦ Βασιλείου ποταμοῦ πρὸς τὸν Τίγριν συμβολὴ ,
Apamedia hyph'en he tou Basileiou potamou pros ton Tigrin symbole,
Apameia, below which is the junction of the Royal River into the Tigris
Apameia = Haphaimiya = Shahamiyeh = Shaihemiyh ?
Apameia = Haphaimiya = Shashamiyeh = Shusaymiyah ?
=== Alternatively ===
Scaphe = Schaipheh = Shaihenia = Shaihemiyh ?
Susa* = Shusa = Shusaymiyah = Shaihemiyh ?
* Susa, the capital of King Ashuerus, in the Book of Esther. (Note city of "Essaouira" 32 miles NW.)

Assyria

Assyria
Ἡ Ασσυρία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων τῷ εἰρημένῳ τῆς Μεγάλης ᾿Αρμενίας μέρει παρὰ τὸν 15 Νιφάτην τὸ ὄρος, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Μεσοποταμία κατὰ τὸ ἐκτεθειμένον τοῦ Τίγριδος ποταμοῦ μέρος, ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας Σουσιανῇ κατὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Τίγριδος γραμμὴν μέχρι πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις μοῖραι . . . . . 84, 36
ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Μηδίας μέρει παρὰ τὴν ἐπιζευ γνύουσαν τὰ εἰρημένα δύο πέρατα γραμμὴν, ἐφ᾿ ἧς ἐστιν ὁ Χαβώρας τὸ ὄρος, οὗ τὰ πέρατα ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . 80, 39.5
The [region of] Assyria it is bordered on the north, by the aforesaid part of greater Armenia next to the Mt. Niphates; but on the west by Mesopotamia along the extended part of the Tigris River; but on the south by Susiana along the line from the Tigris until its end, which has location . . . . . 84, 36 ;
but on the east by the part of Media along the aforesaid line being shared at both ends, at which is Mt. Chaboras, whose ends has location . . . . . 80, 39.5 .

Lycos river

Lycos river
Λύκος = Lycos
Lycos = "Wolf" = "Dhib" (Arabic ذئب) = Zab river (زاب) ?
"Dhib" (Arabic ذئب) = ᾿Αδιαβηνή = Adiabene region??

Capros river

Capros river
Κάπρος
Capros
Capros = Altun Kupri (city)
Capros = "Wild Boar" = Domuz* = Mahouz ?
* Turkish
The coordinates for the headwaters of this river (39.5, 79) are very bad, so they were omitted.

Untitled Path

Gormos river

Gormos river
Γοργὸς
Gorgos
Possible Typo: Should be Γορμὸς
Gormos
Modern Little Zab river
=== Possible Origin ===
Garmotsh = Khurmanji (Kurdish dialect) ?
Garmotsh = Gormos river
Garmotsh = Garmoch = Garm(a/e)kan / Garmaig / Beth Garmai*
Garmotsh = Taza Khurmatu
Garmotsh = Jarmo neolithic site
Garmotsh = Garamah = Abu Ghuraib ?
Garmotsh = Garamah = Syed Ghraib ?
Garmotsh = Garamah = Muribat Garha ?
Alternatively . . .
Gorgos = Baba Gurgur ??
* A Sassanian province, also noted in the Barrington Atlas.
The coordinates for the headwaters of this river (38, 80.33) are very bad, so they were omitted.

Sillas River

Silla river
[This river is not in Ptolemy, but only in the Wikipedia article, below.]
Silla river = Diyala province & river
Silla river = Suhail = r kat alhaji suhayl* ?
Dzialla = Sillas = Sinsil ?
Dzialla = Sillas = Shira = Sharwain ?
Dzialla = Sillas = Shira = Jazira ?
Dzialla = Diyala = Jisr Diyala (at river mouth) ?
Dzialla = Diyala = Fudhaliyah ?
* Hajj Suhail's company" (ر كة الحاج سهيل).
=== Wikipedia on Artemita ===
Though its location is probably near to the confluence of the river Radānu to the Tigris, on a route along the Tigris northwest of Seleucia.[3] According to Isidore of Charax, it was crossed by the river Sillas (Diyala) and is located about ca. 90 km from Seleucia, and was already known since Tiglathpileser III in Assyrian cuneiform sources (second half of 8th century BCE) as Kār Aššur and later as Chalasar (Tabula Peutingeriana, Manî).

Upper Silla river

Regions

Arbelitis
Αρβηλῖτις = Arbelitis

Garamaioi
Γαραμαῖοι = Garamaioi = Garamaei
Garamaioi = Keramtis* = Karemlesh
* On Rumsey Historical map

Marda

Μάρδη = Marda
Based purely on coordinates, relative to surrounding cities, it is guessed to be here, under the lake.
=== Wikipedia on Mosul Dam ===
In 2010, following a massive drought, the ruins of an ancient palace were discovered in the reservoir. The palace, which is approximately 3,400 years old, is believed to have belonged to the Mitanni. The first excavation occurred in 2019 by a joint Kurdish-German team. The ruins include a terrace of mud bricks, walls as large as two meters high and two meters thick, wall paintings, and ten clay tablets covered in cuneiform.

Μάρδη = Marda
Marda = Nahrwan* ?
* On Rumsey Historical map
=== Uncertain: ===
Marda (Ptolemy) = Ha-Mihdha = Cymiha (Peutinger) ??
Cymiha = Cymihria = Cumhriyet
22 to Dyhanas - But should be 30.
20 to Zanferio - But should be 40.

Μάρδη = Marda
Marda = Mardz al-Achdar (1 mile SWW) ?
Marda = Malda = Maldaca = Semalkeh (3 miles NEE) ?
Note: Wrong side of the river.

Σαύαρα = Sauara
Sauara = Sawara = Dzawahja = Dawasah ?

77 Bessara 37.33
Βέσσαρα
Bessara
Bessara = Babirah

Belciana

77.5 Belciana 37
Βελκίανα = Belciana
Belciana = Bay-Belch = Baybukh

77.5 Belciana 37
Βελκίανα = Belciana
[A guess based solely on coordinates.]

Ninos

Νῖνος = Ninos*
Nineveh = Ninus ?
*Ninos (Mythology) = Nimrod (Genesis 10:11), as both are claimed to have been the founder of Nineveh.
Latitude: 36+2/3 - The site would be excellent, except that we'd expect a higher latitude, relative to the latitudes of the sites to its east. However it is still better, because its Sacada, to its S, is a better candidate than the other Ninus' Sacada.

Νῖνος
Ninos*
Ninus (Ptolemy) =
= Kalḫu/Calah (Genesis 10:11-12)
=== Same Person ===
Nimrod (Gen. 10:8-12) = Namios* = Ninos
* See website below
*Ninos (Mythology) = Nimrod (Genesis 10:11), as both are claimed to have been the founder of Nineveh.
Latitude: 36+2/3 - The site would be better, owing to its latitude, relative to the latitudes of the sites to its east. However it is worse, because its Sacada, to its S, is a worse candidate than the other Ninus' Sacada. built by Nimrod (Gen. 10:11-12)
=== Website ===
4) Naram-Suen (Naram-Sin, “Beloved of Sin”) becomes Nam-sinos (with disappearance of the weak medial -r- in the first element), which in turn becomes Nam-sios (with disappearance of medial -n- in the second element), and that becomes Namios (with elision of the medial -s- following m), then Nabios (with b exchanged for m).
=== Anne Catherine Emmerich 1:54 ===
Nemrod built Babylon, subjected the country around, and laid the foundation of the Babylonian Empire. Among his numerous children were Ninus and Derketo. The last-mentioned was honored as a goddess.

Sacada

Sacada = Azakat (لزاكة،) ?

Σάκαδα = Sacada
Sacada = Saf Al-Tooth (صف التوث،) ?
Sacada = Ala 'Adiah (4 miles E) ?
This site is best, even though nothing is here, because it is drawn on a highly convex promontory overlooking the river. Also note: The old course of the river would make it even more convex.

Oroba

Ὄροβα = Oroba
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = 'Ali Awah ?
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = Halawah (20 miles NE) ?
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = Halawah (30 miles SE) ?
Note: One medieval Ptolemaic map shows this inland (not on the Tigris), and in between the Lycos & Capros rivers, not east of them, as the others do.

Ὄροβα = Oroba
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = Halawah ?
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = 'Ali Awah (20 miles SW) ?
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = Halawah (36 miles S) ?
Note: One medieval Ptolemaic map shows this inland (not on the Tigris), and in between the Lycos & Capros rivers, not east of them, as the others do.

Ὄροβα = Oroba
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = Halawah ?
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = 'Ali Awah (20 miles NW) ?
Oroba = Ar Ava = Al Awa = Halawah (36 miles N) ?
Note: One medieval Ptolemaic map shows this inland (not on the Tigris), and in between the Lycos & Capros rivers, not east of them, as the others do.

Oroba = Ardab = Adaban = Adhirban ?
Oroba = Ardab = Al Dahab ( الذهب، = "Of Gold") ?

80 Thelde 36
Θέλδη = Thelde
Thelde (Ptolemy) = Thelfer (Peutinger)
Thelde = Aldor
Thelfer = Therfar Lake ? (37 miles SW)
Note that there is another Thelda west of here, on the Euphrates River, so 1 of these might not truly exist.
76 to Biturs
40 to the river, then more to Rhamma

80 Ctesiphon 35.5
Κτησιφών
Ctesiphon
=== Anne Catherine Emmerich ===
The first tongue, the mother tongue, spoken by Adam, Sem, and Noe, was different [from Heber's Heb rew], and it is now extant only in isolated dialects. Its first pure offshoots are the Zend, the sacred tongue of India, and the language of the Bac­trians. In those languages, words may be found exactly similar to the Low German of my native place. The book that I see in modern Ctesiphon, on the Tigris, is written in that language.

This option is better, because of the superior sites of:
Corcoura
Dosa - To which there is no equivalent in Option 2

Βήθαβα ἢ Βίθαβα
B(a/e)thaba he Bithaba
B(a/e)thaba or Bithaba
Bathaba = Batapha = Batifa ?

Δάρθα = Dartha
Dartha = Arsha = Arzah / Ariza ?
Dartha = Dah-ha = Dihe / Dehi ?

Ζίγιρα
Zigira
Zigira = Hakkâri tribe* or city ?
* Perhaps the tribe was formerly located further south.
Zigira = Zebare (2 miles N) ?

Δάρνα = Darna
Darna = Harene
Darna = Dazna* = Barzan (5 miles NNE) ?
*Form attested, on this map here (Page 198).
Latitude: 38+1/2 - Note: Obana should be a valley NE of Darna, however it is drawn SE of it, on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps

Obana

81 Obana 39
Ὄβανα = Obana
Obana = Bhandruh = Pendro ?
Latitude: 39 - It should be a valley NE of Darna, however it is drawn SE of it, on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps

81 Obana 39
Ὄβανα = Obana
Obana = Gar Obanda = Galye Bal(i)nda ?
Latitude: 39 - It should be a valley NE of Darna, however it is drawn SE of it, on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps

Κόρκουρα = Corcoura
Corcoura = Karikur ?

Δόσα = Dosa
Dosa = Dhosah = Khosaph = Khosaba

Βήθαβα ἢ Βίθαβα
B(a/e)thaba he Bithaba
B(a/e)thaba or Bithaba
Bathaba = Bhatabha = Hatarha = Hatarah ?
Bathaba = Bhadabha = Bhadarha = Badrya (2 miles NNW) ?

Dartha

Δάρθα = Dartha
Dartha = Dzarh-tcha = Dzah-cha = Al-Shikan?

Δάρθα = Dartha
Dartha = Dzar-tcha = (Old) Sharya ?
Dartha = Dara-tcha = Da-hu-cha = Da-Huka = Dihok (4 miles NNW)?

Dartha = Dara Too ?
Dartha = Daratu ?

Ζίγιρα

Ζίγιρα
Zigira
[Whether Zigira is Dur-Sharrukin is doubtful, depending on this Dur-Sharrukin' Ziggurat being what's meant by "Zigira." Also, although the placename Sharrukin correctly belongs here, eyt the official archaeological site is at Khorsabad, 14 miles SSW, so maybe the placename just migrated up to here, somehow.]
Ζίγιρα = Jacyrah = Acreh = Akrei ?
Ζίγιρα = Zeh-chare = Seri kale (2 miles NNE) ?
Ζίγιρα = Zighare = Zebari (2 miles N) ?

Zigira
[Whether Zigira is Dur-Sharrukin is doubtful, depending on this Dur-Sharrukin' Ziggurat being what's meant by "Zigira." Also, although the official archaeological site is here at Khorsabad, yet the placename Sharrukin matches up better with cities 14 miles NNE of here, so maybe the placename just migrated up to there, somehow.]
Zigira = Dur-Sharrukin Ziggurat ?
* Attested in the Middle Ages.
** Location of a Ziggurat:
=== Wikipedia on Dur-Sharrukin ===
"Fortress of Sargon"

[Whether Zigira is Dur-Sharrukin is doubtful, depending on this Dur-Sharrukin' Ziggurat being what's meant by "Zigira." Also, although the placename Sharrukin perhaps belongs here, yet the official archaeological site is at Khorsabad, 14 miles SSW, so maybe the placename just migrated up to here, somehow.]
Ζίγιρα = Zigira
Zigira = Ziggurat = Saraoun/Saraghoun* = Dur-Sharrukin** = Al-Shikhan ?
Zigira = Ziggurat = Saraoun/Saraghoun* = Dur-Sharrukin** = Sere Kani ?
* Attested in the Middle Ages.
** Location of a Ziggurat:
=== Wikipedia on Dur-Sharrukin ===
"Fortress of Sargon"

Darna

Δάρνα = Darna
Darna = Dhehrme = Behme (بێخمه‌) ?
Darna = Dharnua = Harhwa = Narwah (4 miles NW) ?
Latitude: 38+1/2 - Among the Option 2 choices, this site is best, because it is supposed to be at the same latitude as Thesara.
. Note also: Obana should be a valley NE of Darna, however it is drawn SE of it, on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps

Δάρνα = Darna
Darna = Bidarun* ?
Darna = Dore (6 miles NNW) ?
Latitude: 38+1/2 - Note: Obana should be a valley NE of Darna, however it is drawn SE of it, on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps

81 Obana 39
Ὄβανα = Obana
Obana = Heybanah = Bhaybenah-ha = Baybenawa ?
However, the coordinates for this site would have to be utterly wrong:
Latitude: 39 - It should be a valley NE of Darna, however it is drawn SE of it, on the Medieval Ptolemaic maps

Κόρκουρα = Corcoura
Corcoura = Chorchoura = Khorshura = Khorsabad
Corcoura =         Choura = Khorsh = Khorsabad

Thesara

Θησάρα
Thesara
2 possible etymologies:
Thesara = "Treasury", located at Sarun.*
Thresh + Sarun** = Thesara = Shreshma + Soran ?
* Thesa[u]ra is Greek for "Treasury." See bold text in Wikipedia article, below.
** Sarun is a very ancient namesake of the Sorani Kurds (See Wikipedia, below), so, if this is the correct site, then whencesoever the prefix "The-" came from, is anyone's guess, unless it came from Shreshma, 7 miles SWW, and the 2 were wrongly combined, on the map.
=== Possible Kaserin ===
Could also or instead be ancient "Kaser(e)in" (καϲερειν) see Tobit below, for this road is exactly at the gap by which one would emerge onto the plain of Ninevah when returning from--not Pseudo-Ecbatana, where Ecbatana is thought to be, but--Ecbatana outside Tehran:
Kaserin = Thesara = Soran ?
Kaserin = Kawrin District ?
Kaserin = Kawrin = Kawlin = Kawlokan ?
Kaserin = Sewin = (Bar)Zewa ?
Kaserin = Sewin = Barsirin ?
=== Wikipedia on Soran, Iraq ===
The Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II in 714 BC during his renowned Eighth Campaign conquered Soran, which he refers to it as Sarun, and sacked the temple and its treasury. Archaeological reconnaissance and excavations have revealed evidence for human occupation over the long duration of occupations with clear evidence of the region’s prosperity in the later Bronze and early Iron Age.
[Returning from Ecbatana & Rages in Media:] When they came near to Kaserin, which is opposite Nineveh, Raphael said, . . .

Θησάρα = Thesara
Thesara = "Treasury"* = Chazin** = Shushin ?
Thesara = "Treasury"* = Gunj** = Gunyazi (23 miles N) ?
* Greek for "Treasury." See bold text in Wikipedia article, below.
** In multiple Middle Eastern languages.
=== Wikipedia on Soran, Iraq ===
The Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II in 714 BC during his renowned Eighth Campaign conquered Soran, which he refers to it as Sarun, and sacked the temple and its treasury. Archaeological reconnaissance and excavations have revealed evidence for human occupation over the long duration of occupations with clear evidence of the region’s prosperity in the later Bronze and early Iron Age.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran,_Iraq#History

Θησάρα = Thesara
Thesara = Phesara = Bisur ?
Thesara = Dashar = Kani Dastar (16 miles NE) ?
Thesara = Sheseh = Shushin (13 miles SW) ?
* Sarun is a very ancient namesake of the Sorani Kurds (See Wikipedia, below), so, if this is the correct site, then whencesoever the prefix "The-" came from, is anyone's guess, unless it came from Shreshma, 7 miles SWW, and the 2 were wrongly combined, on the map.
=== Wikipedia on Soran, Iraq ===
The Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II in 714 BC during his renowned Eighth Campaign conquered Soran, which he refers to it as Sarun, and sacked the temple and its treasury. Archaeological reconnaissance and excavations have revealed evidence for human occupation over the long duration of occupations with clear evidence of the region’s prosperity in the later Bronze and early Iron Age.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran,_Iraq#History

Oroba = Roba = Rovia ?

Oroba = Orsaba = Khorsabad ?
** Location of a Ziggurat, xwhich could be Dur-Sharrukin (See below), and which could alternatively be, not Oroba but Zigira; however, the Latitude-Longitude would suggest that this is Oroba, and Zigira is at the other site, 14 miles NNE.
=== Wikipedia on Dur-Sharrukin ===
"Fortress of Sargon"

Δηγία = Degia
Degia (Ptolemy) = Dagneuana (Peutinger) ?
=== Likely Possibility #1 ===
Deggia(na)* = Dagneuana = Dhajniaba = Hajiawa ?
Deggia(na)* = Degia = Dhajiah = Hajiawa ?
Deggia(na)* = Degia = Dukan Lake (17 miles SE) ?
*Di-gamma (-gg-) is pronounced "-NG-", "-GN-", or "-GG-".
=== Remote Possibility #2 ===
Dagneuana = Dag ("Mountain") + Nwwana ??
Nwwana = Nwawa (10 miles NW)
Nwwana = Newa (7 miles NW)
Nwwana = Dwawa (8 miles NW)
Latitude: 38+1/6 - Should probably be 37+1/6
26 to Molchia - But should be 35.
15 to Flego(sa)na

Κωμόπολις = Comopolis
Comopolis = Choman ?
This location is indicated by the orientation to the surrounding cities of Thesaura & Degia, on this map, here.

Gaugemela

Γαυγάμηλα = Gaugemela
Gaugemela = Chaugam-hala = Qala-choghan* ?
*By reversal of the syllables.
=== Wikipedia on ===
The fighting took place in Gaugamela, which literally meant "The Camel's House", a village on the banks of the river Bumodus.

Γαυγάμηλα = Gaugemela
Gaugemela = "House of the Camel" [Gau-Camela] = Deve evi (in Turkish) = Debbane ?
If this is the location, then the battle must've been in the floodplain to the south, because it's recorded that Darius prepared the ground to enable chariot attacks, which wouldn't have been possible in the hilly terrain, up here.
=== Wikipedia on ===
The fighting took place in Gaugamela, which literally meant "The Camel's House", a village on the banks of the river Bumodus.

79.5 Gaugamela 37.25
Γαυγάμηλα = Gaugemela
Gaugemela = "House of the Camel" [Gau-Camela] = Shtr khanh (شتر خانه, in Persian) = Shekhanan
=== Wikipedia on ===
The fighting took place in Gaugamela, which literally meant "The Camel's House", a village on the banks of the river Bumodus.

79.5 Gaugamela 37.25
Γαυγάμηλα = Gaugamela
Gaugamela = "Camel* (English & Persian) = Chammah
But the coordinates would be totally wrong:

Sarbana

79 Sarbane 37
Σάρβηνα = Sarbana
Sarbana (Ptolemy) = Sarbane (Peutinger)
Sarbane = Sheikh* Shirwan (شيخ شيروان) ?
Sarbane = Corbin (4 miles N) (كوربان،) ?
This would be an excellent candidate, if it didn't have "Sheikh" written before it. The actual site might be in the floodplain, 2, or even 7-10 miles south, as there are 2 more cities also named "Sheikh Shirwan", down there.
10 to Nisibi
28 to Sapham

79 Sarbane 37
Σάρβηνα = Sarbana
Sarbana (Ptolemy) = Sarbane (Peutinger)
Sarbane = Kawraban
10 to Nisibi
28 to Sapham

79 Sarbane 37
Σάρβηνα = Sarbana
Sarbana (Ptolemy) (Peutinger)
Sarbane = Bajni = Bahzani

Αρβηλα = Arbela
Arbela = Erbil

Gomara

Γόμαρα
Gomara
[This site's coordinates are relative to the headwaters of the Gormos river, at 80.33, 38.]
Gomara = Kinara* = Kenaru** = Kinaru ?
Gomara = Gowara = Waras ?
Gomara = Gowara = Chwarta ?
Gomara = Gowara = Qala Chwalan ? Gomara = Gowara = Gowra = Goranga ??
Gomara = Gowara = Gowra = Goradem ??
* On 1922 Rumsey Historical map
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

Γόμαρα
Gomara
Gomara = Ghanara = Hanara (2 miles NW) ?
Gomara = Gowara = Gulak Gawrah (2 miles SE) ?

Γόμαρα
Gomara = Goma Tall (1 mile NW) ?
Gomara = Gowara = Bawaqopf Gawrah (1 mile SE) ?

Gomara = Cowarra = Korre ?
The heading from Arbela to here, is more correct, than that of the other site:

Phousiana

Φουσίανα
Phousiana
Phousiana = Bhouzian* = Bazian ?
Latitude: 37+2/3 - This latitude is relative to Degia's latitude (38.17), and so this site depends upon Degia's latitude actually being correct, and not 37.17.

Φουσίανα = Phousiana
Persiana = Phousiana (misspelled)
Persiana = Persia = Barozha ?
Latitude: 37+2/3 - This latitude is relative to Degia's latitude (38.17, or maybe perhaps 37.17), and this site depends upon Degia's latitude actually being 37.17, not what's technically written, namely 38.17.

Φουσίανα = Phousiana
Phousiana = Lewzha ?
Phousiana = Pshtashan (8 miles E) ?
Note proximity of coordinates to nearby Eisona:
Latitude: 37+2/3 This latitude is relative to Degia's latitude (38.17, or maybe perhaps 37.17), and this site depends upon Degia's latitude actually being 37.17, not what's technically written, namely 38.17.

Φουσίανα = Phousiana
Phousiana = Rhoujiana = Rowandiz* = Rawanduz ?
Latitude: 37+2/3 - This latitude is relative to Degia's latitude (38.17, or maybe perhaps 37.17), and this site depends upon Degia's latitude actually being 37.17, not what's technically written, namely 38.17.

Eisona (or Isonoa)

82.17 Eisona (or Isonoa) 37.33
Εἰσόνη (ἢ Ἰσονόη )
Eisona (he Isonoa)
Eisona (or Isonoa)
Eisona = Heusonah = Sewsenan ?
Latitude: 37+1/3 - This latitude is relative to Phousiana's latitude, which is in turn relative to Degia's latitude (38.17), and so this site depends upon Degia's latitude actually being correct, and not 37.17.

82.17 Eisona (or Isonoa) 37.33
Εἰσόνη (ἢ Ἰσονόη )
Eisona (he Isonoa)
Eisona (or Isonoa)
Eisona (Ptolemy) = (I/T)sumbo (Peutinger)?
Eisona = Esouna = Esewa ?
Latitude: 37+1/3 - This latitude is relative to Phousiana's latitude, which is in turn relative to Degia's latitude, and so this site depends upon Degia's latitude actually being incorrect, actually supposed to be 37.17, not what's written, namely, 38.17.

82.17 Eisona (or Isonoa) 37.33
Εἰσόνη (ἢ Ἰσονόη )
Eisona (he Isonoa)
Eisona = Enzana = Endza ?
Latitude: 37+1/3 - This latitude is relative to Phousiana's latitude, which is in turn relative to Degia's latitude, and so this site depends upon Degia's latitude actually being incorrect, actually supposed to be 37.17, not what's written, namely, 38.17.

Σούρα = Soura
Soura = Zarayan ?
Soura = Siyara (10 miles S) ?
Soura = Zaren (18 miles SSE) ?

Cha(i)tracharta

80.5 Cha(i)tracharta ? 36.17
᾿Αρτέμιτα
Artemita
81.25, 36
Χατράχαρτα ἢ Χαιτράχαρτα
Cha(i)tracharta
Artemita (Ptolemy, Peutinger, Isidore of Charax) =
= Chalasar = Chάhrachar =
= Cha(i)tracharta (Ptolemaic editor) ?
[The site is best, because it's exactly 15 schoeni (60 miles) from Seleucia.]
=== Cha(i)tracharta ===
Cha(i)tracharta = Cat-r + Khartana == R Kat* ( كة) + Kharnabat (خرنابات) ?
=== Silla river ===
Silla river = Diyala province & river
Silla river = Suhail = r kat alhaji suhayl* ?
* Hajj Suhail's company" (ر كة الحاج سهيل).
=== Artemita ===
Artemita = Chalasar = Abu Khanazir ?
Artemita = Chalasar = Khalis + Zwhraa ?
Artemita = Chalasar = Zar = Al-Zoor ?
Artemis = Diana** = Diyala region ?
**Roman form of the Greek name.
71 to C[t]esiphun
24 to Ch__arra
from Zeugma to Seleucia there are 171 schoeni.
From that place begins Apolloniatis, which extends 33 schoeni. It has villages, in which there are stations; and a Greek city, Artemita; through the midst of which flows the river Silla. To that place from Seleucia is 15 schoeni. But now the city is called Chalasar.
15 schoeni to Seleucia
33-15=18 schoeni to the end of the region of Apolloniatis
=== Wikipedia on Artemita ===
Though its location is probably near to the confluence of the river Radānu to the Tigris, on a route along the Tigris northwest of Seleucia.[3] According to Isidore of Charax, it was crossed by the river Sillas (Diyala) and is located about ca. 90 km from Seleucia, and was already known since Tiglathpileser III in Assyrian cuneiform sources (second half of 8th century BCE) as Kār Aššur and later as Chalasar (Tabula Peutingeriana, Manî).

80.5 Cha(i)tracharta 36.17
Χατράχαρτα ἢ Χαιτράχαρτα
Cha(i)tracharta
Cha(i)tracharta (Ptolemy) = Ch__arra* (Peutinger) ?
In at least one manuscript, the 2 halves of this lacuna are separated even vertically, suggesting that it may contain parts of not just 1, but 2 words, e.g,.
"CH  atra
ch   ARRA"
Chaitracharta = Chay-tr-Channa = Chay Khanah ?
Chaitracharta = Qarfa (8 miles SE) ?
* Perhaps a name for the town across the river, whose full name is "r kat alhaji suhayl" or "Hajj Suhail's company" (ر كة الحاج سهيل).
Latitude: 36+1/6 - This site is best because of its latitude, relative to that of Artemita, 30 miles east.

80.5 Cha(i)tracharta ? 36.17
Χατράχαρτα ἢ Χαιτράχαρτα
Cha(i)tracharta = Altyun Kopri* = Altun Kupri
Cha(i)tracharta = Kirkuk ??
* On Rumsey Historical map

80.5 Cha(i)tracharta ? 36.17
Cha(i)tracharta = Kirkuk ??

Apollonia

81.17 Apollonia 36.5
᾿Απολλωνία
Apollonia
Apollo(nia) = Aberluh = Amerli ?

81.17 Apollonia 36.5
᾿Απολλωνία = Apollonia
Apollos = Apholos = Abhorosh = Awbaruch = Awbarik
Belnar = Beramah = Baram Bag ?

᾿Απολλωνία = Apollonia
Apollonah (Ptolemy) = Polonar = Belnar (Peutinger) ?
Belnar = Beramah = Baram Bag ?
20 to Vica
30 to Siher

᾿Απολλωνία = Apollonia
Apollonia = Apollos = Palaz = Faraj Ways ?

Thaboura

Θηβούρα
Thaboura
Θηβάργα
Thebarga
Ζέγρου πύλαι
Zagros Gates
84.5, 37
Zagros Gates (Ptolemy) =
Thebarga = (Ptolemy) =
= Thaboura (Ptolemy)
Thaboura = Thavula = Darbandikhan ?
Thaboura = Thavula = Aobar/Aawbar Village ?
Thaboura = Thavula = Tawilaga ?
* Darband is a Persian word that translates to "door of the mountain"

Θηβούρα = Thaboura
Thaboura = Thavula = Tawilaga ?

Θηβούρα = Thaboura
Thaboura = Dhavura = Dawra ?

83 Harrapa 36.5
῎Αῤῥαπα = Harrapa
Harrapa = Halabja
Harrapa = Halabjai Taza (19 miles NW, also a candidate for Soura) ?

Cinna

Κίννα = Cinna
Cinna = Neyesaneh?
Cinna[mon] = Darchean (Persian دارچین) = Sharekan (3 miles E) (شرکان) ?
Cinna[mon] = Darchean (Persian دارچین) = Sheykhan (3 miles S)?
Cinna[mon] = Darchean (Persian دارچین) = Daryan (7 miles E) ?

Κίννα = Cinna
Cinna = Zhenin ?
Cinna = Zhan (3 miles NE) (ژان،) ?

Κίννα = Cinna
Cinna = Genani ?

Cinna = Sanandaj ?

Artemita

81.25 Artemita 36
᾿Αρτέμιτα
Artemita
81.25, 36
[Note that there is another Artemita up at Lake Urmia, near Salmas, 300 miles N, at Ptolemaic coordinates 78.67, 40.5.]
Artemita (Ptolemy, Peutinger, Isidore of Charax) =
= Chalasar = Chάhrachar =
= Cha(i)tracharta (Ptolemaic editor) ?
[The site is best, because it's exactly 15 schoeni (60 miles) from Seleucia.]
=== Cha(i)tracharta ===
Cha(i)tracharta = Cat-r + Khartana == R Kat* ( كة) + Kharnabat (خرنابات) ?
=== Silla river ===
Silla river = Diyala province & river
Silla river = Suhail = r kat alhaji suhayl* ?
* Hajj Suhail's company" (ر كة الحاج سهيل).
=== Artemita ===
Artemita = Chalasar = Abu Khanazir ?
Artemita = Chalasar = Khalis + Zwhraa ?
Artemita = Chalasar = Zar = Al-Zoor ?
Artemis = Diana** = Diyala region ?
**Roman form of the Greek name.
71 to C[t]esiphun
24 to Ch__arra
from Zeugma to Seleucia there are 171 schoeni.
From that place begins Apolloniatis, which extends 33 schoeni. It has villages, in which there are stations; and a Greek city, Artemita; through the midst of which flows the river Silla. To that place from Seleucia is 15 schoeni. But now the city is called Chalasar.
15 schoeni to Seleucia
33-15=18 schoeni to the end of the region of Apolloniatis
=== Wikipedia on Artemita ===
Though its location is probably near to the confluence of the river Radānu to the Tigris, on a route along the Tigris northwest of Seleucia.[3] According to Isidore of Charax, it was crossed by the river Sillas (Diyala) and is located about ca. 90 km from Seleucia, and was already known since Tiglathpileser III in Assyrian cuneiform sources (second half of 8th century BCE) as Kār Aššur and later as Chalasar (Tabula Peutingeriana, Manî).

81.25 Artemita ? 36
᾿Αρτέμιτα = Artemita
Artemita (Ptolemy) = Artemita (Peutinger) = Artemita (Isidore of Charax)
Artemita = Chalasar = Khilanih ?
Artemis = Diana* = Diyan ?
Artemis = Diana* = As Sa'diyah ?
*Roman form of the Greek name.
71 to C[t]esiphun
24 to Ch__arra
from Zeugma to Seleucia there are 171 schoeni.
From that place begins Apolloniatis, which extends 33 schoeni. It has villages, in which there are stations; and a Greek city, Artemita; through the midst of which flows the river Silla. To that place from Seleucia is 15 schoeni. But now the city is called Chalasar.
15 schoeni to Seleucia
33-15=18 schoeni to the end of the region of Apolloniatis
=== Wikipedia on Lake Hamrin ===
In the late 1970s, prior to the flooding of the lake, several archaeological sites in the flood plain were excavated. Excavations were led by various international organisations, such as the British Archaeological Expedition, as well as the Iraqi State Organisation for Antiquities and Heritage. Sites excavated include the Ubaid period sites of Tell Abada, Tell Madhur, Tell Saadiya, Tell Rubeidheh, Tell Rashid and Tell Haizalun.[2] The Hamrin sites probably shared a localised form of the Ubaid culture and possibly operated as one administrative unit based out of Tell Abada

Sittace

82 Sittace 35.5
Σιττάκη = [P]Sittace
Sittace = "Parrot" = Pepxan*/Papağan**/Babagha'*** = Baba Guyi
* Kurdish (Kurmanji)
** Turkish
*** Arabic

82 Sittace ? 35.5
Σιττάκη = Sittace
Sittace (Ptolemy) = Siher (Peutinger) ?
Siher = Shichel = Shakal
30 to Belnar
24 to Concon

82 Sittace ? 35.5
Σιττάκη = Sittace
Sittace = Sartak ?

Babylonia

Babylonia
Ἡ Βαβυλωνία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Μεσοποταμίᾳ κατὰ τὸ ἐκτεθειμένον τοῦ Εὐφράτου μέρος, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Αραβίᾳ κατὰ τὴν εἰρημένην ὀρεινὴν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Σουσιανῇ παρὰ τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ Τίγριδος μέρος μέχρι τῶν εἰς τὸν Περ- 10 σικὸν κόλπον ἐκβολῶν , αἱ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . . . 80.5, 31 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῷ ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Αραβίᾳ πέρας τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου μυχῷ.
The [region of] Babylonia is bordered on the north, by Mesopotamia, along the extended part of the Euphrates; but on the west, by Arabia Deserta, along the aforesaid border; but on the east by Susiana along the remaining part of the Tigris until the [its] outflows into the Persian Gulf which have location . . . . . 80.5, 31 ;
but on the south by the inlet of the Persian Gulf from here all the way to its end next to Arabian Deserta.

Babylonia
Ἡ Βαβυλωνία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Μεσοποταμίᾳ κατὰ τὸ ἐκτεθειμένον τοῦ Εὐφράτου μέρος, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Αραβίᾳ κατὰ τὴν εἰρημένην ὀρεινὴν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν Σουσιανῇ παρὰ τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ Τίγριδος μέρος μέχρι τῶν εἰς τὸν Περ- 10 σικὸν κόλπον ἐκβολῶν , αἱ ἐπέχουσι μοίρας . . . . . 80.5, 31 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῷ ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ τῇ Ἐρήμῳ Αραβίᾳ πέρας τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου μυχῷ.
The [region of] Babylonia is bordered on the north, by Mesopotamia, along the extended part of the Euphrates; but on the west, by Arabia Deserta, along the aforesaid border; but on the east by Susiana along the remaining part of the Tigris until the [its] outflows into the Persian Gulf which have location . . . . . 80.5, 31 ;
but on the south by the inlet of the Persian Gulf from here all the way to its end next to Arabian Deserta.r

Euphrates
[See also the Maarsares river's description.]
Η τοῦ Εὐφράτου θέσις, καθ᾽ ἣν σχίζεται 15 εἴς τε τὸν διὰ Βαβυλῶνος ρέοντα καὶ τὸν διὰ Σελευκείας , ὧν ὁ μεταξὺ καλεῖται Βασίλειος ποταμὸς
[οὗ θέσις τῆς ἐκτροπῆς μοίρας ] . . . 79       35+2/3.
He tou thesis, kath'hen schidezetai 15 eis te ton dia Babylonos reonta kai ton dia Seleuceias, hon ho metaxu caleitai Basileios potamos
[Hou thesis tes ektropes moiras] . . . 79       35+2/3.
"The location of the Euphrates River wherein it is divided into both that flowing through Babylon and that flowing's through Seleuceia, of which cities the between-river is named the 'Royal River.'"
[whose location of the winding part is] . . . 79       35+2/3.

Ancient Tigris

Ancient Tigris
The ancient Tigris River was far west of its modern location, based on
the surrounding Sumerian sites
this map here.
In fact, the Sumerian Tigris River may have been even further west, than in Roman times, even closer to the Sumerian sites.

Maarsares river

Maarsares river
Μααρσάρης
Maarsares
Major Confutation
Ptolemy lists 2 conflicting pieces of evidence as to the location of the Maarsares river.
- As the Euphrates' West branch - Ptolemy lists two far-western cities of Barsita and Ouolgaisia as "close to the Maarsares river" (πρὸς δὲ τῷ Μααρσάρῃ ποταμῷ).
- As the Euphrates' East branch - In Texts 1 & 2 below, Ptolemy describes 3 branches of the Euphrates, from which it can be deduced that the 1 of the 3 branches of the Euphrates named Maarsares, is not the one flowing through Babylon, nor the one flowing between Babylon and Seleuceia, but another one which runs into the Tigris.
Text 1: - Just listing the 2 (not 3!) branches flowing into the Tigris, and an additional marshland:
Διαῤῥέουσι δὲ τὴν χώραν ὅ τε Βασίλειος ποταμὸς, [καὶ] ὁ διὰ τῆς Βαβυλῶνος ρέων, καὶ ὁ καλούμενος Μααρσάρης,
ὃς τῷ μὲν Εὐφράτῃ συμβάλλει κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . . 78+1/3       35+2/3.
ὁ δὲ διὰ Βαβυλῶνος, [ὃς καλεῖται ὁ Βασίλειος ποταμὸς]* , συνάπτων . . . 79       34+11/12.
ποιοῦσι δὲ οἱ ποταμοὶ οὗτοι καὶ αἱ ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐκτροπαὶ λίμνας καὶ ἕλη, ὧν καὶ αὐτῶν
τὸ μεταξὺ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . 78+1/2       34+1/2.
Diarreousi de ten choran ὅ te Basίleios potamὸs, [kaὶ] ho dia tῆs Babylonos reōn, kaὶ ho kaloύmenos Maarsάrīs,
hos to men Eὐphrάte symbάllei kata thesin epechoysan moίras . . . . 78+1/3       35+2/3.
ho de dia Babylonos, [hos kaleitai ho Basίleios potamὸs]*, synάptōn . . . 79       34+11/12.
poiousi de oἱ potamoὶ outoi kaὶ aἱ ἀp᾿ aὐton ektropaὶ lίmnas kaὶ helī, hon kaὶ aὐton
tὸ metaxὺ epechei moίras . . . . 78+1/2       34+1/2.
There divides the land the Royal River, [and] the one through Babylon flowing, and the one called "of Maarsάra"
which joins the Euphrates at a position having location 78+1/3       35+2/3.
But the one through Babylon [which is called the Royal River]*, is joining at 79       34+11/12.
But these rivers, and also those flowing out from them make lakes and marshes, whose
* The purple square-bracket insertion was clearly meant to prevent people from concluding what would've been the natural implication of the larger sentence, namely that the entire Euphrates, even its westernmost branch, flows into the Tigris at the accompanying location-coordinate. Instead, the insertion is suggesting, that merely the middle & eastern branches, i.e, the respective "Royal" & Maarsares rivers, flow into the Euphrates. The Medieval maps obviously discounted this implication of this insertion, and, in light of the 4 red texts above, drew the entire Euphrates, even its westernmost branch, as here flowing into the Tigris.
Text 2:
Η τοῦ Εὐφράτου θέσις, καθ᾽ ἣν σχίζεται 15 εἴς τε τὸν διὰ Βαβυλῶνος ρέοντα καὶ τὸν διὰ Σελευκείας , ὧν ὁ μεταξὺ καλεῖται Βασίλειος ποταμὸς
[οὗ θέσις τῆς ἐκτροπῆς μοίρας ] . . . 79       35+2/3.
He tou thesis, kath'hen schidezetai 15 eis te ton dia Babylonos reonta kai ton dia Seleuceias, hon ho metaxu caleitai Basileios potamos
[Hou thesis tes ektropes moiras] . . . 79       35+2/3.
"The location of the Euphrates River wherein it is divided into both that flowing through Babylon and that flowing through Seleuceia, of which cities the between-river is named the 'Royal River.'"
[whose location of the winding part is] . . . 79       35+2/3.
=== Proposed Solution ===
Everything is fixed, . . . if the 4 red texts above were inserted subsequently, and were not written by Ptolemy.
only 2 of the 3 branches of the Euphrates empty into the Tigris, thus preserving the entire Euphrates River;
the swamp described last of all in Text 1, receiving the overflow of the Maarsares and Royal rivers, now correctly finds itself on the East side of Babylonia, near where they were just described as joining the Tigris River, and right where a flood would deposit their overflows, rather than bizarrely unrelatedly on the west side, presumably near Erech/Uruk/Orchoe.
=== Consequences ===
The medieval Ptolemaic maps are wrong . . .
to show the Maarsares as the westernmost branch (which is even directly contradicted by the in green words above);
to show the Euphrates therefore prematurely ending, with its westernmost-branch-and-all pouring fully into the Tigris, in the vicinity of Babylon & Ctesiphon.

Διαῤῥέουσι δὲ τὴν χώραν ὅ τε Βασίλειος ποταμὸς, [καὶ] ὁ διὰ τῆς Βαβυλῶνος ρέων, καὶ ὁ καλούμενος Μααρσάρης,
ὃς τῷ μὲν Εὐφράτῃ συμβάλλει κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . . 78+1/3       35+2/3.
ὁ δὲ διὰ Βαβυλῶνος, [ὃς καλεῖται ὁ Βασίλειοςποταμὸς] , συνάπτων . . . 79       34+11/12.
ποιοῦσι δὲ οἱ ποταμοὶ οὗτοι καὶ αἱ ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐκτροπαὶ λίμνας καὶ ἕλη, ὧν καὶ αὐτῶν
τὸ μεταξὺ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . 78+1/2       34+1/2.
Diarreousi de ten choran ὅ te Basίleios potamὸs, [kaὶ] ho dia tῆs Babylonos reōn, kaὶ ho kaloύmenos Maarsάrīs,
hos to men Eὐphrάte symbάllei kata thesin epechoysan moίras . . . . 78+1/3       35+2/3.
ho de dia Babylonos, [hos kaleitai ho Basίleios potamὸs] , synάptōn . . . 79       34+11/12.
poiousi de oἱ potamoὶ outoi kaὶ aἱ ἀp᾿ aὐton ektropaὶ lίmnas kaὶ helī, hon kaὶ aὐton
tὸ metaxὺ epechei moίras . . . . 78+1/2       34+1/2.
There divides the land the Royal River, and the one through Babylon flowing, and the one called "of Maarsάra"
which joins the Euphrates at a position having location 78+1/3       35+2/3.
But the one through Babylon [which is called the Royal River* ], is joining at 79       34+11/12.
But these rivers, and also those flowing out from them make lakes and marshes, whose

Old Nahrwan canal

Canals

Old Nahrwan Canal
Best viewable on GoogleEarth 12/1996 historical imagery.
See Barrington Atlas for even further extent, at both ends, extending even to Samarra, to the NW, and Nu'maniyah, to the SE.

Old Nahrwan Canal
* On 1861 Rumsey Historical map

Rivers

river

Lakes

Lake
Best viewable on GoogleEarth 12/1996 historical imagery.

Lake

Strophades swamps
Στρόφας (ἢ Στροφάδας)
Strophas (he Strophadas)
Stroph(ad)as
τὰ ἕλη
Ta hela
"The swamps"

Royal river

Royal river
Βασίλειος ποταμὸς
Basileios potamos
Royal River
[See Maarsares river for extensive discussion.]
The site of Alexandria may be the etymological source of Isidore of Charax's Narmalkan river: "Then Neapolis [modern Fallujah] by the Euphrates, 22 schoeni. From that place those leaving the Euphrates and passing through Narmalchan come to Seleucia on the Tigris, 9 schoeni. To this place [extend] Mesopotamia and Babylonia." Hence:
Alexandria* = Nahr** + Alachan = Narmalkan* = Nahr** + Malchan = Bhalagah = Al-Fallujah ?
Indeed, it would make sense that the "Royal River" would be the river of Alexander the Great.

Nērebtum ?
Nērebtum = Nahrawan ?

Khafajah / Tutub

N Swamp
Theorized, based upon elevation profiles.
Drawn relative to Orchoe.
Στρόφας (ἢ Στροφάδας)
Strophas (he Strophadas)
Stroph(ad)as
τὰ ἕλη
Ta hela
"The swamps"

S Swamp
Drawn relative to Orchoe.
Στρόφας (ἢ Στροφάδας)
Strophas (he Strophadas)
Stroph(ad)as
τὰ ἕλη
Ta hela
"The swamps"

Stropha(da)s swamp

Lakes & Swamps

78.5 Lakes & marshes 34.5
These "lakes and marshes" are not drawn on the medieval Ptolemaic maps, but they are clearly indicated by the red coordinates below
Διαῤῥέουσι δὲ τὴν χώραν ὅ τε Βασίλειος πο- 15 ταμὸς, [καὶ] ὁ διὰ τῆς Βαβυλῶνος ξέων, καὶ ὁ καλούμενος Μααρσάρης,
ὃς τῷ μὲν Εὐφράτῃ συμβάλλει κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . . 78+1/3       35+2/3.
ὁ δὲ διὰ Βαβυλῶνος, [ὃς καλεῖται ὁ Βασίλειοςποταμὸς] , συνάπτων . . . 79       34+11/12.
ποιοῦσι δὲ οἱ ποταμοὶ οὗτοι καὶ αἱ ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐκτροπαὶ λίμνας καὶ ἕλη, ὧν καὶ αὐτῶν
τὸ μεταξὺ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . 78+1/2       34+1/2.
Diarreousi de ten choran ὅ te Basίleios potamὸs, [kaὶ] ho dia tῆs Babylonos reōn, kaὶ ho kaloύmenos Maarsάrīs,
hos to men Eὐphrάte symbάllei kata thesin epechoysan moίras . . . . 78+1/3       35+2/3.
ho de dia Babylonos, [hos kaleitai ho Basίleios potamὸs] , synάptōn . . . 79       34+11/12.
poiousi de oἱ potamoὶ outoi kaὶ aἱ ἀp᾿ aὐton ektropaὶ lίmnas kaὶ helī, hon kaὶ aὐton
tὸ metaxὺ epechei moίras . . . . 78+1/2       34+1/2.
There divides the land the Royal River, and the one through Babylon flowing, and the one called "of Maarsάra"
which joins the Euphrates at a position having location 78+1/3       35+2/3.
But the one through Babylon [which is called the Royal River* ], is joining at 79       34+11/12.
But these rivers, and also those flowing out from them make lakes and marshes, whose

By the Tigris

79 Bibla ? 34
Βίβλη = Bibla
Bibla = Budara = Al Budayr ?

Batracharta

79.67 Batracharta 32.67
Βατραχάρτα = Batracharta
Batracharta = Bait Karim

79.67 Batracharta 32.67
Βατραχάρτα = Batracharta
Batracharta = Shatrah ?

Thalatha

80 Thalatha ? 32.17
Θαλάθα = Thalatha
Thalatha = Tharahia = Thuraya ?
Thalatha = Hal-Hatha = Al-Satha = Al 'Asaf ?
Thalatha = Beginning of an inland "Sea" / marsh * ?
* - Θαλάσσα = Thalassa = "Sea"

80 Thalatha ? 32.17
Θαλάθα = Thalatha
Thalatha = Charapha = Gharraf

80 Thalatha ? 32.17
Θαλάθα = Thalatha
Thalatha = Tharapha = Albu Tarfa

Αλθα
Altha
Altha = Al-Hartha ?
Altha = Halpha = Shalphe = Shafi (25 miles NW) ?
Altha = Haltha = Naltha = Malha (45 miles NWW) ?
I suspect that the index wrongly switched Cheripha & Altha, and that Altha is in fact the southern city, not Cheripha, as Ptolemy indicates.

80 Tereedoon 31.17
Τερηδών
Tereedoon
80, 31.17
Ταρείανα
Tareiana
82, 32.5
Tareiana (Ptolemy) = Tereedoon (Ptolemaic Revision*) ?
* The one whose coordinates put it near the coast, would be the later revision. However, it's disputable which set of coordinates is near the coast, as for Tereedoon, the latitude 31.17 is more coastal, viewed as facing Northwest; while for Tareiana the longitude 82 is more coastal, facing due North.
The fact that the linguistic names seem to put Tareiana more inland, suggests that Ptolemy was originally thinking of North as actual Northwest, so that Tareiana would be on the same parallel as the Mozian mouth; where is the later Ptolemaic revision author correctly knew that North was due North.
Tereedoon = Tariqehoun = Darkhoveyn ?
Tereedoon = Tereet = Daurat al Qaiwain = Daura'Quwein = Darkhoveyn ?
Tereedoon = Talareh ?
I suspect that the index wrongly switched Cheripha & Altha, and that Altha is in fact the southern city, not Cheripha, as Ptolemy indicates.

By the Euphrates

Ἰδικάρα = Idicara
Idicara = Al Djechaira = Abu Zukhayer ?

Douraba

77.67 Douraba 34
Δούραβα = Douraba
Douraba = Al Dulab ?

77.67 Douraba 34
Δούραβα = Douraba
Douraba = Dayrat ar Rih ?
Douraba = Dulaimiya (8 miles W) ?

Θάκκονα = Thaccona
Thaccona = 'Ain Dakhnah

Thelbegcana

78.5 Thelbegcana ? 35.5
Θελβεγκάνη
Thelbegcana
[Major archaeological site here.]
Thelbegcana (Ptolemy) = Besechana (Isidore of Charax) ??
Thelbegcana = Phillacatha* = Pallgutha* = Fallujah ?
Thelbegcana = Phillaghath* = Pallagath* = Falahat ?
Thelbegcana = Halbachah = Halabasha = Halabsa ?
* See Wikipedia, below
=== Wikipedia on Fallujah ===
The current name of the city is thought to come from its Syriac name, Pallgutha, which is derived from the word division or "canal regulator" since it was the location where the water of the Euphrates River divided into a canal. Classical authors cited the name as "Pallacottas"

78.5 Thelbegcana ? 35.5
Θελβεγκάνη = Thelbegcana
Thelbegcana = Al Bachana = Bachtada* = Baghdad ?
* See Wikipedia, below
[The site is worse, because in order for Mesopotamia to extend south to the "Platforms of Hercules," this site would technically be in Mesopotamia, rather than Babylonia.]
=== Wikipedia on Baghdad ===
Baghdad was founded on 30 July 762 CE [A.D.].

78.5 Thelbegcana ? 35.5
Θελβεγκάνη = Thelbegcana
Thelbegcana = Thallab = Gharrab = Abu Gharaib ?

Seleuceia

79.33 Seleuceia city 35.67
Σελεύκεια πόλις
Seleuceia polis
Seleuceia city
Seleuceia (Ptolemy) = Seleucia (Isidore of Charax)
Seleuceia = Alexandria
Seleuceia = Selchiah = Jurf (al-)Sakhar = (12 miles NWW) ?
Seleuceia = Seleuciah = Shirukuh = Dour as Shirka (12 miles NE) ? ?
=== Why this is the correct site ===
It is amazing to me that a city named Alexandria would have no ancient roots, appearing neither on Ptolemaic maps, nor even upon the Barrington Atlas. More probably, It WAS on the Ptolemaic maps, just by another name; the name was probably changed later on, maybe even multiple times, due to dynastic considerations.
Furthermore, the "royal river" from Babylon to Seleuceia, passes by this location here, not really by the other location, 12 miles NE. See further discussion, below.
The site of Alexandria may be the etymological source of Isidore of Charax's Narmalkan river: "Then Neapolis [modern Fallujah] by the Euphrates, 22 schoeni. From that place those leaving the Euphrates and passing through Narmalchan come to Seleucia on the Tigris, 9 schoeni. To this place [extend] Mesopotamia and Babylonia." Hence:
Alexandria* = Nahr** + Alachan = Narmalkan* = Nahr** + Malchan = Bhalagah = Al-Fallujah ?
Indeed, it would make sense that the "Royal River" would be the river of Alexander the Great.
The above quote of Isidore of Charax places Seleucia on the frontiers of "Mesopotamia and Babylonia," i.e, the province furthest West, not at the standard location of Seleucia which would be on the frontiers of Mesopotamia and Assyria, i.e, the province furthest east.
See the "Diversion" pin, just northwest of here, for further evidence for why this western site, closer to the Euphrates' point of diversion, is the better site for Seleuceia.
Notice that the longitude here (79.33) would put it on the WESTERN side of the Mesopotamian Valley, nearer to Babylon (Longitude 79), not on the Eastern side, nearer to Catesiphon (Longitude 80).
=== Against the Official, competing theory ===
Note that the accepted location for Seleucid is 17 miles NNE. I am not convinced of this, as proof of the city from tax receipts bearing the name "Seleucia" (See Wikipedia below) could, in my opinion, be a demonstration of DEPENDENCE upon Seleucia, rather than identification of the city itself, because people usually keep a receipt in their home town, rather than taking it BACK to the one who issued it (at the capital).
=== For the Official, competing theory ===
Isador of Charax describes it as "Seleucia, which is on the Tigris".
=== Wikipedia on Seleucia ===
The site of Seleucia was rediscovered in the 1920s by archaeologists looking for Opis.[8]
Beginning in 1927, University of Michigan professors Leroy Waterman (1927–1932) and Clark Hopkins (1936–1937) oversaw excavations for the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology on behalf of the American School of Oriental Research of Baghdad with funds supplied by the Toledo Museum of Art and the Cleveland Museum of Art. [9] [10] [11] Finds included many coins, mostly bronze, salt receipts with the name of Seleucia, a blue glazed incense burner, now in the Baghdad museum, a stele inscribed in Greek, numerous beads, metal objects including weights and surgeons instruments, and one pre-Sargonic brick.[12] From 1964 to 1968 and then between 1985 and 1989, an Italian mission from the University of Turin directed by Antonio Invernizzi and Giorgio Gullini excavated at the site. They found a Seleucid archive building with about 30,000 seal impressions, all in a fully Greek style. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
9 schoeni, thru the river Narmalchan, to Neapolis
33 schoeni, thru the entire Apolloniatis region
15 schoeni to Artemita, in that region

Diversion
===2 possibilities ===
An ἐκτροπῆς of the Euphrates is listed at coordinates just west of Seleucia. Now ἐκτροπῆς is either translated . . .
"Winding" - in which case there must be lots of river-bends just west of Seleucia; or
"Diversion" - in which case the EUPHRATES ITSELF gets partially diverted just west of Seleucia, which would imply that the correct site for Seleucia is modern Alexandria, since that is further west, closer to the point where the Euphrates might divert.
Η τοῦ Εὐφράτου θέσις, καθ᾽ ἣν σχίζεται 15 εἴς τε τὸν διὰ Βαβυλῶνος ρέοντα καὶ τὸν διὰ Σελευκείας , ὧν ὁ μεταξὺ καλεῖται Βασίλειος ποταμὸς
[οὗ θέσις τῆς ἐκτροπῆς μοίρας ] . . . 79       35+2/3.
He tou thesis, kath'hen schidezetai 15 eis te ton dia Babylonos reonta kai ton dia Seleuceias, hon ho metaxu caleitai Basileios potamos
[Hou thesis tes ektropes moiras] . . . 79       35+2/3.
"The layout of the Euphrates River according to which it is divided into both that flowing through Babylon and that flowing's through Seleuceia, of which cities the between-river is named the 'Royal River.'"
[whose location of the winding/diverting part is] . . . 79       35+2/3.

79.33 Seleuceia city 35.67
Σελεύκεια πόλις
Seleuceia polis
Seleuceia city
Seleuceia = Seleuciah = Shirukuh = Dour as Shirka ?
Seleuceia = Alexandria* (12 miles SW) ?
* It is amazing to me that a city named Alexandria would have no ancient roots, appearing neither on Ptolemaic maps, nor even upon the Barrington Atlas.
Notice that the longitude below would put it on the WESTERN side of the Mesopotamian Valley, nearer to Babylon (Longitude 79), not on the Eastern side, nearer to Catesiphon (Longitude 80). Another piece of evidence for it being on the western side of the valley is that Ptolemy speaks of . . .
"The layout of the Euphrates River according to which it is divided into both that flowing through Babylon and that flowing's through Solutia, of which cities the between-river [canal?] is named the 'Royal River.'"
Note that the accepted location for Seleucid is 17 miles NNE. I am not convinced of this, as proof of the city from tax receipts bearing the name "Seleucia" (See Wikipedia below) could, in my opinion, be a demonstration of DEPENDENCE upon Seleucia, rather than identification of the city itself, because people usually keep a receipt in their home town, rather than taking it BACK to the one who issued it (at the capital).
=== Wikipedia on Seleucia ===
The site of Seleucia was rediscovered in the 1920s by archaeologists looking for Opis.[8]
Beginning in 1927, University of Michigan professors Leroy Waterman (1927–1932) and Clark Hopkins (1936–1937) oversaw excavations for the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology on behalf of the American School of Oriental Research of Baghdad with funds supplied by the Toledo Museum of Art and the Cleveland Museum of Art. [9] [10] [11] Finds included many coins, mostly bronze, salt receipts with the name of Seleucia, a blue glazed incense burner, now in the Baghdad museum, a stele inscribed in Greek, numerous beads, metal objects including weights and surgeons instruments, and one pre-Sargonic brick.[12] From 1964 to 1968 and then between 1985 and 1989, an Italian mission from the University of Turin directed by Antonio Invernizzi and Giorgio Gullini excavated at the site. They found a Seleucid archive building with about 30,000 seal impressions, all in a fully Greek style. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

Seleucia ?
Accepted site.

Bends ?
===2 possibilities ===
An ἐκτροπῆς of the Euphrates is listed at coordinates just west of Seleucia. Now ἐκτροπῆς is either translated . . .
"Winding" - in which case there must be lots of river-bends just west of Seleucia; or
"Diversion" - in which case the EUPHRATES ITSELF gets partially diverted just west of Seleucia, which would imply that the correct site for Seleucia is modern Alexandria, since that is further west, closer to the point where the Euphrates might divert.
"The layout of the Euphrates River according to which it is divided into both that flowing through Babylon and that flowing's through Seleuceia, of which cities the between-river is named the 'Royal River.'"
[whose location of the winding/diverting part is] . . . 79       35+2/3.

By the Royal River

Babylon

79 Babylon 35
Βαβυλών = Babylon
=== Babel ===
The descendants of Cham and Japhet alone were engaged in the work; and because the Semites refused to join them, they called them a stupid race.
=== Nemrod ===
One of the chief leaders in the Tower building was Nemrod. He was afterward honored as a deity under the name of Belus. He was the founder of the race that honored Derketo and Semiramis as goddesses. He built Babylon out of the stones of the Tower, and Semiramis greatly embellished it. . . . When the confusion of tongues arose, many of those tribes broke away from him, and the wildest of them followed Mesraim into Egypt. Nemrod built Babylon, subjected the country around, and laid the foundation of the Babylonian Empire. Among his numerous children were Ninus and Derketo. The last-mentioned was honored as a goddess.
=== Semiramis ===
Thus I saw Melchisedech [a contemporary of Abraham, fl. 2120-1945 B.C.] at the court of Semiramis in Babylon, where she reigned with indescribable grandeur and magnificence. . . . She came at last to a frightful end, her intestines being torn from her body. She was aged one hundred and seventeen years.

Tower of Babel
Here located at location designated on early archaeological map.
The Tower of Babel was built upon rising ground, about two leagues in circumference, around which lay an extensive plain covered with fields, gardens, and trees. To the foundations of the Tower, that is up to its first story, twenty-five very broad stone walks led from all sides of the plain. Twenty-five tribes were engaged in the building, and each tribe had its own road to the Tower. Off in the distance, where these roads began, each tribe had its own particular city that, in time of danger or attack, they might flee to the Tower for shelter. The Tower was intended likewise to serve as a temple for their idolatrous worship. The stone roads were, where they took their rise in the plain, tolerably far apart; but around the Tower, they lay so close that the intervening spaces were not greater than the breadth of a wide street. Before reaching the Tower, they were connected by cross arches, and between every two there opened a gateway about ten feet wide into its base. When these gently inclined roads had reached a certain height, they were pierced by single arcades. Near the Tower the arcades were double, one above the other, so that through them one could make the circuit of the building, even around the lowest part, under all the roads. Above the arches that connected the inclined roads were walks, or streets, running horizontally around the Tower.
Those gently rising roads extended like the roots of a tree. They were designed in part, as supporting counter-pillars to strengthen the foundation of the immense building, and partly as roads for the conveyance from all points of building materials and other loads to the first story of the Tower.
Between these extended bases were encampments upon substructures of stone. In many places the tops of the tents rose above the roads that ran through them. From every encampment, steps cut in the walls led up to the walks. One could go all around the Tower through the encampments and arches and under the stone roads.
Besides the occupants of the encampments, there were others who lived in the vaults and spaces on either side of the stone roads. In and around the whole building swarmed innumerable living beings. It was like a huge anthill. Countless elephants, asses, and camels toiled up and down the roads with their heavy burdens. Although these burdens were far broader than the animals themselves, yet several could with ease pass one another on the roads. On them were halting places for feeding and unloading the animals, also tents on the level spaces and even factories. I saw animals without a guide bearing their burdens up and down. The gateways in the basement of the Tower led into a labyrinth of halls, passages, and chambers. From this lower part of the Tower, one could mount by steps cut out on all sides. A spiral walk wound from the first story around the exterior of the polygonal building. The interior at this point consisted of cellars, immense and secure, covered chambers and passages. The building was begun on all sides at once. All tended to one central point where at first stood a large encampment. They used tiles, also immense hewed stones, which they hauled to the site. The surface of the walks was quite white, and it glistened in the sun. At a distance, the sight it presented was wonderful. . . .
=== Sem's race ===
The children of Sem took no active part in the work. They dwelt in a level country where palm trees and similar choice fruit grow. They were, however, obliged to contribute something toward the building, for they did not dwell so far distant at that period as they did later. . . . For thirty years, the work went on. They were at the second story. They had already encircled and walled in the interior with tower like columns, had already recorded their names and races thereon in colored stones when the confusion broke forth. . . . I saw Sem's race going farther southward where later on was Abraham's home [Chaldea].

City wall
He [Nemrod] built Babylon out of the stones of the Tower, and Semiramis greatly embellished it.

Wall of Nebuchadnezzer?
Pure conjecture, based on Central and Eastern Asia, in Antiquity by Justi, Williams, Jastrow, & Jackson (Lea Brothers, Philadelphia: 1905):
Herodotus, who tells us that he visited Baby- lon, gives as the circumference of the outmost wall (which already in his day had been in places destroyed by the Persians) 480 stadia, or a little over 55 miles, stating that it had 250 towers and 100 gates of bronze (cased with bronze). The diagonal formed by the Euphrates if treated as a straight line, 170 stadia or nearly 20 miles in length divided the square into two triangles, in one of which stood the royal city ; in the other, within a sacred precinct of one-quarter of a mile in circumference, a temple of eight towers (stages), surrounded by a spiral ramp, and containing the shrine and image of Marduk. The triangles were connected by a wooden bridge on stone piers. Ctesias, the only extant Greek author besides He- rodotus who saw ancient Babylon, gives the circumference of the walls as 380 stadia (4l miles). Not improbably the 480 stadia of Herodotus included the length of the river parapet walls.

By the Maarsare river

Owolgaisia

78.33 Owolgaisia 34.5
Οὐολγαισία
Ouolgaisia
Owolgaisia
Bolgaisia ?
Καίσα
Caisa
Ouolgaisia (Ptolemy) = Caisa (Ptolemy) ?
Bolgaisia = Bolgratsi = Al-Baghriti* ?
Bolgaisia = Bolgratsi = Al-Baghriti* = Muliha ?
* Name of campground here. (البگريطي)

78.33 Owolgaisia 34.5
Οὐολγαισία
Ouolgaisia
Owolgaisia
Bolgaisia ?
Καίσα
Caisa
Ouolgaisia (Ptolemy) = Caisa (Ptolemy) ?
Ouolgaisia = Bolagaisia = Bola = Karbala ?

78.33 Owolgaisia 34.5
Οὐολγαισία = Ouolgaisia = Owolgaisia
Owolgaisia = Ghaidsia = Qaidisia = Qadisiyyah ?

Βάρσιτα
Barsita
Borsippa = Barsita
* Site of an ancient ziggurat.
=== Wikipedia on Borsippa ===
Borsippa was an important ancient city of Sumer, built on both sides of a lake about 17.7 km (11.0 mi) southwest of Babylon on the east bank of the Euphrates.

By the swamps & desert of Arabia

Βέανα ἢ Βίανα
Beana he Biana
B(e/i)ana
Zabalan* = Beian = B(e/i)ana ?
* Ancient Sumerian city, see Wikipedia below.
Latitude: 33+2/3 - Note that this latitude puts Beana far NORTH of where it is drawn on the medieval Ptolemaic maps, as supposedly-but-wrongly south of Bethana. This is also no mere typo, because the sequence of cities was clearly listed in the order of decreasing latitude, and Beana is listed 5 or 6 cities north of Bethana.
=== Wikipedia on Zabalan ===
In early archaeology this location was also called Tel el-Buzekh. Locally it is called Tell Bzikh.

78 Choudouca 33.33
Χούδουκα = Choudouca
Choudouca = Douchah = Daghar = Dagharah ?

79 Choumana 33.17
Χούμανα = Choumana
Choumana = Choumnia = Chaunian = Qal'at Chanjan ?

Caisa

Καίσα = Caisa
Caisa = Caithah = Caipher = Kafel ?
Caisa = Caithah = Kufa (21 miles S) ?
This site is purely relative to the coordinates of the 2 possible Sorthida sites, south of here (Najaf & Al Jaarah).

Καίσα = Caisa
Caisa = Al-Qadisiyyah ?
Caisa = Al-Qadisiyah (15 miles SSE) ?

Καίσα = Caisa
Caisa = Al Qasim ?
Caisa = 'Abd Allah Kazim ?

Βηράνδη (ἢ Βεραρίνδα )
Beranda (he Berarinda)
Ber(ar)anda
Beraranda = Bhurairata = Qal'at al Hurayrat ?
Beranda = Bhahandza = Al-Hamzah ?

Orchoe

Ὀρχόη = Orchoe
Erech* = Uruk* = Orchoe*
* On the Barrington Atlas

Ὀρχόη = Orchoe
Orchoe = Hoh-chuwe = Thokwia = Tokeyah ?

Bethana

Βέθανα = Bethana
Bethana = Budhun = Buduh = Al Budur ?
Bad-tibira* = Budibur = Budduh = Buddun = Bethana ?
Bad-tibira* = Budibur = Al Budur ?
* Ancient Sumerian site 9 miles NW.
Latitude: 32+11/12 - Note that this latitude puts Bethana SOUTH of Beana, directly contradicting all the medieval Ptolemaic maps' depictions. This is also no mere typo, because the sequence of cities was clearly listed in the order of decreasing latitude, and Beana is listed before Bethana. However of the 2 cities, the one that is drawn out of place is definitely that one, Beana, not this one Bethana.
=== Wikipedia on Bad-tibira ===
Bad-tibira (Sumerian: 𒂦𒁾𒉄𒆠, bad3-tibiraki), "Wall of the Copper Worker(s)",[1] or "Fortress of the Smiths",[2] identified as modern Tell al-Madineh (also Tell Madineh), between Ash Shatrah and Tell as-Senkereh (ancient Larsa) in southern Iraq,[3] was an ancient Sumerian city, which appears among antediluvian cities in the Sumerian King List. Its Akkadian name was Dûr-gurgurri.[4] It was also called Παντιβίβλος (Pantibiblos) by Greek authors such as Berossus, transmitted by Abydenus and Apollodorus. This may reflect another version of the city's name, Patibira, "Canal of the Smiths".[5]

Βέθανα = Bethana
Bethana = P'shana = Afshan ?
Latitude: 32+11/12 - Note that this latitude puts Bethana SOUTH of Beana, directly contradicting all the medieval Ptolemaic maps' depictions. This is also no mere typo, because the sequence of cities was clearly listed in the order of decreasing latitude, and Beana is listed before Bethana. However of the 2 cities, the one that is drawn out of place is definitely that one, Beana, not this one Bethana.

Βέθανα = Bethana
Bethana = Abethan = Abdan (العبدان،) ?
Latitude: 32+11/12 - Note that this latitude puts Bethana SOUTH of Beana, directly contradicting all the medieval Ptolemaic maps' depictions. This is also no mere typo, because the sequence of cities was clearly listed in the order of decreasing latitude, and Beana is listed before Bethana. However of the 2 cities, the one that is drawn out of place is definitely that one, Beana, not this one Bethana.

Thelma

Θέλμη = Thelma
Thelma = Thamah = Thamar = Ayn al-Tamr ?
Thelma = Thamah = Thamil (70 miles NW) ?
Thelma = Thulana = Thullaina =Tullaiha (29 miles SSW) ?
Thelma = Thammah = Hammahd = Qaber Bin Hammud ?
Longitude: 76+2/3 - This site would be best, if the stated latitude is in fact correct. However, in that case, its coordinates would greatly conflict with those of Odagana.

Θέλμη = Thelma
Thelma = Tselmah = Salman Al Jabbar ?
Longitude: 76+2/3 - If this site is correct, then either its, or Sorthida's longitude is way off, or both.

Θέλμη = Thelma
Thelma = = Abd Al Tallaq ?
Thelma = Alnajmi ?
Thelma = Hemla = Lamlum * ?
* On the Rumsey Historical maps
Longitude: 76+2/3 - If this site is correct, then either its, or Sorthida's longitude is way off, or both.

Thelma = Hammara ?
Longitude: 76+2/3 - If this site is correct, then either its longitude is way off, or Sorthida's coordinates are way off, or both.

Sorthida

77 Sorthida 31.5
Σόρθιδα = Sorthida
Sorthida = Zahr* = al-Zahr* = Najaf ?
Sorthida = Shirtha = (al-)Hir(t)al/Ertha** ?
* See Wikipedia below.
** A guess recorded on the Barrington Atlas.
=== Wikipedia on Najaf ===
Other Names: Al-Ghari or al-Ghariyyan, Hadd al-'Adhra', al-Hiwar, al-Judi, Wadi l-Salam, al-Zahr, Zahr al-Kufa (behind Kufa), al-Rabwa, Baniqiya, and Mashhad are other names for this land.

77 Sorthida 31.5
Σόρθιδα = Sorthida
Sorthida = al-Zahr* = Zaarah = Al Jaarah ?
Sorthida = al-Zahr* = Zairah = Sahair = Abu Sakhair ?
* See Wikipedia below.
=== Wikipedia on Najaf ===
Other Names: Al-Ghari or al-Ghariyyan, Hadd al-'Adhra', al-Hiwar, al-Judi, Wadi l-Salam, al-Zahr, Zahr al-Kufa (behind Kufa), al-Rabwa, Baniqiya, and Mashhad are other names for this land.

77 Sorthida 31.5
Σόρθιδα = Sorthida
Sorthida = Zar-hidha = Shur = Al Hur (13 miles W) ?
Sorthida = Zar-hidha = Al Jariha ?
Sorthida = Zar-hidha = Johrt Al Zahra (7 miles SWW) ?
Sorthida = Zar-hidha = Al-Zahraa University for Women (4 miles NWW) ?

77 Sorthida ? 31.5
Sorthida = Shuhphia = Shunaphia = Shinafiyah ?
This site would be based on coordinates relative to the coordinates of the possible Caisa site (Al-Qadisiyyah) that is 25 miles NW of here.

Iamba

Ἰάμβα = Iamba
Iamba = Iambah = Iam-badh = Batha ?

Ἰάμβα = Iamba = Jamba
Jamba = Zamwa = Samawah ?

Ἰάμβα = Iamba = Jamba
Jamba = Salman al Jabbar ?
Jamba = Jabro Jadi

Ράγεια = Rageia
Rageia = Raghey = Radhi ?

79.25 Chiripha/Cheripha 31.17
Χιρίφη (ἢ Χηριφή)
Chiripha (he Cheripha)
Chiripha/Cheripha
Kulaba* = Chiripha ?
* In the Sumerian Kings list, the famous epic-traveler Gilgamesh, a king of the 1st Dynasty of nearby Uruk, is also described as the "lord of Kulaba."
Cheripha = Che-ipha = Chibayish* ?
Cheripha = Sherisha = Al Sharish ?
Cheripha = Churnipha = Al Qurnah ??
Cheripha = Cherpha = Shaphe = Shafi (20 miles SE) ?
Cheripha = Heripha = Al-Hartha (45 miles SE) ?
I suspect that the index wrongly switched Cheripha & Altha, and that Altha is in fact the southern city, not Cheripha, as Ptolemy indicates. Chibayish is a slightly better option than Al Qurnah and Al Sharish, because it is more likely to have once been on the southwest bank, as shown on the Medieval maps.

canal

Arabia Deserta

Arabia Deserta
Η Έρημος ᾿Αραβία περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Μεσοποταμίας μέρει κατὰ τὸ ἐκτεθειμένον μέρος τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ , ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . 76.25, 33.33 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ δυσμῶν τοῖς διωρισμένοις μέρεσι τῆς τε Συρίας καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ τῆς Πετραίας Αραβίας, ἀπὸ δὲ ἀνατολῶν τῇ τε Βαβυλωνίᾳ διὰ τῆς ὀρεινῆς τῆς ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρήμου τοῦ πρὸς τῷ Εὐφράτῃ πέρατος μέχρι τοῦ μυχοῦ τοῦ [Περσικοῦ] Μαισανίτου κόλπου κατὰ θέσιν ἐπέχουσαν μοίρας . . . . . 79, 30.17 ;
καὶ τῷ ἐντεῦθεν μέρει του Περσικού κόλπου μέχρι τοῦ πέρατος, οὗ ἡ θέσις ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . 79, 29 ;
ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημβρίας τῇ Εὐδαίμονι Αραβίᾳ διὰ τῆς ὀρεινῆς τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐκτεθειμένου πρὸς τῇ Πετραίᾳ πέρατος ἐπὶ τὸ κατὰ τὸν Περσικὸν Μαισανίτην κόλπον διωρισμένον πέρας , [ ὃ ἐπέχει μοίρας . . . . . 79, 29 ;
The [region of] Arabia Deserta is bordered on the north, by the part of Mesopotamia along the extended part of the Euphrates River, which has location. . . . . 76.25, 33.33 ;
but on the west, by the defining parts of Syria and Judah and of Arabia Patreia; but on the east, indeed by Babylonia, through the final dunes of the desert [down] to the Euphrates until the inlet of the [Persian] Maysanitic Gulf at the place having location . . . . . 79, 30.17 ;
and here, by the part of the Persian Gulf until the end [of Arabia Deserta], which setting has location . . . . . 79, 29 ;
but on the south by Arabia Felix, by the dunes from the end [of Arabia Deserta] extended next to [Arabia] Petreia [all the way] along the end dividing it, [toward] the Persian Maysanitic Gulf, which has location. . . . . 79, 29 ;

Euphrates

73.5 Thapsacos 35.08
Θάψακος
Thapsacos
Thapsacos = Shabshacah = Sabkhah = As Sabkhah

Birtha

78.75 Birtha / Batitas / Berta 36.16
Βίρθα
Birtha
Birtha (Ptolemy) = Batitas (Peutinger) = Berta (Peutinger)
Berta is shown on the Peutinger map (A.D. 0s-800s?), as on a giant island, in a southern peninsulam, 9 miles S of Diotani, also on that peninsula. However the accepted site, is downstream, at Halabiyah Castle, based on Procopius' writings in the A.D. 500s. Perhaps it moved from here, to there, when the river's migration made this place untenable.
24 [should be 34] to Amostar.
20 to Magrus
12 to Alaina

Βίρθα
Birtha
Birtha (Ptolemy) = Berta (Peutinger)
Arabia = Halabit = Halabiyeh = Bharabia = Birtha?
This is the accepted site, described by Procopius (A.D. 500s), but inconsistent with the island-peninsula shown on the Peutinger map (Unknown: A.D. 0s-800s.). Perhaps it moved from there, to here, when the river's migration made that place untenable. .

73.83 Gadeirda/Gatheirtha 34.75
Γάδειρδα ( ή Γάθειρθα )
Gadeirda (he Gatheirtha)
Gadeirda (or Gatheirtha)
Gatheirtha = Hat Turpha = At Turajf

Αυζαρα
Auzara
Auzara = Ez-Zur

Αυδάτθα
Audatha
Audatha = Al Djapha = Al Jaffrah
Audatha = Al Boata = Al Bo = Al Bo-Amr ?

Δάδαρα
Dadara
Dadara = Tabahrah = Tabiyah = Al Tabiyah Shamyyah

75 Balagala 34
Βαλάγαλα (ή Βαλάγαια )
Balagala (he Balagaia)
Balagala (or Balagaia)
Balagala (Ptolemy) = Phaliga (Isador of Charax)
Balagala = Bolehela = Al Boleel
=== Isador of Charax ===
Then Phaliga, a village on the Euphrates (that means in Greek half-way), 6 schoeni. From Antioch to this place, 120 schoeni; and from thence to Seleucia, which is on the Tigris, 100 schoeni. Nearby Phaliga is the walled village of Nabagath, and by it flows the river Aburas, which empties into the Euphrates; there the legions cross over to the Roman territory beyond the river.
6 schoeni to Allan
4 schoeni to Asich

Φάργα = Pharga
Pharga = Bhagra = Boqruss Foqani ?

Kolarina

75.5 Ad Herculein / Kolarina 33.67
Κολάρινα
Kolarina
Kolarina (Ptolemy) = Ad Herculein (Peutinger)
Huraclina = Qurarina = Kolarina
Huraclina = Qurarina = Qurariya = Al Quriyah ?
This would seem to suggest that the Peutinger map is older than Ptolemy, because Kolarina is a definite form of Huraclina, and Huraclina is obviously the original form of the name, but the Peutinger map has Huraclina, and not the later Kolarina.
22 to the river crossing, then 12 more to Dicat;
Should be 125, not 35 to Hatris (An "X" should be a "C");
28 to Sabbin.

Κολάρινα
Kolarina
Kolarina = Col-haria = Chalhayia = As Salhiyah ?
Kolarina = Coliharia = Chalihayia = Tell Salihiyah* ?
* On Rumsey Historical map.
=== Likely Origin ===
The origin of numerous cities in this region comes from the Aramaic word "kul," (ܟܾܠ) which means "All," as in "All Syria:"
kul = Chelous*
kul = Cul = Gaulanitis = Coele-Syria
kul = Gul = Gaulanitis = Golan Heights
kul = Cur = Kursi
kul = Kur = Brook Kerith/Carith ?
kul = Cor = (Kola?* =) Corozain = Qazrin
kul = Cor = (Kola?* =) Chorsia**
kul = Gul = Gilead ??
kul = Gur = Gerasa ?
kul = Gur = Gergesa ?
* In the Book of Judith

76 Belgunaia 33.5
Βελγύναια
Belgunaia
Belgunaia = Belkamala = Al Bukamal

73 Saua 33
Σαύη
Saua
Saua = Shaw-whah = Phaw-dhah = Al Bawdah ?

Γαύαρα
Gauara
Gauara = Alwara = Khirbat Ra's al Wa'r

Ῥήγαννα
Reganna
Reganna = Rughaina = Kasr el Ruheimeh* = 'Arab ar Ruhaima

Eroupa

Ἐροῦπα
Eroupa
Eroupa = Rutba ?

Ἐροῦπα Eroupa
Eroupa = Helypha = Bi'r al Halba ?

72.75 Thauba/Thaua ? 30.5
Θαῦβα ἢ Θαύα
Thauba he Thaua
Thauba or Thawa
Thauba = Thurhaipha = Tawaifa = Turaif
Latitude: 30+1/2 - This might seem to be south of Artemita, however note that the north-south-axis from Artemita to Eroupa is tipped SW-NE, which means that this site could actually be construed as NORTH of Artemita.

Σηούϊα
Seouia / Seuwia
Seouia = Al Lsawiyah

Δάφα, Δάφνα , Σάφα
Dapha / Daphna / Sapha
Daphna = Dzapha = Sapha = Shaybah

Odagana

Ὀδάγανα
Odagana
Odagana = Dacana = 'Ain Dakhnah ?

Ὀδάγανα
Odagana
Odagana = O'thacana = Hadaqana = At Thaqtaqanah ?

Σῶρα
Soora
Soora = Suwayr

Obaira

Ὄβαιρα
Obaira
Obaira = Ol Baihrda = Al 'Ayn al Bayda*
* 'Ayn = "A spring"

Ὄβαιρα
Obaira
Obaira = Subayhah
* 'Ayn = "A spring"

᾿Αρτέμιτα
Artemita = Aldmitha (الدميثا)
Note that, despite the pin here, the actual site seems to be an equal distance on the south side of the road.

75 Doumetha/Doumaitha 29.67
Δούμεθα ἢ Δουμαίθα
Doumetha he Doumaitha
Doumetha or Doumaitha
Doumaitha = Dumat al-Jandal

Βέρη = Bera
Bera = 'Aberia = Al-Habbaryah

77.5 Kalathousa/Kalathowa 29.5
Καλάθουσα ἢ Καλάθουα Kalathousa he Kalathoua Kalathousa or Kalathowa
Kalathowa = Halashaba = Lashaph = Al-Lasaf

Σάλμα
Salma
Salma = Al Salman
Salma = Salman Ash Shatnan (50 miles NE) ?

Susiana

Susiana
Ἡ Σουσιανὴ περιορίζεται ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτων Ασσυρία κατὰ τὴν διωρισμένην αὐτῆς πλευρᾶν, ἀπὸ δὲ δύσεως Βαβυλωνία παρὰ τὸ ἐκτεθειμένον τοῦ Τίγριδος μέχριϑαλάσσης μέρος, ἀπὸ δ᾽ ἀγατολῶν Περσίδι κατὰ τὴν ἐπιξευγνυμένην γθαμμὴν, ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημένου πρὸς τῇ Ασσυρίῇ και τῇ Μηδίᾳ πέρατος μέχρι τῶν εἷς τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον ἐκβολῶν. τοῦ Ὅροἄτιδος ποταμοῦ" ἀπὸ δὲ μεσημ βρίας τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Τίγριδος μέρει τοῦ “Περσικοῦ κόλπου μέχρι τῶν τοῦ Ὁροάτιδος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν, αἵ ἐπέχουσι μοιρος: . . . . 86.5, 30.5
The [region of] Susiana, is bordered on the north by Assyria, along its divided side; but from the south by Babylonia along the extension of the Tigris until the swath of the sea; but on the east by Persia along their shared border, but from the aforesaid frontier facing upon Assyria and Media, until the Oroatis' outpourings into the Persian Gulf; but on the south, by the swath of the Persian Gulf, from the Tigris until the outpourings of the Oroatis river, which has location . . . . 86.5, 30.5

Peoples

Elumaioi
Ελυμαΐοι
Elumaioi = Elamites

Cossaioi
ἡ Κυσσία
he Cussia
Κοσσαΐοι
Cussia (Ptolemy) = Cossaioi (Ptolemy) * ?
* These could all be the descendents of the Kassites .
Kish = Kassites = Cussia ?
Kish = Kassites = Cossaioi ?
Cussia = Khuzi tribe = Khuzestan ?
τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ ᾿Ασσυρίᾳ Κοσσαΐοι·
…Χαρακηνή . μεταξὺ δὲ ὑπὲρ μὲν τοὺς Ἐλυμαίους ἡ Κυσσία
. . . but the ones facing upon Assyria [are the] Cossaioi .
… Characene . But between them, but also above the Elumaious, the Cussia [region].

Melitene
Μελιτηνή
Melitene = Maʻdān (Marsh Arabs) ?
Melitene = Mozian/Maysan region ??
Melitene = Melitene region of Turkey ??
Melitene = Melitene region of Turkey = Mitanni people ??

Cabandene
Καβανδηνή
Cabandene = Bandari people* ?
* Means "Port people," basically signifying sea-traders.

Characene
Χαρακηνή
Chaldea = Charhea = Characene

Cussia
ἡ Κυσσία
he Cussia
Κοσσαΐοι
Cossaioi
Cussia (Ptolemy) = Cossaioi (Ptolemy) * ?
* These could all be the descendents of the Kassites .
Kassites = Cussia ?
Kassites = Cossaioi ?
Cussia = Khuzi tribe = Khuzestan ?
τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῇ ᾿Ασσυρίᾳ Κοσσαΐοι·
…Χαρακηνή . μεταξὺ δὲ ὑπὲρ μὲν τοὺς Ἐλυμαίους ἡ Κυσσία
. . . but the ones facing upon Assyria [are the] Cossaioi .
… Characene . But between them, but also above the Elumaious, the Cussia [region].

Chaltapitis
ἡ Χαλταπῖτις
Chaltapitis = Khurda = Khurds
Chaltapitis = Khurda = Kurdistan

Deehra
Δῆρα
Dera [City in Susiana]
Δεηρά
Deehra [Province in Susiana]
Dera (Ptolemy) = Deehra (Ptolemy)
From "Deh," for "Village," in Persian?
Deehra = Dera ?
Deehra = Dera = Azeri (Khurdish subgroup)??
...Χαλταπῖτις, ἧς μεταξὺ καὶ τῆς Κυσσίας πεδίον Δεηρά.
…Khurdistan, between which and the foot of Cussia, [are the] Deehra .
King Nebuchadnezzar made an image of gold, whose height was 60 cubits and its breadth 6 cubits. He set it up on the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon.

Coast

Βαβυλωνία
[Note: Not the famous Babylon.]
Τὸ δυτικὸν στόμα τοῦ Τίγριδος ἐν τῇ περιγραφῇ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας ὃ ἔκκειται 79.5, 30.25
ανατολικὸν στόμα τοῦ Τίγριδος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν 80.5, 31.
The Western mouth of the Tigris outflows in the vicinity of Babylon, [at] 79.5, 30.25 ;
the Eastern mouth of the Tigris River outflows [at] 80.5, 31.
Babylonia (Ptolemy) = Bubiyan (Peutinger)
Note local place-name: "Bubiyan" Island.
18 to Volocesia
44 [should be 104?] to Seleucia

79.5 Tigris Western mouth 30.25
Τὸ δυτικὸν στόμα τοῦ Τίγριδος ἐν τῇ περιγραφῇ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας
To dyticon stoma tou Tigridos en te perigraphaa tes Babylonias
The western mouth of the Tigris on the edge of Babylon

80.5 Tigris Eastern mouth 31
Τὸ δυτικὸν στόμα τοῦ Τίγριδος ἐν τῇ περιγραφῇ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας
To dyticon stoma tou Tigridos en te perigraphaa tes Babylonias
The western mouth of the Tigris on the edge of Babylon

81 Charax Pasinou 31
Χάραξ Πασινοῦ
Charax Pasinou*
Medieval maps: "Vallum Pasini"
Charax Pasinou = Tarazi ?
* Note that, based on the Peutinger map, this site is conjectured to lie 460 miles SE, at the Straits of Hormuz. Most likely, it was never here at all, but was added here by a Ptolemaic editor, to match Pliny's absurdly impossible quote below, about it going from 50 to 120 miles inland, all in the space of just 50 years.
=== WIKIPEDIA ===
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charax_Spasinu
According to Pliny the Elder:
The town of Charax is situated in the innermost recess of the Persian Gulf, from which projects the country called Arabia Felix. It stands on an artificial elevation between the Tigris on the right and the Eulaeus [but Wikipedia says Karún] on the left, at the point where these two rivers unite, and the site measures two [Roman] miles [3 km] in breadth. It was first founded by Alexander the Great, with colonists from the royal city of Durine, which he then buried, with the useless of his soldiers led down and left there. He ordered it to be called Alexandria,and the country [to be called] Pellaea, from his fatherland, which he had properly made Macedonia. Rivers besieged/surrounded that town; afterward Antioch is the 5th of the Kings, restored it, and called by its name, and again "hostile" [dubbed it] Spaosines, the son of Sagdodonacus, the king of the borders of the Arabians, which Antiochus' satrap Juba reports to've been falsely [dubbed], and restored it with opposite berms, and gave its name, with its site fortified out along the length of 6 miles, in width a little less. At first it was from the shore 10 stadia [1 mile] -- and the "Vipsania" portico['s map of the world] has it at as maritime --, with Juba publishing it [to be from the shore] 50 miles.
It was originally at a distance of 1¼ miles [1.9 km] from the coast, and had a harbour of its own, but when Juba [Juba II, c. 50 BC—c. AD 24] published his work it was 50 miles [74 km] inland; its present distance from the coast is stated by Arab envoys and our own traders who have come from the place to be 120 miles [178 km]. There is no part of the world where earth carried down by rivers has encroached on the sea further or more rapidly...[3]
The Description of Pliny matches the depiction on the Peutinger Table.
=== Pliny on the Eulaeus River ===
Susiane is separated from Elymais by the river Eulæus, which rises in Media, and, after concealing itself in the earth for a short distance, rises again and flows through Mesabatene. It then flows round the citadel of Susa40 and the temple of Diana, which is held in the highest veneration by all these nations; the river itself being the object of many pompous ceremonials; the kings, indeed, will drink of no other water,41 and for that reason carry it with them on their journies to any considerable distance. This river receives the waters of the Hedypnos,42 which passes Asylus, in Persis, and those of the Aduna, which rises in Susiane. Magoa43 is a town situate near it, and distant from Charax fifteen miles [a branch of the Mand river, 15 miles to the North, which could be believed to be a continuation of the Eulaeus (as modern Karun-&-then-Khersaan rivers), since their two headwaters meet, deep in the interior, at Komehr, Iran]; some writers place this town at the very extremity of Susiane, and close to the deserts.
=== My analysis ===
It's absurd that Charax Spasinou went from 50 miles inland to 120 miles inland, all in the space of just 50 years (See above). IN FACT, all 3--(1) Emmerich, and (2) Ptolemy and (3) the Peutinger map--contradict Pliny about this, by respectively (1) geo-locating Abraham's Ur in the even modern 50-120-miles-inland range**; (2) geo-locating many 1st-century-cities in that same range; and (3) by locating Charax Spasinou here, way down at the tip of the peninsula west of the Straits of Hormuz.
** This is contrary to the current accepted location of Ur, which was only identified in the 1800s, from supposedly stamped cylinders.

Mozian river

82 Mozian mouth 30.67
Μωσαίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Mosaiou potamou ecbolai
Outflow of the Mozian* river
* Note that the entire region Maysan, and the major city Mozian (In Anne Catherine Emmerich) is named this.

82 Mozian river 30.67
Μωσαίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Mosaiou potamou ecbolai
Outflow of the Mozian* river
* Note that the entire region Maysan, and the major city Mozian (In Anne Catherine Emmerich) is named this.

Karkeh river

82.5 Mozian headwaters 33
Μωσαίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαί
Mosaiou potamou ecbolai
Outflow of the Mozian* river
* Note that the entire region Maysan, and the major city Mozian (In Anne Catherine Emmerich) is named this.

Pelodes Bay

83 Pelodes Bay 31
Πηλωδης κολπος
Pelodes kolpos
Latin "Paludes" = "Stagnant Bay"

Modern Marun river

84.5 Tenagos Ammodes 30.5
Τέναγος Αμμῶδες
Tenagos Ammodes
Tenagos Arenosum, on the medieval maps
"Sandy Tenagos"
Ammodes = Omidiyeh
Tenagos = Duneh ?

Oroatis river

86.5 Oroatis mouth 30.5
Ὀροάτιδος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν
Oroatidos potamou ecbolon
Oroatis river mouth
Modern Zohreh river
Zohreh = " Venus", in Persian
Oroatis = Ozroah = Zohreh
[Note that at modern Mansuriyeh, it probably once received the Marun river, as there's a mere 4-foot height difference, determining which way the water flows.]
[Note also another portage to Jowzar.]

Oroatis river ?
Ὀροάτιδος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν
Oroatidos potamou ecbolon
Oroatis river mouth
Modern Zohreh river
Zohreh = " Venus", in Persian
Oroatis = Ozroah = Zohreh
[Note that at modern Mansuriyeh, it probably once received the Marun river, as there's a mere 4-foot height difference, determining which way the water flows.]
[Note also another portage to Jowzar.]

River diversion
[Note that at modern Mansuriyeh, the Oroatis river probably once captured this Marun river, as there's a mere 4-foot height difference, determining which way the water flows.]

Portage

88.5 Oroatis headwaters 34.67
Ὀροάτιδος ποταμοῦ ἐκβολῶν
Oroatidos potamou ecbolon
Oroatis river mouth
Modern Zohreh river
Zohreh = " Venus", in Persian
Oroatis = Ozroah = Zohreh
[Note that at modern Mansuriyeh, it probably once received the Marun river, as there's a mere 4-foot height difference, determining which way the water flows.]
[Note also another portage to Jowzar.]

Eulaios river

84.5 Eulaios mouth 30.67
Εὐλαίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαὶ
αἵ ἐν τῇ Σουσιανῇ πηγαὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
αἱ ἐν τῇ Μηδίᾳ πηγαὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
Eulaios rive rmouth
The river's headwaters, in Sousiana 83, 35
The river's headwaters, in Media 86, 38
Modern Karun river
Eulaios = U′lai* = E'lali = Sur-e Lali tributary
Eulaios = Seleucia ??
* See Daniel 8, below:
=== Daniel 8:1-2 === In the third year of the reign of King Belshaz′zar a vision appeared to me, Daniel, after that which appeared to me at the first. And I saw in the vision; and when I saw, I was in Susa the capital, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in the vision, and I was at the river U′lai.

84.5 Eulaios river 30.67
Εὐλαίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαὶ
αἵ ἐν τῇ Σουσιανῇ πηγαὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
αἱ ἐν τῇ Μηδίᾳ πηγαὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
Eulaios rive rmouth
The river's headwaters, in Sousiana 83, 35
The river's headwaters, in Media 86, 38
Modern Karun river
Eulaios = U′lai* = E'lali = Sur-e Lali tributary
Eulaios = Seleucia ??
* See Daniel 8, below:
=== Daniel 8:1-2 === In the third year of the reign of King Belshaz′zar a vision appeared to me, Daniel, after that which appeared to me at the first. And I saw in the vision; and when I saw, I was in Susa the capital, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in the vision, and I was at the river U′lai.

83 Eulaios Susiana headwaters 35
Εὐλαίου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολαὶ
αἵ ἐν τῇ Σουσιανῇ πηγαὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
αἱ ἐν τῇ Μηδίᾳ πηγαὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
Eulaios rive rmouth
The river's headwaters, in Sousiana 83, 35
The river's headwaters, in Media 86, 38
Modern Karun river
Eulaios = U′lai* = E'lali = Sur-e Lali tributary
Eulaios = Seleucia ??
* See Daniel 8, below:
=== Daniel 8:1-2 === In the third year of the reign of King Belshaz′zar a vision appeared to me, Daniel, after that which appeared to me at the first. And I saw in the vision; and when I saw, I was in Susa the capital, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in the vision, and I was at the river U′lai.

86 Eulaios Media headwaters 38

To Media headwaters

E. Euleus

W. Euleus

Agra

Αγάῤῥα
Agarra
῎Αγρα
Agra
Naharr(a/e)
"Nahr" (نهر) means "River" in Aramaic & Arabic
Agarra        (E, in Ptolemy) =
= Naharre (E on Peutinger map) =
= Agra        (W, in Ptolemaic revision) ?? =
= Naharra (W, on Peutinger map) ??
Agra = Aggar ?
=== Discussion ===
Agra is listed as further east than Aracca & Asia, while all 3 are listed as the 3 lone cities "on the Tigris." This considerably narrows the search to certain major bends of the Tigris, except that we don't know which Tigris, whether the ancient one (as the Euphrates), on the West, or as that modern Tigris, on the east.

Αγάῤῥα
Agarra
῎Αγρα
Agra
Naharr(a/e)
"Nahr" (نهر) means "River" in Aramaic & Arabic
Agarra        (E, in Ptolemy) =
= Naharre (E on Peutinger map) =
= Agra        (W, in Ptolemaic revision) ?? =
= Naharra (W, on Peutinger map) ??
Agra = Ali Al-Garbi ?
=== Discussion ===
Agra is listed as further east than Aracca & Asia, while all 3 are listed as the 3 lone cities "on the Tigris." This considerably narrows the search to certain major bends of the Tigris, except that we don't know which Tigris, whether the ancient one (as the Euphrates), on the West, or as that modern Tigris, on the east.

Αγάῤῥα
Agarra
῎Αγρα
Naharr(a/e)
"Nahr" (نهر) means "River" in Aramaic & Arabic
Agarra        (E, in Ptolemy) =
= Naharre (E on Peutinger map) =
= Agra        (W, in Ptolemaic revision) ?? =
= Naharra (W, on Peutinger map) ??
Agra = Acare = Al Akar al Kabir ?
=== Discussion ===
Agra is listed as further east than Aracca & Asia, while all 3 are listed as the 3 lone cities "on the Tigris." This considerably narrows the search to certain major bends of the Tigris, except that we don't know which Tigris, whether the ancient one (as the Euphrates), on the West, or as that modern Tigris, on the east.

Possible site

Aracca

῎Αρακκα
Aracca
Aracca = Raash ?
Aracca = Alachiah = Alachayr = Kareet Alkheer ?

῎Αρακκα
Aracca
Akkad (?)* =    Accadh = Aracca ?
Akkad (?)* = Raccadh = Hachath = Shachet = Sachit ?
Akkad (?)* = Laccadh = Lagash ?
* See Wikipedia below.
=== Wikipedia on Akkad ===
Akkad was the capital of the Akkadian Empire, which was the dominant political force in Mesopotamia during a period of about 150 years in the last third of the 3rd millennium BC.
Its location is unknown, although there are a number of candidate sites, mostly situated east of the Tigris, roughly between the modern cities of Samarra and Baghdad.[3]

῎Αρακκα
Aracca = Harc-ce = Ali ash Sharqi ?

Aracca = Ahrac = Ashrak = Azrak* ?
* But this is the name of a famous oasis in Jordan, which makes it slightly less likely.

Asia

᾿Ασία
Asia
[The key points of that this city's coordinates are relative to, is the east mouth of the Tigris, and Altha (modern Al-Hartha)..]
Ezra* = Al Azair = Asia ?
Ezra* = Al Azair = Al Uzair ?
*Biblical Jewish leader

᾿Ασία
Asia
Asia = Asida = As Saddah ?

᾿Ασία
Asia = Isia = Isila = Al Islah ?
Asia = Isia = Ishila = Al Islah ?

[The key points of that this city's coordinates are relative to, is the east mouth of the Tigris, and Altha (modern Al-Hartha)..]
Asia = Hasira = Basrah ?
Asia = Hasipa = Al Seeba ?
Asia = Hasipa = Abu Al-Khaseeb ?
Asia = Sipa = Shu'aiba ?
Asia = Hasipahr = Az Zubayr* ?
Asia = Hasipahr = Khor Al-Zubair* ?
Asia = Hasgia = Pasgah ?
* However these city names are attributed to a companion of Mohammed.

Asia = Hashem ?

Παλίνζα [should be Ναλίνζα]
Nalinza
Nalinza = Nahunza = Natanz (city & region)* ?

Palinza

Γαλινζα,
Palinza
Palinza = Palinguh = Palangir* ?
Palinza = Faili tribe ?
Palinza = Ilam province ?
See map of many of the possible sites.

Γαλινζα,
Palinza
Palinza = Pa Alam ?
Palinza = Faili tribe ?
Palinza = Ilam province ?
See map of many of the possible sites.

Γαλινζα,
Palinza = Faili city & tribe ?
Palinza = Ilam province ?
See map of many of the possible sites.

Palinza = Pahla ?
Palinza = Faili city & tribe ?

Palinza = Ilam ?
Palinza = Faili tribe ?

Possible sites

Sacrona ?

Σακρόνη = Sacrona
Sacrona = Chak Surkh* ?
Longitude: 82+3/4 - This could seem to be a way too high number for this site, as we'd expect it farther east, according to this number; but the medieval Ptolemaic maps know this, and yet they all show Sacrona far to the west, in about this location.

Σακρόνη = Sacrona
Sacrona (Ptolemy) = Sichar = Siher (Peutinger) ?
Siher = Shichel = Shakal

Σακρόνη = Sacrona
Sacrona = Hascurna = Taza Khurmatu* = Taza Khurmatu ?
* On Rumsey Historical map. Note and almost identically-named city, "Tuz Khurma," 34 miles SSE

Sacrona = Hascurna = Tuz Khurmali* = Tuz Khurma ?
* On Rumsey Historical map. Note and almost identically-named city, "Taza Khurmatu," 34 miles NNW.

Bergan

Βέργαν
Bergan
Bergan = Bahgahan = Banhalan-e Bala ?
[Dramatic valley with lots of resources.]

Βέργαν
Bergan
Bergan = Ab Bariki

possible sites

search area

Σουσα
Sousa
Famous Susa (in Ptolemy's Susiana region)
Sohene (Peutinger map)
Typo: A mis-written "Sozene"
Sousa (Ptolemy) = Sozene (Peutinger)
=== Likely Origin ===
Susiana = Sozene ?
Susiana = Khuzestan province
Susa = Shushan = Sohene = modern "Shush"
Anne Catherine Emmerich's "Sohene" = Shushan = Susa
=== PEUTINGER MAP === (distances in miles)
56 [but should be 106] to Seleucia
40 [but should be 150] to Monumenta Regum

Σαυρα
Saura
Shūstar = Shushtara = Saura ?
=== Wikipedia on Shushtar ===
Shushtar (Persian: شوشتر; also Romanized as Shūshtar and Shūstar and Shooshtar) . . .
Shushtar is an ancient fortress city, . . .
In the Elamite times Shushtar was known as Adamdun. In the Achaemenian times its name was Šurkutir. The modern name, Shushtar, is connected with the name of another ancient city, Susa (or Shush, in Persian pronunciation), and means "greater (or better) than Shush."

Dera

Δῆρα
Dera [City in Ptolemy's Susiana Province]
Δεηρά
Deehra [region in Ptolemy's Susiana Province]
Monumenta Regum [Peutinger map]
"Monuments of Kings"
Dera (Ptolemy) = Deehra (Ptolemy)
= Monumenta Regum*
* See Daniel 3:1 below
Der* = Dera = Beth Daraya** = Badra(h)
Der* = Deru**
* Ancient Sumerian site
**On Rumsey Historical map
24 [but should be 74] to Naharre
40 [but should be 150] Sozene
King Nebuchadnezzar made an image of gold, whose height was 60 cubits and its breadth 6 cubits. He set it up on the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon.

Δῆρα
Dera
Dera (Ptolemy) = Monumentum Regum (Peutinger)* ?
*This refers to the story in Daniel chapters 2-3, of King Nebuchadnezzar first having a dream of the 4 future empires, as 4 parts of a statue, and then him building an image of at least the gold part of the statue.
Dera = Dehloran ?
Dera = El Dorado** ?
** Means "the Golden thing" in Spanish.

Δῆρα = Dera
Dera = Deira* = Dayrah
Dera = Deira* = Nesar Daireh

Agarra = Qaleh-ye Ghadir ?
Agarra = Sagowr-e Hanzaleh ? (12 miles west)
=== Wikipedia on Guriyeh ===
(Persian: گوريه, also Romanized as Gūrīyeh and Gūreyeh)

Agarra = Guriyeh
=== Wikipedia on Guriyeh ===
(Persian: گوريه, also Romanized as Gūrīyeh and Gūreyeh)

Abinna

'Αβίννα
Abinna
Abinna = Sheyban (4 miles SW) ?
Abinna = Talboumah (4 miles NE) ?

'Αβίννα
Abinna
Abinna = Boneh-ye ?
=== Wikipedia on Arab Asad ===
Arab Asad (Persian: عرب اسد, also Romanized as ‘Arab Asad; also known as Asad Dāūd, Asad Dāvūd, and Boneh-ye Asad Dāvūd)

82 Tareiana 32.5
Τερηδών
Tereedoon
80, 31.17
Ταρείανα
Tareiana
Tereedoon (Ptolemy) = Tareiana (Ptolemaic Revision*) ?
* The one whose coordinates put it near the coast, would be the later revision. However, it's disputable which set of coordinates is near the coast, as for Tereedoon, the latitude 31.17 is more coastal, viewed as facing Northwest; while for Tareiana the longitude 82 is more coastal, facing due North.
The fact that the linguistic names seem to put Tareiana more inland, suggests that Ptolemy was originally thinking of North as actual Northwest, so that Tareiana would be on the same parallel as the Mozian mouth; where is the later Ptolemaic revision author correctly knew that North was due North.
Tareiana = Talareh ?
Tareiana = Dorquain = Darkhoveyn ?
Tareiana = Daurat al Qaiwain = Darkhoveyn ?
Tareiana = Reyhaneh* (45 miles E) ?
* But this location is too close to the coast, which, if it is the correct linguistic derivation, would mean that the city had to have later relocated to here, to stay on the coast.

Sele

Σελη
Selee
Selee (Ptolemy) = Seleucia (Peutinger)
Here located at the Barrington Atlas' proposed location.
Same as Σαυρα / "Saura," in Susiana province, in Ptolemy's Geographica ?
56 [but should be 106] to Sozene
94 to Babylon
60 to Rache
45 to Dorista
=== WIKIPEDIA ===
Seleucia-on-the-Hedyphon Seleucia-on-the-Hedyphon, formerly Soloke or Soloce, Sodome, and Sele, also Surak was an ancient city on the Hedyphon (now Jarahi) river in Susiana

Note local placename: Soveyseh-ye
Note also Selee (in Ptolemy's Geographica), 15 miles to the southwest.
Same as Σαυρα / "Saura," in Susiana province, in Ptolemy's Geographica ?
=== PEUTINGER MAP === (distances in miles)
56 from Sohene [Sus(ian)a]
44 [should be 104?] from Babylon
45 [should be 104?] from Dorista
=== WIKIPEDIA ===
Seleucia-on-the-Hedyphon Seleucia-on-the-Hedyphon, formerly Soloke or Soloce, Sodome, and Sele, also Surak was an ancient city on the Hedyphon (now Jarahi) river in Susiana

Σέλη = Selee = Sereh ?
Σέλη = Selee = Seleucia (See pin 12 miles northeast) ?
Note other nearby place names, up to 7 miles south:
Sabeh, Edrisiyeh, Darisiyeh, Dariseh

Γραάν
Graan
Graan = Carahahn = Qariheh
Graan = Carahahn = Chanraha = Chamran* ?
* The bulk of the town was probably moved to here, when the ocean moved farther away.

'Ανούχθα
Anouchtha
Anouchtha = Oktha = Akseh-ye Olya?
Anouchtha = Anuyth = Cham-e Anayeh ?
Anouchtha = Hanuk = 'Owdeh ?
Anouchtha = Hanuk = Darunak ??
Anouchtha = Hanuk = Paduk ??

Ourzan

Ούρζαν
Ourzan
Ourzan = Oiyrsan = Jayezan(-e Kohneh) ?
Ourzan = Oyrasah = Julaki ?
=== Wikipedia on Ramhormoz ===
In ancient times it had been known as Samangan, having been established by the Sassanid king Hormizd I,[2] although an Elamite tomb has been found as well. The historical territory of Ramshir is located in this area, only 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the city.

Ούρζαν
Ourzan
Ourzan = Zah = Zur Azema ?
Ourzan = Aurzem = Zur Azema ?
Ourzan = Hurdzar = Tirdari Village (روستای تیرداری ) ?
=== Wikipedia on Ramhormoz ===
In ancient times it had been known as Samangan, having been established by the Sassanid king Hormizd I,[2] although an Elamite tomb has been found as well. The historical territory of Ramshir is located in this area, only 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the city.

Ούρζαν
Ourzan = Ramhormoz ?
=== Wikipedia on Ramhormoz ===
In ancient times it had been known as Samangan, having been established by the Sassanid king Hormizd I,[2] although an Elamite tomb has been found as well. The historical territory of Ramshir is located in this area, only 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the city.

W Border features

Mt. Alsadamos
Mt.* Alsadamos

81 Mt. Alsadamos 33
'Αλσάδαμος, το όρος,
Alsadamos, to horos
Mt.* Alsadamos
Alsadamos = Azalamos = Az-Zalaf ?
* Technically, this is a basin, not a mount, but it is made of lava flows, so it would appear as inaccessible, rough terrain, just like a mountain.

81 Mt.* Alsadamos ? 33
'Αλσάδαμος, το όρος,
Alsadamos, to horos
Mt.* Alsadamos
Alsadamos = Azalamos = Az-Zalaf ?
* Technically, this is a basin, not a mount, but it is made of lava flows, so it would appear as inaccessible, rough terrain, just like a mountain.

Palmyra

71.5 Palmyra 34
Πάλμυρα = Palmyra

Fake river
Fake river drawn on one map.
τα παρά Πάλμυραν ῥέων ,
to parά Pάlmyran hrέon ,
The one flowing past Palmyra

Aratta
Uruk = Uri-ki = Ar Raqqah* ?
Uruk = Uri-ki = Akkad ?
Aratta = Risina (Ptolemaic Editor?) = ?
* Perhaps renamed "Ar Raqqa" after Enmerkar's conquest of the region, to commemorate/copy Enmerkar's city-state of "Uruk."

Aratta
Uruk = Ar Raqqah* ?
* Perhaps renamed "Ar Raqqa" after Enmerkar's conquest of the region, to commemorate/copy Enmerkar's city-state of "Uruk."